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<font size=4><b>The Road to Zelaya’s Return: Money, Guns and Social
Movements in Honduras<br><br>
</b></font><font size=3>
<a href="http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2117/1/" eudora="autourl">
http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2117/1/<br>
</a>Written by Benjamin Dangl <br>
Monday, 21 September 2009 <br>
</font>
<img src="http://upsidedownworld.org/main/images/stories/April09/honduras.jpg" width=400 height=277 alt="Image">
<font face="georgia" size=3>Nearly three months after being overthrown by
a violent military coup, Honduran president Manuel Zelaya has returned to
Honduras. "I am here in Tegucigalpa. I am here for the restoration
of democracy, to call for dialogue," he told reporters. The
embattled road to his return tested regional diplomacy, challenged
Washington and galvanized Honduran social movements.</font> <br><br>
<font face="georgia" size=3>During a recent beach-side interview, with
tropical breezes blowing along a sandy shore in the background, Honduran
coup leader Roberto Michelleti told a Fox News reporter, “This is a quiet
country, and a happy country.”(1) However, since Michelleti took over on
June 28, Honduras been anything but quiet and content. <br><br>
Michelleti’s de-facto regime has ruled the country with an iron fist
while popular movements for democracy have gained steam with nearly
constant strikes, road blockades and massive street protests. The coup
inspired a movement that is now seeking more than just the reinstatement
of Zelaya, but the transformation of the country through a new
constitution. Michelleti says presidential elections in November will
proceed as planned, though few Hondurans, governments and international
institutions say they will recognize the results given the violent
situation in the country.<br><br>
At least 11 anti-coup activists have been killed since Zelaya was
ousted.(2) Following the coup, approximately 1,500 people have been
jailed for political purposes, and many Zelaya supporters have been
beaten.(3) Via Campesina offices have been attacked, and the Feminists of
Honduras in Resistance said that there have been 19 documented cases of
rape by police officers since the coup took place.(4) The newspaper El
Tiempo reported that armed groups in Colombia have been recruiting
demobilized paramilitaries for mercenary work in Honduras. Honduras
business leaders are hiring these paramilitaries for their own private
security.(5)<br><br>
Though Zelaya was a relatively moderate president, his policies
challenged the elite enough to inspire a right wing coup. While in
office, he passed a 60% increase in minimum wage, bringing income up from
around $6 a day to $9.60 a day.(6) Zelaya also gave subsidies to small
farmers, cut bank interest rates and reduced poverty.(7) Salvador Zuniga,
a leader of the Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of
Honduras (COPINH) said, "One of the things that provoked the coup
d'etat was that the president accepted a petition from the feminist
movement regarding the day-after pill. Opus Dei mobilized, the
fundamentalist evangelical churches mobilized, along with all the
reactionary groups."(8) <br><br>
“Maybe he made mistakes,” Honduran school teacher Hedme Castro said of
Zelaya, “but he always erred on the side of the poor. That is why they
will fight to the end for him.” She continued, “This is not about
President Zelaya. This is about my country. Many people gave their lives
so that we could have a democracy. And we cannot let a group of elites
take that away.”(9) <br><br>
Ignoring the relevance of the Organization of American States, US
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called on Zelaya and Michelleti to
meet with Costa Rican President Oscar Arias to work out a solution to the
crisis. Many believe Clinton made the move to impose conditions on
Zelaya’s return and kill time as the November elections neared. Zelaya
has accepted Arias’ proposed solution, which entails his return to the
presidency with limited powers, plus amnesty for those who have committed
political crimes in the country. Micheletti rejected the Arias’
solution.(10) <br><br>
While repression of anti-coup activists increases, so does the movement
for democracy in Honduras. This broad coalition of activists has the
support of many of the governments in the hemisphere, and has the backing
of the country’s 1982 constitution, which explains, "No one owes
obedience to a government which usurps power nor those who assume public
functions or employment through the use of arms.... The people [of this
country] have the right to recur to insurrection in defense of
constitutional order."(11) This insurrection is taking place right
now.<br><br>
<b>Voices of the Resistance in Honduras<br><br>
</b>Protests, strikes and road blockades have been going on in the
country almost daily since Zelaya was ousted. Many of the interviews with
activists participating in these protests offer insight into the
relationship between Zelaya and the movement, and what might lie ahead
for the country. <br><br>
"This struggle is peaceful, organized, and is not getting desperate.
