[News] Israeli arms industry's "great leap" in Central America
Anti-Imperialist News
news at freedomarchives.org
Fri Mar 15 14:40:54 EDT 2019
https://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-arms-industrys-great-leap-central-america/26881
Israeli arms industry's "great leap" in Central America
Gabriel Schivone
<https://electronicintifada.net/people/gabriel-schivone> - 15 March 2019
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Halfway through Donald Trump’s presidency, Israel’s decades-long role in
Central America is scaling new heights of military and political influence.
Israel has wasted no time securing valuable arms deals in this part of
the world, deals that now account for nearly 20 percent of its arms
exports. This scale of activity hasn’t occurred since the Ronald Reagan
administration in the 1980s, when far-right rulers in Central America
circled the wagons.
Tacit US approval for the purchase of such weapons has ensured Honduran
and Guatemalan support at the United Nations for Donald Trump’s decision
to move the US embassy
<https://electronicintifada.net/content/oh-jerusalem-requiem-two-state-solution/22521>
from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
The changeover from Barack Obama’s two terms as president to Trump has
heralded a resurgence of policy trends among the US, Israel and
US-dominated Central American countries reminiscent of the transitional
Carter-Reagan years.
The migrant caravans in fall and winter, meanwhile, have focused
attention on the plight of Central Americans fleeing three countries
ravaged by decades of US intervention: Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.
Sparse attention has been placed on how the caravans travel across a
more than 2,000 mile Israeli-exported military and homeland security
terrain that has expanded across Central America since the 1980s,
escalating after the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US.
The monitored terrain now covers all of Mexico
<https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-shadowy-role-guatemalas-dirty-war/19286>
as well as up through, and beyond, the US-Mexico border
<https://electronicintifada.net/content/how-israels-war-industry-profits-violent-us-immigration-reform/13283>.
Israeli boundary enforcement and surveillance products are deployed
along the migrant and refugee trail, the subject of this author’s next
book that traces Israeli involvement throughout the international
regions between Central America and the US-Mexico border
<https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/01/us-mexico-border-gaza-israeli-tech-wall/>.
As the regional conditions that prompted the caravans’ repeated
departures demonstrate no signs of quieting, the Israeli arms industry
interests in the region will likely grow.
But while the military-security dimension is both Israeli and American,
the US asserts ownership over the geography. In 2012, Alan Bersin,
Commissioner of US Customs and Border Protection under Barack Obama,
declared
<http://latinalista.com/general/historic-partnership-agreements-signed>
that “Guatemala’s border with Chiapas [Mexico] is now our southern border.”
With millions of dollars in US military aid poured
<http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/10/mexico-us-borderpatrolsecurityimmigrants.html>
into Mexican immigration enforcement practices, “Mexico is doing the
dirty work, the very dirty work, for the United States,” observed
<https://www.businessinsider.com/mexico-now-deports-more-central-americans-than-the-us-2015-6>
Franciscan Friar Tomás González Castillo.
Castillo runs the “72” migrant shelter to aid Central Americans
desperate to cross Mexico, which acts, spatially speaking, so much like
a vertical border of death (rather than a horizontal one) that Mexican
human rights advocates call the entire country “a graveyard for
migrants.”
<https://dawnpaley.ca/2013/06/04/report-dubs-mexico-a-graveyard-for-migrants/>
In effect, with its security aid utilized at all junctions, Israel has
contributed to the US Border Patrol’s strategic “layered approach
<http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/10/mexico-us-borderpatrolsecurityimmigrants.html>”
of ratcheting up Mexico’s proxy enforcement measures.
This is the border-bolstered world that Trump has inherited and is now
pushing to enlarge.
Trump’s Israeli “deputy”
By the end of Obama’s tenure, Israel’s burgeoning presence in Central
America was in the cards. Just ahead of Trump’s inauguration in January
2017, historian Greg Grandin, writing in /The Nation/
<https://www.thenation.com/article/will-the-trump-administration-approve-a-military-deal-between-honduras-and-israel/>,
advised those watching events to the south: “If you want to know how
Donald Trump’s Latin American policy will play – and how he might
deputize Israel to conduct a good bit of it – keep an eye on Honduras.”
