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<h1><font size=4><b>The Cases of Alan Gross and the Cuban
Five</b></font></h1><font size=3>Posted on
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/">
01/17/2012</a>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/author/centerforinternationalpolicy/">
</a><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/" eudora="autourl">
http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/<br>
<br>
</a>By Salim Lamrani, with contributions from Wayne Smith<br><br>
The way may be opening for increased U.S.-Cuban ties. The United States
has removed all restrictions on Cuban-American travel from the U.S. to
Cuba and all limitations on Cuban-American remittances to families on the
island. Coming at a time when the Cuban government is encouraging the
establishment of small private enterprises, this opens the way for
importantly increased ties between the two communities-as one observer
put it: “for an inflow of capital from the U.S. to Cuba.”<br><br>
There is, however, the proverbial “fly in the ointment” and that is the
case of Alan Gross, arrested on December 3 of 2009 and since then
representing a major obstacle to improved relations–along with the case
of the Cuban Five on the other side (but more on that later).<br><br>
<b>Who is Alan Gross?<br><br>
</b>Alan Gross is a 61 year-old Jewish U.S. citizen from Potomac,
Maryland who is an employee of Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), a
subcontractor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
which itself is a dependency of the State Department. In December 2009,
when Gross was about to leave Cuba with a simple tourist visa–after his
fifth visit that year–Cuban state security authorities detained him at
the International Airport in Havana. An investigation discovered links
between him and the internal opposition to the Cuban government. Gross
had been distributing among the opposition portable computers and
satellite telephones as part of the State Department program for
“promoting democracy in Cuba.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn1">
[1]</a><br><br>
A long-distance communications technology expert, Gross has great
experience in the field. He has worked in more than 50 nations and set up
satellite communications systems during the military interventions in
Iraq and Afghanistan to circumvent channels controlled by local
authorities.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn2">
[2]</a><br><br>
Possession of a satellite phone is strictly forbidden in Cuba for
national security reasons and telecommunications are a state monopoly
with competition forbidden.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn3">
[3]</a><br><br>
<b>Aid for the Cuban Jewish Community?<br><br>
</b>The State Department, demanding the release of the detainee declared,
“Gross works for international development and traveled to Cuba to assist
the members of the Jewish community in Havana to connect with other
Jewish communities in the world.” According to Washington, Gross’
activities were legitimate and did not violate Cuban
legislation.<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn4">
[4]</a><br><br>
In October 2010, during the annual session of the UN General Assembly,
Arturo Valenzuela, then assistant secretary of state for inter-American
affairs, met with Bruno Rodríguez, Cuban minister for foreign affairs, to
discuss Gross. This was the most important diplomatic meeting between
representatives from both nations since the beginning of Obama’s era.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn5">
[5]</a><br><br>
Alan Gross’ family also said that his frequent trips to the island were
to allow the Jewish community in Havana to gain access to the Internet
and to communicate with Jews all over the
world.<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn6">
[6]</a> His lawyer, Peter J. Kahn, endorsed their words, “His work in
Cuba had nothing to do with politics; it was simply aimed at helping the
small, peaceful, non-dissident Jewish community in the country.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn7">
[7]</a><br><br>
Gross doubtless had contact with some members of the Jewish community in
Cuba. Leaders of the Jewish community in Havana, however, contradict the
official U.S. version of his relationship. In fact, leaders of the
community affirm they did not know Alan Gross, and had never met with him
despite his five visits to Cuba in 2009. Adela Dworin, president of the
Beth Shalom Temple, rejected Washington’s statements. “It’s lamentable
[…]. The saddest part is that they tried to involve the Jewish community
in Cuba which has nothing to do with this.”<br><br>
Mayra Levy, speaker of the Sephardic Hebraic Center, declared she didn’t
know who Gross was and added he had never been to her institution. The
Associated Press said “the leaders of the Jewish community in Cuba denied
the American contractor Alan Gross […] had collaborated with them.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn8">
[8]</a> In like manner, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that “the
main Jewish groups in Cuba had denied having any contracts with Alan
Gross or any knowledge of his project.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn9">
[9]</a><br><br>
Reverend Oden Mariachal, secretary of the Consejo de Iglesias de Cuba
(CIC) [Cuban Council of Churches] which includes the [non-Catholic]
Christian religious institutions and the Jewish community in Cuba,
confirmed this position at a meeting with Peter Brennan, State Department