The coup leaders are getting desperatethey haven't been able to govern a
single day in tranquility and we will defeat them," said Israel
Salinas, a leader of the National Front Against the Coup in Honduras and
member of the Unified Confederation of Honduran Workers.(12)<br><br>
Honduran women’s right activist Marielena spoke of the current reality
under the Michelleti regime, "Today's not the same as the 80s
because there's a popular movement that the coup leaders never imagined …
What Zelaya has done is symbolize the popular discontent accumulated over
the years."(13)<br><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=3>-<br><br>
</font><font face="georgia" size=3>Bertha Cáceres, a leader of COPINH,
the Front Against the Coup, and a mother of four children, spoke of the
importance of the constituent assembly to rewrite the country’s
constitution. It was partly this push for constitutional reform, which
Zelaya backed along with broad support from the Honduran people, that led
to the coup. When speaking of the assembly, Cáceres says, "For the
first time we would be able to establish a precedent for the emancipation
of women, to begin to break these forms of domination. The current
constitution never mentions women, not once, so to establish our human
rights, our reproductive, sexual, political, social, and economic rights
as women would be to really confront this system of domination."(14)
<br><br>
Cáceres discussed the work of the women’s movement for the new
constitution “to dismantle this belief that others have the right to make
decisions about our bodies, to start guaranteeing that women are the
owners and have autonomous rights to their bodies. It is a political act;
a political proposal. … The ability to have and guarantee access to land,
territories, cultures, health, education, art, dignified and decent
employment for women, and many other things, are elements that we must
guarantee in this process of a new constitutional assembly that leads to
a real process of liberation.”(15) <br><br>
Gilberto Rios, from the Front Against the Coup spoke of how the coup has
galvanized a broad movement in the country. “In the past, when we called
for people to protest in the streets, they came out, but not in the same
numbers as what is happening now. In recent days, we have had protests
that start in the morning and stay in the streets all day. At night,
there are convoys of cars in major cities. It shows that the workers are
participating, and the middle class is also coming out.” He also affirmed
that the movement is entirely grassroots. “The leftist political parties
recognize they do not control any part of the popular movement.”(16)
<br><br>
Leticia Salomón, the Director of Scientific Research for the National
Autonomous University of Honduras said, “It doesn't matter who wins the
elections in November, the next government will have to deal with this
important social force if it hopes to even minimally govern the
country.”(17) <br><br>
<b>World Isolates Coup Regime<br><br>
</b>At the North American Leaders’ Summit in Mexico in August, President
Barack Obama said "critics who say that the United States has not
intervened enough in Honduras are the same people who say that we're
always intervening and the Yankees need to get out of Latin America. You
can't have it both ways."(18) But as New York University history
professor and author Greg Grandin points out, all many are asking is for
the US to act multilaterally with the OAS – it did the opposite by
defying the OAS and appointing Arias as the mediator between Michelleti
and Zelaya. In addition, through its financial support to the regime, the
US has been far from taking a neutral stance.(19) Indeed, Washington has
been acting unilaterally since the beginning by not refusing to follow
the lead of other nations in putting more pressure on the coup
government.(20)<br><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=3>-<br><br>
</font><font face="georgia" size=3>However, US State Department Spokesman
Ian Kelly said on September 3rd that “At this moment, we would not be
able to support the outcome of the [November] elections [in
Honduras].”(21) Zelaya was happy to hear this news from Washington. He
said the move "puts the United States in line with Latin America,
because it was not said before."(22) <br><br>
