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      <div id="reader-header" class="header" style="display: block;"> <font
          size="-2"><a id="reader-domain" class="domain"
            href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/women/">https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/women/</a></font>
        <h1 id="reader-title">States of Women's Incarceration: The
          Global Context</h1>
        <div id="meta-data" class="meta-data">
          <div id="reader-estimated-time">
            <h3><font size="-2">By <a
                  href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/staff.html#kajstura">Aleks
                  Kajstura</a> and Russ Immarigeon</font></h3>
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          <div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
            <div class="para">
              <p>
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              <div class="para">
                <p class="bold">Introduction</p>
                <p>We already know that when it comes to incarceration,
                  the United States is truly exceptional. As we have <a
                    href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/"
                    title="States of Incarceration: The Global Context">reported
                    previously</a>, the United States incarcerates 716
                  people for every 100,000 residents, more than any
                  other country. Worldwide, and within the U.S., the
                  vast majority of those incarcerated are men. As a
                  result, women's incarceration rates are overshadowed
                  and often lost in the data. As a first step in
                  documenting how women fare in the world's carceral
                  landscape, this report compares the incarceration
                  rates for women of each U.S. state with the equivalent
                  rates for countries around the world.</p>
                <p><br>
                </p>
                <p class="bold">Outpacing the world</p>
                <p>Only 5% of the world's female population lives in the
                  U.S., but the U.S. accounts for nearly 30% of the
                  world's incarcerated women.
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="title-bar"><i><b>World Women's Incarceration
                    Rates If Every U.S. State Were A Country (Graphic
                    Insert - <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/women/">https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/women/</a>)</b></i><br>
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              <p>Across the globe, the 25 jurisdictions with the highest
                rates of incarcerating women are all American states.
                Thailand, at number 26, is the first non-U.S. government
                to appear on this high-end list, followed closely at
                number 27 by the Unites States itself. The next 17
                jurisdictions are also American states.
              </p>
              <p>
                Overall, with the exception of Thailand and the U.S.
                itself, the top 44 jurisdictions throughout the world
                with the highest rate of incarcerating women are
                individual American states.
              </p>
              <p>
                Nearly 30% of the world's incarcerated women are in the
                United States, twice the percentage as in China and four
                times as much as in Russia.
              </p>
              <p>
                Putting U.S. states in a global context is sobering;
                even the U.S. states that have comparatively low rates
                of incarceration far out-incarcerate the majority of the
                world.
              </p>
              <p>
                Illinois' incarceration rate for women is on par with El
                Salvador, where abortion is illegal and <a
                  href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24532694">women
                  are routinely jailed for having miscarriages</a>. New
                Hampshire is on par with Russia, and New York with
                Rwanda.
              </p>
              <p>
                Rhode Island, which has the lowest incarceration rate
                for women in the U.S., would have the 15<sup
                  class="superscript">th</sup> highest incarceration
                rate in the world if it were a country. In other words,
                only 14 countries (not including the United States)
                incarcerate women at a higher rate than Rhode Island,
                the U.S. state that incarcerates women at the lowest
                rate of imprisonment.
              </p>
              <p class="bold">Outpacing our peers</p>
              <p>
                As we report, the United States incarcerates women at a
                rate similar only to Thailand. But looking instead to
                our international peers, exactly how does the U.S.
                measure up with other nations?
              </p>
              <p>For comparison we use some of our closest allies, the
                founding countries of the North American Treaty
                Organization (NATO). These NATO countries incarcerate
                women at a rate eight to twenty-five times lower than
                the United States as a whole:<a
                  href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/NATO_genderincarceration.html"><img
src="https://static.prisonpolicy.org/images/NATO_genderincarceration.png"
                    alt="Graph showing that the United States
                    incarcerates women at higher rates than other
                    NATO-founding countries. The U.S. incarcerates women
                    at a rate of 127 per 100,000, Portugal at 16, United
                    Kingdom at 13, Canada at 11, Luxemburg and Belgium
                    at 9, Norway and the Netherlands at 8, Italy at 7,
                    France at 6, and Denmark at 5." class="nato"></a> </p>
              <p>As we have noted, Rhode Island has the lowest women's
                incarceration rate in the U.S., but it still has a rate
                more than twice that of Portugal, which has the second
                highest rate of incarcerating women among founding NATO
                nations. Nationally, the U.S. incarcerates women at a
                rate eight times higher than Portugal.