coordinator for Cuban Affairs. On the occasion of the General Assembly of
Churches of Christ in the U.S., held in Washington in 2010, the religious
leader rejected Gross’ allegations. “What we made clear is what the Cuban
Jewish Community, a member of the Cuban Council of Churches, told us, ‘We
never had a relationship with that gentleman; he never brought us any
equipment.’ They denied any kind of relationship with Alan
Gross.”<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn10">
[10]</a><br><br>
In fact, the small Cuban Jewish community, far from isolated, is
perfectly integrated in society and has excellent relations with the
political authorities in the Island. Fidel Castro, although very critical
of Israeli policy in the occupied territories, declared to American
journalist Jeffrey Goldberg that in history “no one has been as slandered
as the Jews. They were exiled from their land, persecuted and mistreated
everywhere in the world. The Jews had a more difficult existence than
ours. Nothing can compare to the Holocaust,” he said.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn11">
[11]</a><br><br>
Cuban President Raúl Castro attended the religious ceremony for
Hanukkah-the Festival of Lights–at the Shalom Synagogue in Havana, in
December 2010. The visit was broadcast live on Cuban TV and published in
the front page of newspaper <i>Granma</i>. He took the opportunity to
greet “the Cuban Jewish community and the fabulous history of the Hebrew
people.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn12">
[12]</a><br><br>
Moreover, the Cuban Jewish community has all the technological facilities
needed to communicate with the rest of the world, thanks to the
assistance of other international Jewish entities such as the B’nai Brith
and the Cuban Jewish Relief Project, the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC),
the World ORT, the Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) or the United
Jewish Committee (UJC); all of it endorsed by the Cuban authorities.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn13">
[13]</a><br><br>
Arturo López-Levy, B’nai Brith secretary for the Cuban Jewish community
between 1999 and 2001, and today a professor at Denver University, is
also skeptical about the U.S. version of the Gross case. On the subject,
he stated, “Gross was not arrested for being Jewish or for his alleged
activities of technological aid to the Cuban Jewish community which
already had an informatics lab, electronic mail and Internet access
before he got to Havana. [The Jews in Cuba] do not gather at a synagogue
to conspire with the political opposition because this would jeopardize
their cooperation with the government which is needed for their
activities: the emigration to Israel program, the Right by Birth
project–through which young Cuban Jews travel to Israel every year–or to
deal with humanitarian aid. To protect the most important they detach
themselves as much as possible from the U.S. programs of political
interference on Cuban internal affairs. Gross travelled to Cuba not to
work with any Jewish organization but for USAID.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn14">
[14]</a><br><br>
Wayne S. Smith, chief of the U.S. Interests Section in Cuba from 1979 to
1982 and director of Cuba Program of the Center for International Policy
in Washington, said that “in other words, Gross was involved in a program
whose intentions were clearly hostile to Cuba, because its objective is
nothing less than regime change.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn15">
[15]</a><br><br>
<b>Illegal Activities According to Cuban Authorities<br><br>
</b>Cuban authorities suspected Gross of espionage and internal
subversion activities.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn16">
[16]</a>Ricardo Alarcon, president of the Cuban Parliament, declared he
had violated the country’s legislation. “He violated Cuban laws, national
sovereignty, and committed crimes that in the U.S. are most severely
punished.”<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn17">
[17]</a><br><br>
Gross, a USAID employee was providing sophisticated communications
equipment. The distribution and use of satellite phones is regulated in
Cuba and it is forbidden to import them without authorization. On the
other hand, Article 11 of Cuban Law 88 reads that, “He who, in order to
perform the acts described in this Law, directly or through a third
party, receives, distributes or takes part in the distribution of
financial means, material or of other kind, from the Government of the
United States of America, its agencies, dependencies, representatives,
officials, or from private entities is liable to prison terms from 3 to 8
years.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn18">
[18]</a><br><br>
This severity is not unique to Cuban legislation. U.S. law prescribes
similar penalties for this type of crime. The Foreign Agents Registration
Act prescribes that any un-registered agent “who requests, collects,
supplies or spends contributions, loans, money or any valuable object in
his own interest” may be liable to a sentence of five years in prison and
a fine of 10,000 dollars.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn19">
[19]</a><br><br>
French legislation also punishes this type of action. According to
Article 411-8 of the Penal Code, “the act of exercising on behalf of a
foreign power, a foreign company or organization or company or
organization under the control of a foreign agent, any act aimed at
supplying devices, information, procedures, objects, documents,