In addition to the US, the EU, the OAS, union leaders in Honduras and
members of the Front Against the Coup say they will not recognize the
election results.(23) Honduras business owners have devised their own
plan to increase voting; they’ll be giving discounts to everyone who
casts a ballot and then comes into their business with ink on their
fingers, showing that they’ve voted.(24)<br><br>
The US State Department did end up revoking the US visas of over a dozen
officials in the coup government, including Michelleti.(25) But the US
could go further by blocking members of the regime from using US
banks.(26) <br><br>
Various levels of funding to Honduras from the US and other governments
and institutions have been cut since the coup took place. “On Sept. 3,
the State Department announced the termination of $33 million dollars,
including $11 million in Millennium Challenge Funds and approximately $22
million in State Department funds,” according to Latin American analyst
Laura Carlsen. The IMF said that due to the coup, Honduras won’t have
access to $150 million in assistance.(27) A spokesperson from the IMF
said the institution cut off all aid to the country three days after the
coup.(28) <br><br>
On July 2, the US cut the following spending: $1.9 million from the US
Agency for International Development (USAID) and $16.5 million in
military funding.(29) The Inter-American Development Bank, and the
Central American Bank of Economic Integration all cut lending to the
Honduran government.(30) The UN has cut off various forms of aid to
Honduras.(31) In addition, the EU froze $92 million in aid and the OAS
froze aid and began trade blocks against the coup
government.(32)<br><br>
However, “For legalistic reasons, [the US State Department] continued to
fall short of calling the coup a ‘military’ coup,” explained Adam Isacson
of the Center for International Policy. “This means that some
anti-poverty aid is being maintained, soldiers whose training was already
paid for won't be sent back to Honduras, and State can flexibly restore
aid once democracy returns.”(33)<br><br>
“State Department officials closed the door on determining legally that a
military coup took place in Honduras and requiring application of Section
7008 of the Foreign Operations law,” Carlsen explained. “They assured
reporters that all funds that could be suspended under Section 7008 have
now been suspended … The State Department has admitted that $70 million
in aidover twice the amount suspendedwill still flow to the
coup.”(34)<br><br>
The Kansas City-based Cross-Border Network went on a delegation to
Honduras after the coup and reported that "We met the U.S Ambassador
who agreed it was a military coup even though the State Department won't
call it that, thus invoking the law requiring cut off of all remaining
aid."(35)<br><br>
Declaring the coup a coup, according to Grandin, “would automatically
trigger certain cutoffs, financial cutoffs, it also would have to be
certified by Congress. And that’s a fight that I think Barack Obama and
Hillary Clinton don’t want, because the Republicans, led by Connie Mack
and other foreign policy conservatives, regime change conservatives,
Republicans, have seized on this issue to basically try to link Obama
with Hugo Chavez and the Latin American left. And they certainly don’t
want to kick it into Congress, where it’ll be debated, because to call it
a coup would have to be certified by Congress.”(36)<br><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=3>-<br><br>
</font><font face="georgia" size=3>But the Obama administration needs to
understand that what’s at stake is more important than winning a
political fight in Washington. The future of a nation, and perhaps the
entire region, hangs in the balance. <br><br>
"The true significance of the coup, in one of the poorest and
weakest countries in the hemisphere ... lies in the test it poses to the
inter-American system," says Jorge Heine of the Balsillie School of
International Affairs. "If the latter cannot succeed in restoring
democracy in Honduras, it cannot do so anywhere. The message would thus
be crystal clear: coup-makers can act with impunity."(37)<br><br>
<b>Washington’s Ties to the Coup<br><br>
</b>Washington has played a bloody role in Central America for years and
this coup carries on that legacy while setting some new precedents.