              </p>
              <p class="right caption"><a
                  href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/women_rate_1910-2014.html"><img
src="https://static.prisonpolicy.org/images/women_rate_1910-2014.jpg"
                    alt="Graph showing rate of women's incarceration in
                    the U.S. between 1910 and 2014. The rate remains
                    mostly below 20 per 100,000 before climbing sharply
                    after 1980, settling well above 120 in the current
                    century." class="right" height="275" width="370"></a>The
                United States’ incarceration rate for women is currently
                more than eight times higher than it was throughout most
                of the 20<sup class="superscript">th</sup> century.</p>
              <p class="bold">Outpacing ourselves</p>
              <p>In the U.S., we are not only incarcerating women far
                more than nearly all other nations, but we are also
                incarcerating women far more than we have done in the
                recent past. The sudden growth of incarceration in our
                country has been staggering; our incarceration rate
                nearly tripled between 1980 and 1990.
              </p>
              <p>
                Our own history demonstrates that high rates of
                incarceration are not an essential part of American
                policy; rather they are the outcomes of a series of now
                regrettable policy choices by federal, state and local
                officials in the last three decades.
              </p>
              <p class="bold">Conclusion</p>
              <p>
                Currently prisons and jails in the U.S. confine
                approximately 206,000 women (at a rate of 127 per
                100,000). Within the U.S., it is commonly noted that
                women are incarcerated far less frequently than men, but
                comparing women's incarceration rate to that for men
                paints a falsely optimistic picture. When compared to
                jurisdictions across the globe, even the U.S. states
                with the lowest levels of incarceration are far out of
                line.
              </p>
              <p>
                The statistics revealed by this report are simple and
                staggering. They suggest that states cannot remain
                complacent about how many women they incarcerate. Women
                should be a mainstay of any state policy discussions on
                the economical and effective use of incarceration if we
                hope to incarcerate fewer women.
              </p>
              <p id="data" class="bold">About the data</p>
              <p>This report compares the prevalence of incarceration in
                individual U.S. states with other countries, and
                therefore brings together data on the number of women
                incarcerated in states and countries as a portion of the
                states' or countries' total female populations. This
                report also puts together several different datasets to
                show the growth of the incarceration rate for women in
                the United States over time.
              </p>
              <p><i>U.S. State data:</i></p>
              <div class="sourceblock">
                <p>
                  We choose to use U.S. Census data because we wanted to
                  be sure to include all the forms of incarceration in
                  the United States. (The Bureau of Justice Statistics
                  has not published state-level estimates of the U.S.
                  jail population — which makes up 30% of the <a
                    href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie.html">total
                    mass incarceration pie</a> — since 2006.) We used <a
href="https://www.prisonersofthecensus.org/news/2011/04/20/groupquartersreleased/">U.S.
                    Census 2010 data</a> that shows the total number of
                  people in each state who are confined in local, state,
                  and federal adult correctional facilities. The women's
                  population was calculated by aggregating female
                  population reported for all age groups in these adult
                  correctional facilities.
                </p>
                <p>
                  This powerful census dataset comes with one quirk
                  worth discussing: the Census Bureau counts
                  incarcerated people as if they were residents of
                  prison locations rather than their home communities.
                  In the case of state prison systems that send a large
                  number of people to prisons in other states, or in the
                  context of federal prisons, this Census Bureau
                  residence determination can influence a state's
                  incarceration rate calculated with that data. A
                  significant portion of West Virginia (61%),
                  Connecticut (51%) and Minnesota's (43%) female prison
                  population appear to be women in federal facilities
                  located within the state's borders. We did not attempt
                  to factor out these populations for two reasons.
                  First, as a practical matter, systematically
                  disentangling the Census Bureau's reported
                  incarcerated populations into discrete jurisdictional
                  categories is impractical. And secondly, federal
                  prisons are not sited randomly; states which host
                  federal prisons are active partners in buoying
                  incarceration.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p><i>Country data:</i></p>
              <div class="sourceblock">
                <p>
                  The women's incarceration rate for each country was
                  calculated using two incarceration datasets from the
                  Institute for Criminal Policy Research and population
                  data from the United Nations and other sources.