The 2016 $200 million Israel-Honduras security cooperation agreement
that Grandin flags in his report, has continued to evolve and expand
since it was signed. At that time, it was lauded as the Honduran
military’s “great leap” forward by Honduran President Juan Orlando
Hernández
<http://www.sre.gob.hn/portada/2016/Diciembre/08-12-16/Honduras%20da%20%E2%80%9Cun%20gran%20salto%E2%80%9D%20en%20esta%20alianza%20con%20Israel.pdf>.
Obama’s outgoing administration had scaled back some forms of military
collaboration in its last years in office after Honduras overplayed its
hand by using US-supplied weapons to down civilian airplanes suspected
of carrying illegal drugs.
The US rebuke, minor though it was, prompted Honduras to look elsewhere
for military assistance. Israel stepped in to play its historical role
as a faithful, bipartisan US proxy
<https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-shadowy-role-guatemalas-dirty-war/19286>,
just as it did during the Carter and Reagan years.
With Trump in office, it didn’t take long for Grandin’s prediction to
bear out.
In March 2017, the military business press reported
<https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/28961> more information on the
“great leap” deal, according to Israeli human rights and legal sources
familiar with the agreement. This included a 10-year timeline boosting
Honduran cyber security, naval and air power. This time the reported
figure jumped to $300 million. And with continual new components being
reported <https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/37209>, such as six
Skylark drones from Elbit Systems, the deal appears to be a work in
progress.
By implicitly authorizing the Honduras security deals, the US
“deputized” Israel to gallop into the region and whip up a posse of
right-wing proxy reinforcements in Central America that the US could
count on when needed.
By December 2017, massive social upheaval rocked Honduras amidst a
transparently fraudulent
<https://www.democracynow.org/2017/12/26/incumbent_honduras_president_declares_victory_in>
election in which the electoral commission, controlled by the incumbent
president, allowed too many “irregularities”
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/22/us-recognizes-re-election-of-honduras-president-despite-calls-for-a-new-vote>,
according to the conservative and usually passive Organization of
American States in its ignored call for a new election. Facing
international scandal over the election results, both the US and Israel
quickly congratulated the Hernández administration on its new lease over
the country.
The saga continued just days later as an opportunity presented itself
for Honduras to return the favor to its US and Israeli patrons.
President Trump’s pledge to move the US embassy from Tel Aviv to
Jerusalem elicited international condemnation, but not from Honduras.
Now that Israel had stepped into the arms breach left by the Obama
administration, Washington and Tel Aviv could both count on Honduras –
and neighboring Guatemala, as their other faithful right-wing ally in
the region – to join the isolated US-Israeli caucus at the UN. A
toothless UN General Assembly vote <https://undocs.org/A/RES/ES-10/19>
decreed the embassy move illegitimate, in line with decades of past
resolutions.
By balking at the UN resolution, Guatemala and Honduras departed from a
long-held international consensus over the status of Jerusalem.
Investigative journalist Allan Nairn has noted how Honduras jettisoned
<https://www.democracynow.org/2017/12/26/incumbent_honduras_president_declares_victory_in>
its own past voting pattern, paving the way to a modern “arms diplomacy”
– a phrase coined by political scientist Aaron S. Klieman in his 1985
book, /Israel’s Global Reach: Arms Sales as Diplomacy./
A history of right-wing arms dealing
Israel’s deepening global pariah status between 1967 and 1982 –
pockmarked by habitual regional aggressions which preceded multiple
illegal occupations from Gaza to Lebanon and unlawful annexations of
East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights – necessitated seeking out other
pariahs with which to do business. As Michael Shur, director of the
state-owned Israeli Military Industry (Ta’as) weapons manufacturer,
remarked in 1983, the “welfare of our people and the state supersedes
all other considerations,” adding, “If the state has decided in favor of
export, my conscience is clear.”
The logic of Israeli arms transfers to other world outcasts was obvious.