Fernando "Billy" Joya has returned to the stage in Honduras as
Michelleti’s security advisor after serving in Battalion 316 in the
1980s, according to Grandin. Battalion 316 was a paramilitary unit that
disappeared hundreds of people.(38) Joya was trained in Chile under the
Pinochet dictatorship by Chilean police, and his Battalion 316 was
created by the CIA to apply the repressive techniques used against
“subversives” in Argentina and Chile.(39) <br><br>
In 1981, John Negroponte arrived in Honduras as the US ambassador. While
there, the military budget in the country rose from $3.6 million in 1981
to $77.8 million in 1985 “when his mission was completedhaving created
the Contras in Nicaragua and protected the El Salvadoran dictatorship,”
according to Honduras-based reporter Dick Emanuelsson.(40) Negroponte met
with Michelleti before the June 28 coup on a trip made primarily to
convince Zelaya not to transform a US airbase in Palmerola, Honduras into
an airport for civilians.(41)<br><br>
Venezuelan Robert Carmona-Borjas has also joined the coup government in
Honduras. He was involved in the attempted coup against President Hugo
Chavez in Venezuela in 2002. Carmona-Borjas’ Arcadio Foundation began a
media campaign against Zelaya in 2007.(42)<br><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=3>-<br><br>
</font><font face="georgia" size=3>Lanny Davis, a lawyer to Bill Clinton
and campaign advisor to Hillary Clinton, has been lobbying in Washington
for Honduran coup leaders and elites. Some of the businesses that support
the coup in Honduras that Davis is representing in DC are US companies
such as Russell, Fruit of the Loom and Hanes – all of which have
benefited from the low wages, neoliberal policies and crackdowns on union
rights in the country.(43) Davis recently testified before Congress on
behalf of the coup leaders and backers, and has helped to get media on
the coup’s side.(44)<br><br>
The week before the coup, former Assistant Secretary of State for Western
Hemispheric Affairs Thomas Shannon and Deputy Assistant Secretary of
State Craig Kelly met with Honduran figures that ended up participating
in the coup.(45) Days before the coup took place, John McCain and leaders
from the International Republican Institute, invited future leaders of
the coup to meetings in Washington.(46) <br><br>
US businesses also hold a considerable amount of weight in the country:
in 2006, 70% of exports from Honduras went to the US, and 52% of imports
were from the US. That same year, US investments in the country totaled
more than $568 million, two thirds of foreign investment.(47)<br><br>
<b>A Movement Larger Than Zelaya<br><br>
</b>Just as the coup may change the geopolitical landscape of the region,
the grassroots fervor in Honduras will likely alter the country forever.
And that might be Michelleti’s legacy – that in ousting a moderate
president, he inspired a revolution.<br><br>
When trying to break the political impasse Honduras finds itself in,
Zelaya admits that much depends on the anti-coup movement of Honduras.
