[News] The Road to Zelaya’s Return: Money, Guns and Social Movements in Honduras
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news at freedomarchives.org
Mon Sep 21 17:11:02 EDT 2009
The Road to Zelaya’s Return: Money, Guns and Social Movements in Honduras
http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2117/1/
Written by Benjamin Dangl
Monday, 21 September 2009
Image
Nearly three months after being overthrown by a
violent military coup, Honduran president Manuel
Zelaya has returned to Honduras. "I am here in
Tegucigalpa. I am here for the restoration of
democracy, to call for dialogue," he told
reporters. The embattled road to his return
tested regional diplomacy, challenged Washington
and galvanized Honduran social movements.
During a recent beach-side interview, with
tropical breezes blowing along a sandy shore in
the background, Honduran coup leader Roberto
Michelleti told a Fox News reporter, “This is a
quiet country, and a happy country.”(1) However,
since Michelleti took over on June 28, Honduras
been anything but quiet and content.
Michelleti’s de-facto regime has ruled the
country with an iron fist while popular movements
for democracy have gained steam with nearly
constant strikes, road blockades and massive
street protests. The coup inspired a movement
that is now seeking more than just the
reinstatement of Zelaya, but the transformation
of the country through a new constitution.
Michelleti says presidential elections in
November will proceed as planned, though few
Hondurans, governments and international
institutions say they will recognize the results
given the violent situation in the country.
At least 11 anti-coup activists have been killed
since Zelaya was ousted.(2) Following the coup,
approximately 1,500 people have been jailed for
political purposes, and many Zelaya supporters
have been beaten.(3) Via Campesina offices have
been attacked, and the Feminists of Honduras in
Resistance said that there have been 19
documented cases of rape by police officers since
the coup took place.(4) The newspaper El Tiempo
reported that armed groups in Colombia have been
recruiting demobilized paramilitaries for
mercenary work in Honduras. Honduras business
leaders are hiring these paramilitaries for their own private security.(5)
Though Zelaya was a relatively moderate
president, his policies challenged the elite
enough to inspire a right wing coup. While in
office, he passed a 60% increase in minimum wage,
bringing income up from around $6 a day to $9.60
a day.(6) Zelaya also gave subsidies to small
farmers, cut bank interest rates and reduced
poverty.(7) Salvador Zuniga, a leader of the
Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous
Organizations of Honduras (COPINH) said, "One of
the things that provoked the coup d'etat was that
the president accepted a petition from the
feminist movement regarding the day-after pill.
Opus Dei mobilized, the fundamentalist
evangelical churches mobilized, along with all the reactionary groups."(8)
“Maybe he made mistakes,” Honduran school teacher
Hedme Castro said of Zelaya, “but he always erred
on the side of the poor. That is why they will
fight to the end for him.” She continued, “This
is not about President Zelaya. This is about my
country. Many people gave their lives so that we
could have a democracy. And we cannot let a group
of elites take that away.”(9)
Ignoring the relevance of the Organization of
American States, US Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton called on Zelaya and Michelleti to meet
with Costa Rican President Oscar Arias to work
out a solution to the crisis. Many believe
Clinton made the move to impose conditions on
Zelaya’s return and kill time as the November
elections neared. Zelaya has accepted Arias’
proposed solution, which entails his return to
the presidency with limited powers, plus amnesty
for those who have committed political crimes in
the country. Micheletti rejected the Arias’ solution.(10)
While repression of anti-coup activists
increases, so does the movement for democracy in
Honduras. This broad coalition of activists has
the support of many of the governments in the
hemisphere, and has the backing of the country’s
1982 constitution, which explains, "No one owes
obedience to a government which usurps power nor
those who assume public functions or employment
through the use of arms.... The people [of this
country] have the right to recur to insurrection
in defense of constitutional order."(11) This
insurrection is taking place right now.
Voices of the Resistance in Honduras
Protests, strikes and road blockades have been
going on in the country almost daily since Zelaya
was ousted. Many of the interviews with activists
participating in these protests offer insight
into the relationship between Zelaya and the
movement, and what might lie ahead for the country.
"This struggle is peaceful, organized, and is not
getting desperate. The coup leaders are getting
desperatethey haven't been able to govern a
single day in tranquility and we will defeat
them," said Israel Salinas, a leader of the
National Front Against the Coup in Honduras and
member of the Unified Confederation of Honduran Workers.(12)
Honduran women’s right activist Marielena spoke
of the current reality under the Michelleti
regime, "Today's not the same as the 80s because
there's a popular movement that the coup leaders
never imagined
What Zelaya has done is
symbolize the popular discontent accumulated over the years."(13)
-
Bertha Cáceres, a leader of COPINH, the Front
Against the Coup, and a mother of four children,
spoke of the importance of the constituent
assembly to rewrite the country’s constitution.