Tom Buckley of /The New York Times/ asked Shmuel Mirom, an Israeli
embassy official, why Israel was willing to sell arms to Guatemala
during the purported US arms embargo then in place in spite of what
Amnesty International called
<https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1981/03/19/guatemala-a-government-program-of-political-murder/>
President Fernando Romeo Lucas García’s “government program of political
murder.” Mirom replied: “We would rather sell them toys, I assure you,
but it is weapons that they want to buy, and we have to keep making
weapons to remain an efficient source of supply for our own army.”
Yohanah Ramati’s estimation, put bluntly
<https://www.merip.org/mer/mer140/israel-guatemala#_1_> in 1985 when she
spoke as a former member of the Israeli parliament’s foreign relations
committee, further clarified Israel’s position: “Israel is a pariah
state. When people ask us for something, we cannot afford to ask
questions about ideology. The only type of regime that Israel would not
aid would be one that is anti-American. Also, if we can aid a country
that it may be inconvenient for the US to help, we would be cutting off
our nose to spite our face not to.”
The feeling was mutual, as a Guatemala City political and business
leader observed: “We are isolated internationally. The only friend we
have left in the world is Israel.”
This “friendship” with Guatemala was the single biggest reason why the
Israeli arms trade in Central America enjoyed a golden age after
receiving a green light
<https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-shadowy-role-guatemalas-dirty-war/19286>
from the US. The Israel-Guatemala
<https://nacla.org/article/israeli-connection-not-just-guns-guatemala>
relationship thrived so much that Israel eventually planned to set up
Guatemala’s very own munitions factory to mass produce Israeli guns and
armaments, even Guatemalan-model combat tanks.
Guatemala wasn’t Israel’s only beneficiary, or ally, in the region.
Although mainstream US media have studiously avoided pulling from their
vast (yet, at the time, underreported) historical archives of Israeli
involvement in Central America, the countries themselves can’t hide the
record.
Honduras, for its part, received a transfer of Israeli fighter jets on
top of its receipt of Israeli small arms, artillery, ammunition,
transport aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft. All this came in while
Honduras was both collaborating with Salvadoran state counterinsurgency
efforts and providing the largest base of operations for the US war of
aggression against Sandinista-led Nicaragua.
At that time, Israel provided El Salvador with approximately 83 percent
of the arms (including napalm
<https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/09/world/salvador-officer-said-to-have-told-of-napalm-use.html>)
the state used against the Salvadoran population during its
counterinsurgency wars between 1980-1992 that killed
<https://nacla.org/blog/2016/05/24/migration-reparations> more than
75,000 civilians.
Costa Rica, too, has its own past of Israeli state security aid (arms
and training of police forces despite having no military), including a
tristate US-Israel-Costa Rica settler-colonist-modeled “land
development” project in which it militarized its border with Nicaragua
during US-sponsored state terror and aggression there.
Although Israeli military export sales are underreported for this
period, political economist Shir Hever
<https://electronicintifada.net/tags/shir-hever> and other experts
estimate that Israel’s global arms sales were then a “significant” part
of Israel’s industrial sector. By the mid-1980s, Latin America amounted
to half of all Israel’s known global arms sales.
In recent years, Israel’s Latin American arms market consistently
accounts for a sizable 18 percent of Israeli arms sales worldwide, in
terms of major conventional weaponry. Israel today remains a major
player in Guatemala’s private security
<https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp144_argueta.pdf>
and resource extraction
<http://www.albedrio.org/htm/otrosdocs/comunicados/ElObservador-InformeespecialNo.14-2018.pdf>
industries.
Mixed results
The jockeying for diplomatic favors in exchange for arms deals also goes
back decades, as scholars Milton Jamail and Margo Gutiérrez document in
their 1986 book, /It’s No Secret: Israel’s Military Involvement in
Central America/. Guatemala, El Salvador and Costa Rica, at times, had
their diplomatic missions based in Jerusalem.