"This movement is now very strong. It can never be destroyed,"
he said.(48) <br><br>
The coup leaders “were wrong here, they miscalculated,” Honduran activist
Bertha Cáceres of the Front Against the Coup and COPINH explained. “They
said it would be two days of resistance, and they were wrong. This
population has demonstrated that we are capable of … a much longer
struggle.”(49)<br><br>
Gilberto Rios, from the Front Against the Coup, spoke of the similarities
this coup has to others throughout the last century that still haunt the
region: “The oligarchy made the coup with an old manual, but the people
have changed and the world has changed.”(50)<br><br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=3>-<br><br>
</font><div align="center"><font face="Georgia" size=3>***<br><br>
</font></div>
<font face="georgia" size=3><i>Benjamin Dangl is the author of the
forthcoming book,</i> Dancing with Dynamite: Social Movements and States
in Latin America<i>, (AK Press, 2010). He edits TowardFreedom.com, a
progressive perspective on world events and UpsideDownWorld.org, a
website on activism and politics in Latin America. Email
Bendangl(at)gmail(dot)com. Photo from Indymedia.org<br><br>
</i>Notes:<br><br>
<br>
</font><br>
<font face="georgia" size=3><a name="_edn1"></a>1. Interview with Roberto
Michelleti, Fox News, (September 17, 2009),
<a href="http://www.foxnews.com/search-results/m/26446742/roberto-micheletti-pt-1.htm#q=micheletti">
http://www.foxnews.com/search-results/m/26446742/roberto-micheletti-pt-1.htm#q=micheletti</a>
<a name="_edn1"></a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn2"></a>2. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and the
Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print</a><a name="_edn2">
</a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn3"></a>3. Daniel Luban, “US-Honduras: State Dept Condemns
‘Coup d'Etat’, Curtails Aid,” IPS News, (September 3, 2009),
<a href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48323">
http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48323</a><a name="_edn3"></a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn4"></a>4. “Group Says Honduran Cops on Rape Spree Since
Coup,” Latin American Herald Tribune,
<a href="http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=341851&CategoryId=23558">
http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=341851&CategoryId=23558</a>
<a name="_edn4"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn5"></a>5. Unidad Investigativa, “Estarían reclutando ex
paramilitares para que viajen como mercenarios a Honduras,” El Tiempo,
<a href="http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/justicia/estarian-reclutando-ex-paramilitares-para-que-viajen-como-mercenarios-a-honduras_6086547-1">
http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/justicia/estarian-reclutando-ex-paramilitares-para-que-viajen-como-mercenarios-a-honduras_6086547-1</a>
<a name="_edn5"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn6"></a>6. Ginger Thompson, “President’s Ouster Highlights a
Divide in Honduras,” The New York Times, (August 8, 2009),
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print">
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print</a>
<a name="_edn6"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn7"></a>7. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya Speaks,” The Nation,
(September 4, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya</a><a name="_edn7">
</a><br><br>
<a name="_edn8"></a>8. Laura Carlsen, “Coup Catalyzes Honduran Women’s
Movement,” America Program, (August 20, 2009)
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369</a><a name="_edn8"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn9"></a>9. Ginger Thompson, “President’s Ouster Highlights a
Divide in Honduras,” The New York Times, (August 8, 2009),
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print">
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/world/americas/09honduras.html?pagewanted=print</a>
<a name="_edn9"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn10"></a>10. Juan Ramón Durán, “Honduras: Vote to Go Ahead
Despite Int'l Refusal to Recognise,” IPS News, (September 9, 2009),
<a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385">
http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385</a><a name="_edn10"></a><br>
<br>
<a name="_edn11"></a>11. Jennifer Moore, “Honduras’ Historic Two Months,”
América Latina en Movimiento, (August 28,. 2009)
<a href="http://alainet.org/active/32686%C3%A3">
http://alainet.org/active/32686ã</a><a name="_edn11"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn12"></a>12. Dick Emanuelsson, “Military Forces Sow Terror
and Fear in Honduras,“ Americas Program, (August 13, 2009),
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6354">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6354</a><a name="_edn12"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn13"></a>13. Laura Carlsen, “Coup Catalyzes Honduran Women’s
Movement,” America Program, (August 20, 2009)
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6369</a><a name="_edn13"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn14"></a>14. Ibid.<br><br>