informatics data or files whose exploitation, spreading, or gathering can
by nature attempt against the fundamental interests of the nation is
punishable with ten years of imprisonment and a fine of 150,000
Euros.”<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn20">
[20]</a><br><br>
On February 4, 2011, the prosecutor of the Republic of Cuba formally
accused Alan Gross of “acts against the integrity and independence of the
nation,” and demanded a jail sentence of 20 years. On March 12, 2011
Gross was finally sentenced to 15 years imprisonment after his
trial.<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn21">
[21]</a> The lawyer for the defense, Peter J. Kahn, expressed his regret
that his client was “caught in the middle of a long political dispute
between Cuba and the United States.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn22">
[22]</a><br><br>
<i>The New York Times</i> remembers that Gross “was arrested last
December during a trip to Cuba as part of a semi-clandestine USAID
program, a service of foreign aid of the State Department destined to
undermine the Cuban Government,” The New York paper also indicated that
“U.S. authorities have admitted that Mr. Gross entered Cuba without the
appropriate visa and have said he distributed satellite telephones to
religious groups.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn23">
[23]</a><br><br>
Since 1992 and the adoption of the Torricelli Act, the U.S. openly admits
its objective towards Cuba is “regime change” and one of the pillars of
this policy is to organize, finance and equip an internal opposition.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn24">
[24]</a><br><br>
USAID, which is in charge of the implementation of the plan, admits that,
as part of this program, it finances the Cuban opposition. According to
the Agency for the 2009 fiscal year the amount destined for aid to Cuban
dissidents was of 15.62 million dollars. Since 1996 a total of 140
million dollars have been dedicated to the program aimed at overthrowing
the Cuban government. “The largest part of this figure is for individuals
inside Cuba. Our objective is to maximize the amount of the support that
benefits the Cubans in the
Island.”<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn25">
[25]</a><br><br>
The government agency also stresses the following, “We have trained
hundreds of journalists in a ten year period and their work is seen in
mainstream international media.” Formed and paid by the U.S., they
represent, above all, the interests of Washington whose objective is a
“regime change” on the island.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn26">
[26]</a><br><br>
From a juridical point of view, this reality in fact places the
dissidents who accept the emoluments offered by USAID in the position of
being agents at the service of a foreign power, which constitutes a
serious violation of the Cuban Penal Code. The agency is aware of this
reality and simply reminds all that “nobody is obliged to accept or be
part of the programs of the government of the United States.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn27">
[27]</a><br><br>
Judy Gross, the wife of Alan Gross, was authorized to visit him in prison
for the first time in July 2010.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn28">
[28]</a>She took the occasion to send a letter to Cuban President Raúl
Castro in which she expressed her repentance and apologized for the acts
of her husband. “I understand today the Cuban Government does not
appreciate the type of work Alan was doing in Cuba. His intention was
never to hurt your government.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn29">
[29]</a><br><br>
Judy Gross also accuses the State Department of not having explained to
her husband that his activities were illegal in Cuba. If Alan had known
that something would happen to him in Cuba, he would not have done that.
I think he was not clearly informed about the risks.”
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn30">
[30]</a><br><br>
<b>A Way Out?<br><br>
</b>Clearly, Alan Gross violated the law. Of that there can be no doubt.
On the other hand, he seems to have done little harm. His continued
incarceration results in no important benefits to the U.S. His release,
on the other hand, could be a major step toward improved U.S.-Cuban
relations, especially if in the process he were prepared to apologize for
his actions.<br><br>
There is another side to the matter, however, and that has to do with the
so-called Cuban Five. Just as the U.S. seems unwilling to move ahead in
relations unless there is some movement in the Gross case, so do the
Cubans seem reluctant to move without progress in the case of the Cuban
Five, who were incarcerated in 1998. They were sent up to the U.S. by the
Cuban government to penetrate and develop information about the
anti-Castro terrorists groups in Florida after a sequence of bomb attacks
against tourist centers in Havana. The idea was then to provide that
information to the FBI so that it could take action to halt the exile
terrorists. A meeting between representatives of the FBI and the Cubans
was held in Havana over several days in June of 1998 and some forty
folders of evidence were turned over to the FBI. The Cubans then waited
for the U.S. to take action against the terrorists. But none was taken;
rather, shortly thereafter, the FBI began arresting the Cuban five. In
other words, they arrested those who had provided the evidence rather
than the terrorists themselves. The Five were arrested, tried and
convicted, though “tried” is not the right word for the trial was a sham.