It was partly this push for constitutional
reform, which Zelaya backed along with broad
support from the Honduran people, that led to the
coup. When speaking of the assembly, Cáceres
says, "For the first time we would be able to
establish a precedent for the emancipation of
women, to begin to break these forms of
domination. The current constitution never
mentions women, not once, so to establish our
human rights, our reproductive, sexual,
political, social, and economic rights as women
would be to really confront this system of domination."(14)
Cáceres discussed the work of the women’s
movement for the new constitution “to dismantle
this belief that others have the right to make
decisions about our bodies, to start guaranteeing
that women are the owners and have autonomous
rights to their bodies. It is a political act; a
political proposal.
The ability to have and
guarantee access to land, territories, cultures,
health, education, art, dignified and decent
employment for women, and many other things, are
elements that we must guarantee in this process
of a new constitutional assembly that leads to a
real process of liberation.”(15)
Gilberto Rios, from the Front Against the Coup
spoke of how the coup has galvanized a broad
movement in the country. “In the past, when we
called for people to protest in the streets, they
came out, but not in the same numbers as what is
happening now. In recent days, we have had
protests that start in the morning and stay in
the streets all day. At night, there are convoys
of cars in major cities. It shows that the
workers are participating, and the middle class
is also coming out.” He also affirmed that the
movement is entirely grassroots. “The leftist
political parties recognize they do not control
any part of the popular movement.”(16)
Leticia Salomón, the Director of Scientific
Research for the National Autonomous University
of Honduras said, “It doesn't matter who wins the
elections in November, the next government will
have to deal with this important social force if
it hopes to even minimally govern the country.”(17)
World Isolates Coup Regime
At the North American Leaders’ Summit in Mexico
in August, President Barack Obama said "critics
who say that the United States has not intervened
enough in Honduras are the same people who say
that we're always intervening and the Yankees
need to get out of Latin America. You can't have
it both ways."(18) But as New York University
history professor and author Greg Grandin points
out, all many are asking is for the US to act
multilaterally with the OAS – it did the opposite
by defying the OAS and appointing Arias as the
mediator between Michelleti and Zelaya. In
addition, through its financial support to the
regime, the US has been far from taking a neutral
stance.(19) Indeed, Washington has been acting
unilaterally since the beginning by not refusing
to follow the lead of other nations in putting
more pressure on the coup government.(20)
-
However, US State Department Spokesman Ian Kelly
said on September 3rd that “At this moment, we
would not be able to support the outcome of the
[November] elections [in Honduras].”(21) Zelaya
was happy to hear this news from Washington. He
said the move "puts the United States in line
with Latin America, because it was not said before."(22)
In addition to the US, the EU, the OAS, union
leaders in Honduras and members of the Front
Against the Coup say they will not recognize the
election results.(23) Honduras business owners
have devised their own plan to increase voting;
they’ll be giving discounts to everyone who casts
a ballot and then comes into their business with
ink on their fingers, showing that they’ve voted.(24)
The US State Department did end up revoking the
US visas of over a dozen officials in the coup
government, including Michelleti.(25) But the US
could go further by blocking members of the regime from using US banks.(26)
Various levels of funding to Honduras from the US
and other governments and institutions have been
cut since the coup took place. “On Sept. 3, the
State Department announced the termination of $33
million dollars, including $11 million in
Millennium Challenge Funds and approximately $22
million in State Department funds,” according to
Latin American analyst Laura Carlsen. The IMF
said that due to the coup, Honduras won’t have
access to $150 million in assistance.(27) A
spokesperson from the IMF said the institution
cut off all aid to the country three days after the coup.(28)
On July 2, the US cut the following spending:
$1.9 million from the US Agency for International
Development (USAID) and $16.5 million in military
funding.(29) The Inter-American Development Bank,
and the Central American Bank of Economic
Integration all cut lending to the Honduran
government.(30) The UN has cut off various forms
of aid to Honduras.(31) In addition, the EU froze
$92 million in aid and the OAS froze aid and
began trade blocks against the coup government.(32)
However, “For legalistic reasons, [the US State
Department] continued to fall short of calling
the coup a ‘military’ coup,” explained Adam
Isacson of the Center for International Policy.