<a name="_edn15"></a>15. Laura Carlsen and Sara Lovera, “Honduran
Constitutional Assembly Would Be a Step Toward the Emancipation of
Women,” Americas Program, (August 19, 2009),
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392</a><a name="_edn15"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn16"></a>16. Kiraz Janicke and Federico Fuentes, “Honduras
Resistance leader: US is behind the coup,” Green Left Weekly, (September
7, 2009),
<a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602">
http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602</a><a name="_edn16"></a><br>
<br>
<a name="_edn17"></a>17. Jennifer Moore, “National opposition to coup
becomes a social force,” América Latina en Movimiento, (September 12,
2009),
<a href="http://alainet.org/active/32978&lang=en">
http://alainet.org/active/32978&lang=en</a><a name="_edn17"></a><br>
<br>
<a name="_edn18"></a>18. Cheryl W. Thompson and William Booth, “Obama
Vows to Focus on Borders,” Washington Post, (August 11, 2009),
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/10/AR2009081001797.html" eudora="autourl">
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/10/AR2009081001797.html<br>
<br>
</a><a name="_edn19"></a>19. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and
the Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print</a><a name="_edn19">
</a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn20"></a>20. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US Interventionism
in Latin America,” Z Communications, (August 31, 2009),
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466<br><br>
</a><a name="_edn21"></a>21. Ian Kelly, “Termination of Assistance and
Other Measures Affecting the De Facto Regime in Honduras,” US Department
of State, (September 3, 2009),
<a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/sept/128608.htm">
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/sept/128608.htm</a><a name="_edn21">
</a><br><br>
<a name="_edn22"></a>22. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya’s Coup,” The Nation,
(September 3, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_web">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_web</a><a name="_edn22"></a>
<br><br>
<a name="_edn23"></a>23. Juan Ramón Durán, “Honduras: Vote to Go Ahead
Despite Int'l Refusal to Recognise,” IPS News, (September 9, 2009),
<a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385">
http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48385</a><a name="_edn23"></a><br>
<br>
<a name="_edn24"></a>24. “Honduran Resistance Boycotts Elections,”
Weekly News Update on the Americas, (September 13, 2009),
<a href="http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html" eudora="autourl">
http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html<br>
<br>
</a><a name="_edn25"></a>25. “State Dept. Revokes Visa of Leader of
Honduran Coup Government,” Democracy Now!, ,(September 14, 2009),
<a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/14/headlines#7">
http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/14/headlines#7</a><a name="_edn25"></a>
<br><br>
<a name="_edn26"></a>26. “US stops issuing visas in Honduras,” Al
Jazeera, (August 26, 2009),
<a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/08/200982601353122962.html">
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/08/200982601353122962.html</a>
<a name="_edn26"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn27"></a>27. Jorge Heine, “It's time for Canada to take a
strong stand on Honduras,” The Globe and Mail, (September 18, 2009),
<a href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/its-time-for-canada-to-take-a-strong-stand-on-honduras/article1287401/">
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/its-time-for-canada-to-take-a-strong-stand-on-honduras/article1287401/</a>
<a name="_edn27"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn28"></a>28. “Honduran Resistance Boycotts Elections,”
Weekly News Update on the Americas, (September 13, 2009),
<a href="http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html" eudora="autourl">
http://weeklynewsupdate.blogspot.com/2009/09/wnu-1004-honduran-resistance-boycotts.html<br>
<br>
</a><a name="_edn29"></a>29. Ibid.<br><br>
<a name="_edn30"></a>30. Mark Weisbrot, “IMF: Stop Funding Honduras,” The
Guardian Unlimited, (September 3, 2009),
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/03/imf-honduras-aid-zelaya">
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/03/imf-honduras-aid-zelaya</a>
<a name="_edn30"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn31"></a>31. “EU threatens further sanctions on
Honduras,” Reuters, (September 15, 2009),
<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLF361596._CH_.2400">
http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSLF361596._CH_.2400</a>
<a name="_edn31"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn32"></a>32. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US Interventionism
in Latin America,” Z Communications, (August 31, 2009),
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466<br><br>
</a><a name="_edn33"></a>33. Adam Isacson, “Another Baby Step on