The prosecutors had no real evidence and so fell back on the old standby
of trying them for “conspiracy” to commit illegal acts. No evidence, and
they were tried in Miami where anti-Castro sentiment had reached such a
level with the Elian Gonzalez case that there was no chance of
empanelling an impartial jury. Defense lawyers requested a change of
venue, but, incredibly, it was denied.<br><br>
Worst of all was the case of Gerardo Hernandez, who was accused of
“conspiracy” to commit murder and given two consecutive life sentences
plus fifteen years–this in connection with the shoot down of the two
Brothers to the Rescue planes in February of 1996. Never mind that there
was no evidence that he was in any way responsible. But there, behind
bars, he remains today, mostly in solitary confinement and after all
these years not allowed a single visit from his wife.<br><br>
The injustice in these cases contradicts the reputation of the U.S. for
dedication to the rule of law. It must be corrected. Holding these men
year after year without real evidence of any crime other than being the
unregistered agents of a foreign power was one thing during the Cold
War–though unjustified even then. But now, with the Cold War over and
every possibility of beginning a new U.S.-Cuba relationship, it becomes
morally unjustifiable and counterproductive. It is time surely to
undertake a process of reviewing all these cases and then allowing these
men to return to their families. One, René Gonzalez, has already been
released from prison to serve out his remaining three years on parole,
but at the same time, incredibly, not allowed to return to Cuba to be
with his wife, who he has not seen in all these years. That, allowing his
return, should perhaps be the first step in the process.<br><br>
And it goes without saying that as the U.S. begins to move in the cases
of the Cuban Five, Cuba should release Alan Gross to return to his
family.<br><br>
It should be noted that Alan Gross himself suggested there should be some
reciprocal movement in these cases. “Following the recent exchange of the
Israeli soldier, Gilad Shalit, for 1,000 Palestinian prisoners, Gross was
clear that he wants the United States and Cuba to make a similar gesture
for him and the Cuban Five,” explained Rabbi David Shneyer, who had
visited Gross in Havana.
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftn31">
[31]</a><br><br>
<b>Salim Lamrani, PhD in Iberian and Latin American Studies of the Paris
Sorbonne-Paris IV University, is a professor in charge of courses at the
Paris-Sorbonne-Paris IV University and the Paris-Est Marne-la- Vallée
University. He is a French journalist, and specialist on the Cuba-United
States relations. He has recently published: <i>Etat de siege. Les
sanctions economiques des Etats-Unis contre Cuba </i>with a prologue by
Wayne S. Smith. <br><br>
Wayne S. Smith, now director of the Cuba Project at the Center for
International Policy, was chief of the U.S. Interests Section in Havana,
1979-1982, and is the author of <i>The Closest of Enemies</i>, (New York:
W.W. Norton, 1987). <br>
End Notes<br><br>
</b><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref1">
[1]</a> Jeff Franks, <<Scenarios-U.S. Contractor Jailed in Cuba
Still in Limbo>>, Reuter, October 24, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref2">
[2]</a> Phillip J. Crowley, <<Statement on Anniversary of Alan
Gross’ Incarceration in Cuba>>, op. cit.; Saul Landau, <<The
Alan Gross Case>>, Counterpunch, July 30, 2010.
<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/landau07302010.html">
http://www.counterpunch.org/landau07302010.html</a> (site consulted on
February 18, 2011).<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref3">
[3]</a> Ibid.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref4">
[4]</a> Phillip J. Crowley, <<Statement on Anniversary of Alan
Gross’ Incarceration in Cuba>>, op. cit<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref5">
[5]</a> Paul Haven, <<U.S., Cuban Diplos Met About Jailed U.S.
Man>>, <i>The Associated Press</i>, October 18, 2010<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref6">
[6]</a> Anthony Broadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in Cuba
Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, Reuters, October 24,
2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref7">
[7]</a> Juan O. Tamayo, <<Pedirán 20 años de cárcel para
Gross>>, <i>El Nuevo Herald</i>, February 5, 2011.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref8">
[8]</a> Andrea Rodríguez, <<Judíos niegan haber colaborado con Alan
Gross>>, The Associated Press, December 2, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref9">
[9]</a> Jewish Telegraphic Agency, <<Cuba to Seek 20- Year Prison
Term for Alan Gross>>, February 6, 2011.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref10">
[10]</a> Andrea Rodrígues, <<EEUU pide Iglesias de Cuba interesarse
por contratista preso>>, <i>The Associated Press, December 2,
2010.<br><br>
</i>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref11">
[11]</a> Jeffrey Goldberg, <<Castro: ‘No One Has Been Slandered
More Than the Jews’>> The Atlantic, December 7, 2010.