                </p>
                <p>
                  The number of women incarcerated in each country was
                  calculated based on the Institute for Criminal Policy
                  Research's World Prison Brief's <a
href="http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/female-prisoners?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All">Highest
                    to Lowest - Female prisoners (percentage of prison
                    population)</a> which provided the percentage of
                  each country's incarcerated population that is female,
                  and the corresponding <a
href="http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All">list
                    of incarcerated population totals for each country</a>.
                  (For some countries, the World Prison Brief includes
                  some number of girls in the numbers of incarcerated
                  women.)
                </p>
                <p>
                  For most countries' women's population we relied on
                  the United Nations' <a
                    href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/">World
                    Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Total
                    Population - Female file</a>. For Taiwan and
                  countries within the United Kingdom, the UN's World
                  Population Prospects and the ICPR's World Prison Brief
                  were incompatible, so we relied on individual country
                  censuses for female population totals for each
                  jurisdiction. We used <a
                    href="http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/phc2010/english/rehome.htm">Taiwan's
                    2010 Census</a>, and for the United Kingdom, <a
href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-310118">England
                    & Wales</a>, <a
href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/PivotGrid.aspx?ds=6609&lh=74&yn=2011&sk=136&sn=Census%202011&yearfilter=2037">Northern
                    Ireland</a>, and
                  <a
                    href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html">Scotland</a>
                  (Year 2011, Table DC1117SC).
                </p>
                <p>
                  We were unable to calculate the rate of incarceration
                  for women in four jurisdictions within the former
                  Yugoslavia. The World Prison Brief publishes
                  incarceration data separately for Serbia and Kosovo,
                  and Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation and Bosnia and
                  Herzegovina: Republika Srpska separately, but reliable
                  female population counts are only available for each
                  pair of jurisdictions combined, so we could not
                  calculate an incarceration rate.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Finally, to make the comparisons in this report more
                  meaningful, we've chosen to only include nations with
                  a total population of at least 250,000 women. For that
                  reason, Iceland, which is also one of the original
                  NATO founders, is not included in the NATO graph, or
                  the full list above. For those interested, Iceland's
                  incarceration rate is lowest among the NATO founders,
                  at 3 per 100,000.</p>
              </div>
              <p id="historical"><i>U.S. historical data:</i></p>
              <div class="sourceblock">
                <p>
                  The historical graph was calculated using different
                  datasets that included women in all types of
                  correctional facilities (including jails) and the
                  total U.S. women's population for the corresponding
                  year.
                </p>
                <p>
                  Historical data for the number of women incarcerated
                  in prisons 1910 and 1923 was calculated based on
                  incarceration data from the Bureau of Justice
                  Statistics' <a
                    href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hcsus5084.pdf#page=80">Historical
                    Corrections Statistics in the United States,
                    1850-1984</a> (Table 3-31. Characteristics of
                  Persons in State and Federal Prisons). The data for
                  1933 through 1970 came from Bureau of Justice
                  Statistics' <a
                    href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/sfp2585.pdf#page=2">State
                    and Federal
                    Prisoners, 1925-85</a> (Table 1. Sentenced prisoners
                  in State and Federal institutions: Number and
                  incarceration rates, 1925-85). And data for 1980
                  through 2014 came from the Bureau of Justice
                  Statistics' National Prisoner Statistics Program, <a
href="http://www.bjs.gov/nps/resources/documents/QT_sentenced%20jurisdiction%20count_female.xlsx">Sentenced
                    female prisoners under the jurisdiction of state or
                    federal correctional authorities, December 31,
                    1978-2014</a> (XLSX).
                </p>
                <p>
                  The historical numbers of women incarcerated in jails
                  is also based on multiple sources.