Honduras,” Huffington Post, (September 3, 2009),
<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-isacson/another-baby-step-on-hond_b_276972.html">
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-isacson/another-baby-step-on-hond_b_276972.html</a>
<a name="_edn33"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn34"></a>34. Laura Carlsen, Americas MexicoBlog, “Honduran
Coup Squeezed From Above and BelowBut is it Enough to Restore
Democracy?,” (September 10, 2009),
<a href="http://americasmexico.blogspot.com/2009/09/honduran-coup-squeezed-from-above-and.html">
http://americasmexico.blogspot.com/2009/09/honduran-coup-squeezed-from-above-and.html</a>
<a name="_edn34"></a> <br><br>
<a name="_edn35"></a>35. OneWorld, “US Chided for Aiding Honduras Despite
Coup,” Common Dreams, (September 9, 2009),
<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/print/46772">
http://www.commondreams.org/print/46772</a><a name="_edn35"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn36"></a>36. “US Cuts More Aid to Honduras as Zelaya
Meets Clinton in Washington,” Democracy Now!, (September 4, 2009),
<a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/4/us_cuts_more_aid_to_honduras">
http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/4/us_cuts_more_aid_to_honduras</a>
<a name="_edn36"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn37"></a>37. Olivia Ward, “Raising the stakes in Honduras,”
The Star, (September 6, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/691633">
http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/691633</a><a name="_edn37"></a><br>
<br>
<a name="_edn38"></a>38. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and the
Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print</a><a name="_edn38">
</a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn39"></a>39. Dick Emanuelsson, “Honduras: The Frontline in
the Battle for Democracy,” Americas Program, (August 10, 2009),
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6337">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6337</a><a name="_edn39"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn40"></a>40. Ibid.<br><br>
<a name="_edn41"></a>41. Michaela D'Ambrosio, “The Honduran Coup: Was it
a Matter of Behind-the-Scenes Finagling by State Department
Stonewallers?,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, (September 16, 2009),
<a href="http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/">
http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/</a>
<a name="_edn41"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn42"></a>42. Greg Grandin, “The Battle for Honduras and the
Region,” The Nation, (August 12, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090831/grandin/print</a><a name="_edn42">
</a>.<br><br>
<a name="_edn43"></a>43. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US Interventionism
in Latin America,” Z Communications, (August 31, 2009),
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466<br><br>
</a><a name="_edn44"></a>44. Mark Weisbrot, “Who’s in charge of US
foreign policy?” The Guardian Unlimited, (July 16, 2009)
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/16/honduras-coup-obama-clinton/print">
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/16/honduras-coup-obama-clinton/print</a>
<a name="_edn44"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn45"></a>45. Michaela D'Ambrosio, “The Honduran Coup: Was it
a Matter of Behind-the-Scenes Finagling by State Department
Stonewallers?,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, (September 16, 2009),
<a href="http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/">
http://www.coha.org/2009/09/the-honduran-coup-was-it-a-matter-of-behind-the-scenes-finagling-by-state-department-stonewallers/</a>
<a name="_edn45"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn46"></a>46. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US Interventionism
in Latin America,” Z Communications, (August 31, 2009),
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466<br><br>
</a><a name="_edn47"></a>47. Amy Oyler, “The Resurgence of US
Interventionism in Latin America,” Z Communications, (August 31, 2009),
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22466<br><br>
</a><a name="_edn48"></a>48. Tom Hayden, “Zelaya Speaks,” The Nation,
(September 4, 2009),
<a href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya">
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090921/hayden_zelaya</a><a name="_edn48">
</a><br><br>
<a name="_edn49"></a>49. Laura Carlsen and Sara Lovera, “Honduran
Constitutional Assembly Would Be a Step Toward the Emancipation of
Women,” Americas Program, (August 19, 2009),
<a href="http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392">
http://americas.irc-online.org/am/6392</a><a name="_edn49"></a><br><br>
<a name="_edn50"></a>50. Kiraz Janicke and Federico Fuentes, “Honduras
Resistance leader: US is behind the coup,” Green Left Weekly, (September
7, 2009),
<a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602">
http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/809/41602</a><a name="_edn50"></a><br>
<br>
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