“This means that some anti-poverty aid is being
maintained, soldiers whose training was already
paid for won't be sent back to Honduras, and
State can flexibly restore aid once democracy returns.”(33)
“State Department officials closed the door on
determining legally that a military coup took
place in Honduras and requiring application of
Section 7008 of the Foreign Operations law,”
Carlsen explained. “They assured reporters that
all funds that could be suspended under Section
7008 have now been suspended
The State
Department has admitted that $70 million in
aidover twice the amount suspendedwill still flow to the coup.”(34)
The Kansas City-based Cross-Border Network went
on a delegation to Honduras after the coup and
reported that "We met the U.S Ambassador who
agreed it was a military coup even though the
State Department won't call it that, thus
invoking the law requiring cut off of all remaining aid."(35)
Declaring the coup a coup, according to Grandin,
“would automatically trigger certain cutoffs,
financial cutoffs, it also would have to be
certified by Congress. And that’s a fight that I
think Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton don’t
want, because the Republicans, led by Connie Mack
and other foreign policy conservatives, regime
change conservatives, Republicans, have seized on
this issue to basically try to link Obama with
Hugo Chavez and the Latin American left. And they
certainly don’t want to kick it into Congress,
where it’ll be debated, because to call it a coup
would have to be certified by Congress.”(36)
-
But the Obama administration needs to understand
that what’s at stake is more important than
winning a political fight in Washington. The
future of a nation, and perhaps the entire region, hangs in the balance.
"The true significance of the coup, in one of the
poorest and weakest countries in the hemisphere
... lies in the test it poses to the
inter-American system," says Jorge Heine of the
Balsillie School of International Affairs. "If
the latter cannot succeed in restoring democracy
in Honduras, it cannot do so anywhere. The
message would thus be crystal clear: coup-makers can act with impunity."(37)
Washington’s Ties to the Coup
Washington has played a bloody role in Central
America for years and this coup carries on that
legacy while setting some new precedents.
Fernando "Billy" Joya has returned to the stage
in Honduras as Michelleti’s security advisor
after serving in Battalion 316 in the 1980s,
according to Grandin. Battalion 316 was a
paramilitary unit that disappeared hundreds of
people.(38) Joya was trained in Chile under the
Pinochet dictatorship by Chilean police, and his
Battalion 316 was created by the CIA to apply the
repressive techniques used against “subversives” in Argentina and Chile.(39)
In 1981, John Negroponte arrived in Honduras as
the US ambassador. While there, the military
budget in the country rose from $3.6 million in
1981 to $77.8 million in 1985 “when his mission
was completedhaving created the Contras in
Nicaragua and protected the El Salvadoran
dictatorship,” according to Honduras-based
reporter Dick Emanuelsson.(40) Negroponte met
with Michelleti before the June 28 coup on a trip
made primarily to convince Zelaya not to
transform a US airbase in Palmerola, Honduras
into an airport for civilians.(41)
Venezuelan Robert Carmona-Borjas has also joined
the coup government in Honduras. He was involved
in the attempted coup against President Hugo
Chavez in Venezuela in 2002. Carmona-Borjas’
Arcadio Foundation began a media campaign against Zelaya in 2007.(42)
-
Lanny Davis, a lawyer to Bill Clinton and
campaign advisor to Hillary Clinton, has been
lobbying in Washington for Honduran coup leaders
and elites. Some of the businesses that support
the coup in Honduras that Davis is representing
in DC are US companies such as Russell, Fruit of
the Loom and Hanes – all of which have benefited
from the low wages, neoliberal policies and
crackdowns on union rights in the country.(43)
Davis recently testified before Congress on
behalf of the coup leaders and backers, and has
helped to get media on the coup’s side.(44)
The week before the coup, former Assistant
Secretary of State for Western Hemispheric
Affairs Thomas Shannon and Deputy Assistant
Secretary of State Craig Kelly met with Honduran
figures that ended up participating in the
coup.(45) Days before the coup took place, John
McCain and leaders from the International
Republican Institute, invited future leaders of
the coup to meetings in Washington.(46)
US businesses also hold a considerable amount of
weight in the country: in 2006, 70% of exports
from Honduras went to the US, and 52% of imports
were from the US. That same year, US investments
in the country totaled more than $568 million,
two thirds of foreign investment.(47)
A Movement Larger Than Zelaya
Just as the coup may change the geopolitical
landscape of the region, the grassroots fervor in
Honduras will likely alter the country forever.