Guatemala, the first country to place its embassy in Jerusalem,
retreated
<https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-trump-take-note-how-jerusalem-went-from-hosting-16-embassies-to-zero-1.5627682>
to Tel Aviv in 1980, obeying a UN dictate to withdraw diplomatic
missions after Israel enacted a “basic law” codifying its 1967
annexation of East Jerusalem. Guatemala’s reversal also came after
Kuwait, Jordan and Saudi Arabia threatened to boycott Guatemalan
cardamom, which then generated a revenue of some $70 million, mostly
from Arab states.
From the 1980s through today, Israel’s “arms sales as diplomacy” has,
at best, achieved mixed results. In October, for example, the UN General
Assembly elected
<https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/palestinians-win-vote-to-chair-group-of-77-developing-countries-at-united-nations-1.6569036>
Palestine to chair the G-77 convention of developing nations, a title
usually reserved for states. The resolution passed despite US and
Israeli opposition. Honduras abstained and Guatemala did not bother
casting a vote.
Pariahs against the world
As the US has sparked a revival of 1980s-era Israeli involvement in
Central America, the region’s two leading client states, Honduras and
Guatemala, have been cultivating right-wing domestic rule.
Both Guatemala and Honduras remain politically isolated in the region
and dependent on US aid. The countries’ behavior at the UN over
Jerusalem came as leaders in both countries were seeking favor with Tel
Aviv that would, in turn, earn them goodwill in Washington. While the US
increasingly follows its own tune in world affairs, antagonizing allies
and foes alike, the US, Israel, Guatemala and Honduras, global pariahs,
big and small, continue to stick together.
The latest president of Guatemala, Jimmy Morales, whose support base
includes the rightist Guatemalan military, has been embroiled
<https://progressive.org/dispatches/guatemala-president-vendetta-corruption-commission-180905/>
in a corruption investigation but is eager to assure Washington that he
can tough it out while at the same time looking to be rewarded
<https://progressive.org/dispatches/republicans-fueling-assault-on-anti-corruption-Guatemala-Abbott-190117/>
for moving the embassy to Jerusalem. Morales will surely want to avoid
the fate of his predecessor, former President Otto Pérez Molina, who was
forced out of office on corruption
<https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2018/09/13/guatemalas-government-races-to-scrap-an-anti-corruption-commission>
charges (along with every single one of his ministers) and remains
incarcerated.
Israel’s role in the region has received scant media scrutiny over the
last 30 years, making the limited coverage in the late 1970s and 1980s
seem copious by comparison. At that time, Israeli involvement in Central
America was underreported by generally uncritical US media and mostly
met with silence by leftist and progressive forces – a recurring concern
slowly being broken
<https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/opinion/sunday/martin-luther-king-palestine-israel.html>.
Meanwhile, observers lamented their place in the crossfire between armed
guerrillas and state security forces. In 1983, Guatemalan journalist
Victor Perera asked
<https://books.google.com/books?id=5-YDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PT24&ots=hGQuw-9tij&dq=%22rios+montt%22+israel&pg=PT27&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22rios%20montt%22%20israel&f=false>
a grave digger in Chichicastenango, who was burying a local townsperson
slain by the Guatemalan military, if anyone had taken up arms against
the state since the killing.
“Even if we wanted to join the guerrillas, where would we obtain arms?”
the gravedigger asked in reply. “In church they tell us that divine
justice is on the side of the poor, but the fact of the matter is, it is
the military who get the Israeli guns.”
Today’s Trump era presents an opportunity to raise oppositional voices
as a revival of 1980s-era Israeli security and arms diplomacy deepens
its shadow over Central America and beyond to potentially greater levels
than ever before.
If today’s grave-digging truth tellers in the region aren’t abandoned
but supported at the source by more solidarity efforts that started in
the 1980s and continue today, Israel may find it harder to keep its
footing in the region.
/Gabriel M. Schivone is a visiting scholar at the University of Arizona
and author of the forthcoming book/ Making the New “Illegal”: How
Decades of US Involvement in Central America Triggered the Modern Wave
of Immigration /(Prometheus Books)./
--
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