<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/castro-no-one-has-been-slandered-more-than-tthe-jews/62566/">
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/castro-no-one-has-been-slandered-more-than-tthe-jews/62566/</a>
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref12">
[12]</a> <i>The Associated Press</i>, <<Raúl Castro Celebrates
Hanukkah With Cuban Jews>>; Juan O. Tamayo, <<Raul Castro
asiste a fiesta de Janucá en sinagoga de La Habana>>, El Nuevo
Herald, December 6, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref13">
[13]</a> <i>Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba,</i> <<Quienes ayudan>>.
<a href="http://www.chcuba.org/espanol/ayuda/quienes.htm">
http://www.chcuba.org/espanol/ayuda/quienes.htm</a> (site consulted on
February 18, 2011).<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref14">
[14]</a> Arturo López-Levy, <<Freeing Alan Gross: First Do No
Harm>>, August 2010.
<a href="http://www.thewashintonnote.com/archives/2010/08freeing_alan_gr/">
http://www.thewashintonnote.com/archives/2010/08freeing_alan_gr/</a>
(site consulted on February 18, 2011).<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref15">
[15]</a> Wayne S. Smith, <<The Gross Case and the Inanity of U.S.
Policy>>, Center for International Policy, March 2011.
<a href="http://ciponline.org/pressroom/articles/030411_Smith_Intelligence_Brief_Gross.htm">
http://ciponline.org/pressroom/articles/030411_Smith_Intelligence_Brief_Gross.htm</a>
(site consulted on March 13, 2011).<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref16">
[16]</a> Paul Haven, <<U.S. Officials Ask Cuba to Release Jailed
American>>, The Associated Press, February 19, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref17">
[17]</a> Andrea Rodriguez, <<Contratista de EEUU violó soberanía de
Cuba, dice alto dirigente>>, The Associated Press, December 11,
2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref18">
[18]</a> <i>Ley de protección de la independencia nacional y la economía
de Cuba (LEY N . 88), Artículo</i> 11.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref19">
[19]</a> U.S. Code, Title 22, Chapter 11, Subchapter II, § 611, iii
<<Definitions>>, § 618, a, 1 <<Violations; false
statements and willful omissions>>.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref20">
[20]</a> Code Penal, Partie legislative, Livre, Titre Ier, Chapitre I,
Section 3, Article 411-8.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref21">
[21]</a> William Booth, <<Cuba Seeks 20 Year Jail term for Detained
American>>, <i>The Associated Press</i>, February 4, 2011.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref22">
[22]</a> Paul Haven <<Cuba Seeks 20-Year Jail term for Detained
American>>, The Associated Press, February 4, 2011.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref23">
[23]</a> Ginger Thompson, <<Wife of American Held in Cuba Pleads
for His Release and Apologizes to Castro>>, <i>The New York
Times</i>, October 24, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref24">
[24]</a> Cuban Democracy Act, Titulo XVII, Artículo 1705, 1992.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref25">
[25]</a> Along the Malecon, <<Exclusive: Q & A with
USAID>>, October 25, 2010.
<a href="http://alongthemalecon.blogspot.com/2010/10/exclusive-q-with-usaid.html">
http://alongthemalecon.blogspot.com/2010/10/exclusive-q-with-usaid.html</a>
(site consulted on October 26, 2010); Tracey Eaton, <<U.S.
government aid to Cuba is the spotlight as contractor Alan Gross marks
one year in a Cuban prison>>, El Nuevo Herald, December 3,
2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref26">
[26]</a> Ibid.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref27">
[27]</a> Ibid.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref28">
[28]</a> Jessica Gresko, <<U.S. Man Jailed in Cuba Can Call Home
More Often>>, The Associated Press, October 26, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref29">
[29]</a> Anthony Boadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in Cuba
Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, op. cit. ; Jeff Frank,
<<Factbox: Jailed U.S. Contractor, Sour U.S.-Cuba
Relations>>, Reuters, October 24, 2010.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref30">
[30]</a>Anthony Boadle, <<Exclusive: American Held in Cuba
Expresses Regret to Raul Castro>>, op. cit EFE, <<EEUU no
negocia liberación de Alan Gross>>, February 8,
2011.<br><br>
<a href="http://cipcubareport.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/the-cases-of-alan-gross-and-the-cuban-five/#_ftnref31">
[31]</a> <i>Agence France Presse</i>, <<Contratista de EE UU en
Cuba sugiere intercambio de espias>> November 8, 2011.<br><br>
<br><br>
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