And that might be Michelleti’s legacy – that in
ousting a moderate president, he inspired a revolution.
When trying to break the political impasse
Honduras finds itself in, Zelaya admits that much
depends on the anti-coup movement of Honduras.
"This movement is now very strong. It can never be destroyed," he said.(48)
The coup leaders “were wrong here, they
miscalculated,” Honduran activist Bertha Cáceres
of the Front Against the Coup and COPINH
explained. “They said it would be two days of
resistance, and they were wrong. This population
has demonstrated that we are capable of
a much longer struggle.”(49)
Gilberto Rios, from the Front Against the Coup,
spoke of the similarities this coup has to others
throughout the last century that still haunt the
region: “The oligarchy made the coup with an old
manual, but the people have changed and the world has changed.”(50)
-
***
Benjamin Dangl is the author of the forthcoming
book, Dancing with Dynamite: Social Movements and
States in Latin America, (AK Press, 2010). He
edits TowardFreedom.com, a progressive
perspective on world events and
UpsideDownWorld.org, a website on activism and
politics in Latin America. Email
Bendangl(at)gmail(dot)com. Photo from Indymedia.org
Notes:
1. Interview with Roberto Michelleti, Fox News,
(September 17, 2009),
<http://www.foxnews.com/search-results/m/26446742/roberto-micheletti-pt-1.htm#q=micheletti>http://www.foxnews.com/search-results/m/26446742/roberto-micheletti-pt-1.htm#q=micheletti.
2. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and the
Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print.
3. Daniel Luban, “US-Honduras: State Dept
Condemns ‘Coup d'Etat’, Curtails Aid,” IPS News,
(September 3, 2009),
<http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48323>http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48323.
4. “Group Says Honduran Cops on Rape Spree Since
Coup,” Latin American Herald Tribune,
<http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=341851&CategoryId=23558>http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=341851&CategoryId=23558
5. Unidad Investigativa, “Estarían reclutando ex
paramilitares para que viajen como mercenarios a
Honduras,” El Tiempo,
<http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/justicia/estarian-reclutando-ex-paramilitares-para-que-viajen-como-mercenarios-a-honduras_6086547-1>http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/justicia/estarian-reclutando-ex-paramilitares-para-que-viajen-como-mercenarios-a-honduras_6086547-1
6. Ginger Thompson, “President’s Ouster
Highlights a Divide in Honduras,” The New York
Times, (August 8, 2009),
<http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print
7. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya Speaks,” The Nation,
(September 4, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya
8. Laura Carlsen, “Coup Catalyzes Honduran
Women’s Movement,” America Program, (August 20,
2009)
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369
9. Ginger Thompson, “President’s Ouster
Highlights a Divide in Honduras,” The New York
Times, (August 8, 2009),
<http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print
10. Juan Ramón Durán, “Honduras: Vote to Go Ahead
Despite Int'l Refusal to Recognise,” IPS News,
(September 9, 2009),
<http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385>http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385
11. Jennifer Moore, “Honduras’ Historic Two
Months,” América Latina en Movimiento, (August
28,. 2009)
<http://alainet.org/active/32686%C3%A3>http://alainet.org/active/32686ã
12. Dick Emanuelsson, “Military Forces Sow Terror
and Fear in Honduras,“ Americas Program, (August
13, 2009),
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6354>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6354
13. Laura Carlsen, “Coup Catalyzes Honduran
Women’s Movement,” America Program, (August 20,
2009)
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369
14. Ibid.
15. Laura Carlsen and Sara Lovera, “Honduran
Constitutional Assembly Would Be a Step Toward
the Emancipation of Women,” Americas Program,
(August 19, 2009),
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392
16. Kiraz Janicke and Federico Fuentes, “Honduras
Resistance leader: US is behind the coup,”
Green Left Weekly, (September 7, 2009),
<http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602>http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602
17. Jennifer Moore, “National opposition to coup
becomes a social force,” América Latina en
Movimiento, (September 12, 2009),
<http://alainet.org/active/32978&lang=en>http://alainet.org/active/32978&lang=en
18. Cheryl W. Thompson and William Booth, “Obama
Vows to Focus on Borders,” Washington Post,
(August 11, 2009),
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/10/AR2009081001797.html
19. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and
the Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print.
20. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z
Communications, (August 31, 2009),
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466
21. Ian Kelly, “Termination of Assistance and
Other Measures Affecting the De Facto Regime in
Honduras,” US Department of State, (September 3,
2009),
<http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/sept/128608.htm>http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/sept/128608.htm
22. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya’s Coup,” The Nation,
(September 3, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_web>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_web
23. Juan Ramón Durán, “Honduras: Vote to Go Ahead
Despite Int'l Refusal to Recognise,” IPS News,
(September 9, 2009),
<http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385>http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385
24. “Honduran Resistance Boycotts Elections,”
Weekly News Update on the Americas, (September
13, 2009),
http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html
25. “State Dept. Revokes Visa of Leader of
Honduran Coup Government,” Democracy Now!,
,(September 14, 2009),
<http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/14/headlines#7>http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/14/headlines#7
26. “US stops issuing visas in Honduras,” Al
Jazeera, (August 26, 2009),
<http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/08/200982601353122962.html>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/08/200982601353122962.html
27. Jorge Heine, “It's time for Canada to take a
strong stand on Honduras,” The Globe and Mail,
(September 18, 2009),
<http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/its-time-for-canada-to-take-a-strong-stand-on-honduras/article1287401/>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/its-time-for-canada-to-take-a-strong-stand-on-honduras/article1287401/
28. “Honduran Resistance Boycotts Elections,”
Weekly News Update on the Americas, (September
13, 2009),
http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html
29. Ibid.
30. Mark Weisbrot, “IMF: Stop Funding Honduras,”
The Guardian Unlimited, (September 3,
2009),
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/03/imf-honduras-aid-zelaya>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/03/imf-honduras-aid-zelaya
31. “EU threatens further sanctions on
Honduras,” Reuters, (September 15, 2009),
<http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLF361596._CH_.2400>http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLF361596._CH_.2400
32. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z
Communications, (August 31, 2009),
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466
33. Adam Isacson, “Another Baby Step on
Honduras,” Huffington Post, (September 3, 2009),
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-isacson/another-baby-step-on-hond_b_276972.html>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-isacson/another-baby-step-on-hond_b_276972.html
34. Laura Carlsen, Americas MexicoBlog, “Honduran
Coup Squeezed From Above and BelowBut is it
Enough to Restore Democracy?,” (September 10,
2009),
<http://americasmexico.blogspot.com/2009/09/honduran-coup-squeezed-from-above-and.html>http://americasmexico.blogspot.com/2009/09/honduran-coup-squeezed-from-above-and.html
35. OneWorld, “US Chided for Aiding Honduras
Despite Coup,” Common Dreams, (September 9,
2009),
<http://www.commondreams.org/print/46772>http://www.commondreams.org/print/46772
36. “US Cuts More Aid to Honduras as Zelaya
Meets Clinton in Washington,” Democracy Now!,
(September 4, 2009),
<http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/4/us_cuts_more_aid_to_honduras>http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/4/us_cuts_more_aid_to_honduras
37. Olivia Ward, “Raising the stakes in
Honduras,” The Star, (September 6, 2009),
<http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/691633>http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/691633
38. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and
the Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print.
39. Dick Emanuelsson, “Honduras: The Frontline in
the Battle for Democracy,” Americas Program,
(August 10, 2009),
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6337>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6337
40. Ibid.
41. Michaela D'Ambrosio, “The Honduran Coup: Was
it a Matter of Behind-the-Scenes Finagling by
State Department Stonewallers?,” Council on
Hemispheric Affairs, (September 16, 2009),
<http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/>http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/
42. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and
the Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print.
43. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z
Communications, (August 31, 2009),
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466
44. Mark Weisbrot, “Who’s in charge of US foreign
policy?” The Guardian Unlimited, (July 16, 2009)
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/16/honduras-coup-obama-clinton/print>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/16/honduras-coup-obama-clinton/print
45. Michaela D'Ambrosio, “The Honduran Coup: Was
it a Matter of Behind-the-Scenes Finagling by
State Department Stonewallers?,” Council on
Hemispheric Affairs, (September 16, 2009),
<http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/>http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/
46. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z
Communications, (August 31, 2009),
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466
47. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z
Communications, (August 31, 2009),
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466
48. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya Speaks,” The Nation,
(September 4, 2009),
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya
49. Laura Carlsen and Sara Lovera, “Honduran
Constitutional Assembly Would Be a Step Toward
the Emancipation of Women,” Americas Program,
(August 19, 2009),
<http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392>http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392
50. Kiraz Janicke and Federico Fuentes, “Honduras
Resistance leader: US is behind the coup,”
Green Left Weekly, (September 7, 2009),
<http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602>http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602
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