                  For 1910 through 1980 and 1982 we calculated the
                  number of women incarcerated in jails based on Bureau
                  of Justice Statistics' <a
                    href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hcsus5084.pdf#page=106">Historical
                    Corrections Statistics in the United States,
                    1850-1984</a> (Table 4-15. Characteristics of
                  Persons in Jails). (We were unable to identify any
                  source for the number of women incarcerated in jails
                  in 1981.) From 1983 to 1994, Bureau of Justice
                  Statistics' <a
                    href="http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/scjs94.pdf#page=542">Sourcebook
                    of Criminal Justice Statistics - 1994</a> (Table
                  6.11 Number of Jail inmates, average dally population,
                  and rated capacity: By legal status and sex, United
                  States, 1983-94). For years 1995 through 1999, and
                  2001 through 2004, the number of incarcerated women in
                  jails was calculated from the Sourcebook of criminal
                  justice statistics Online's <a
                    href="http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t6172012.pdf">Table
                    6.17.2012, Jail inmates, By sex, race, Hispanic
                    origin, and conviction status, United States,
                    1990-2012</a> and <a
                    href="http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t612011.pdf">Table
                    6.1.2011, Adults on probation, in jail or prison,
                    and on parole United States, 1980-2011</a>. And
                  numbers for 2000 and 2005 through 2014 are from Bureau
                  of Justice Statistics' <a
                    href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/jim14.pdf#page=3">Jail
                    Inmates at Midyear 2014</a> (Table 2. Number of
                  inmates in local jails, by characteristics, midyear
                  2000 and 2005-2014).
                </p>
                <p>
                  From the data above, we calculated the total number of
                  women incarcerated in each year, but in order to
                  calculate the rate of incarceration, we also needed
                  the total number of women in the U.S. for each year.
                  Population data until 1980 and for 1990, was
                  calculated based on sex ratios from the Census
                  Bureau's <a
                    href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf#page=168">Demographic
                    Trends in the 20th Century Census 2000 Special
                    Reports</a> (Table 6. Population by Sex for the
                  United States, Regions, and States: 1900 to 2000, Part
                  B. Female) and the total U.S. population reported by
                  the Census Bureau. The sex ratios were reported
                  decennially, so for 1923 and 1933 we estimated the
                  ratio based on an adjusted percentage of change
                  between the bookend decades that were reported.
                  Starting with 1980 (except for 1990), we took the
                  female population numbers directly from the U.S.
                  Census Bureau's intercensal estimates and decennial
                  census counts. Total female U.S. population for 1982
                  through 1989 came from the Census Bureau's <a
                    href="http://www.census.gov/popest/data/historical/1980s/datasets.html">Quarterly
                    Population Estimates, 1980 to 1990</a> and the data
                  for 1991 through 1999 came from the Census Bureau's <a
href="http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/index.html">Intercensal
                    Estimates (1990-2000)</a>, and 2000 through 2014
                  from the Census Bureau's <a
                    href="http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPSR6H">American
                    FactFinder</a>.
                </p>
              </div>
              <p class="bold">About the authors</p>
              <p>
                The non-profit, non-partisan Prison Policy Initiative
                produces cutting edge research to expose the broader
                harm of mass criminalization, and then sparks advocacy
                campaigns to create a more just society. This report was
                prepared by <a
                  href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/staff.html#kajstura">Aleks
                  Kajstura</a>, Legal Director of the Prison Policy
                Initiative, and Russ Immarigeon, an independent
                researcher and editor of the two-volume set, <a
                  href="http://www.civicresearchinstitute.com/wgc_book.html">Women
                  and Girls in the Criminal Justice System: Policy
                  Strategies and Program Options</a> (Civic Research
                Institute, 2006, 2011).
              </p>
              <p class="bold">Acknowledgements</p>
              <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled">
                We extend a special thanks to </p>
              <a href="http://joshbegley.com/">Josh Begley</a>
              <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled">
                for his innovative work on </p>
              <a href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/">States of
                Incarceration: The Global Context</a>
              <p style="display: inline;" class="readability-styled">,
                upon which this report relied, and Elydah Joyce for her
                work on the NATO graphic.
              </p>
              <p class="bold"><a id="footnotes" class="nodec">Citations:</a></p>
              <div class="ctr">
                <div class="ctr"><a href="https://www.prisonpolicy.org/"><img
                      class="lgo"
                      src="https://static.prisonpolicy.org/global/ppi.png"
                      alt="Prison Policy Initiative logo" height="57"
                      width="111"></a></div>
              </div>
              <div class="noprint"><br>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div> </div>
    </div>
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