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<h1><b>Crazy Tom the FBI Provocateur</b></h1><font size=3>By Steve
Weissman, Reader Supported News<br><br>
27 November 11<br><br>
Reader Supported News | Perspective<br>
<a href="http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/275-42/8619-occupy-this-crazy-tom-the-fbi-provocateur" eudora="autourl">
http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/275-42/8619-occupy-this-crazy-tom-the-fbi-provocateur</a>
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<dl>
<dd>"Anyone who remembers the sixties wasn't really
there."<br>
</b>
<dd>George Carlin<br><br>
<dd>"Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat
it."<br>
</b>
<dd>George Santayana<br><br>
</i>
</dl> <br><br>
<img src="http://readersupportednews.org/images/stories/alphabet/rsn-A.jpg" width=28 height=25 alt="[]">
s weird as the 1960s became, Crazy Tom stood out. He set fires and
started fights on the Stanford campus, supplied guns and explosives to
fellow militants, and staged hold-ups "to support the
Revolution." He also created a secret mountain-top training camp and
bomb factory to groom would-be urban guerrillas, from young, mostly white
Maoists to the secret Black Panther army trying to free Soledad Brother
George Jackson from San Quentin Penitentiary. Then, in February and March
1971, Crazy Tom Mosher put on a suit and tie, brushed down his wispy
blond hair, and testified in secret before the Senate Subcommittee on
Internal Security. According to his sworn testimony, the revolutionary
terrorist had worked all along for the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) and its state counterpart, the California Bureau of Criminal
Investigation and Identification (CII).<br><br>
In his testimony, Mosher warned of a growing campaign of revolutionary
sabotage, terror, and guerrilla war, which had already left a trail of
violence and murder across Northern California. The Senate published his
tale at taxpayers' expense, while Reader's Digest</i> ran a first-hand
account of his experiences, "Inside the Revolutionary Left." As
Mosher and the senators told it, he had been an informant, passively
watching the illegal violence of the Left and reporting to the
authorities to help them enforce the law. As those of us who knew him had
seen for ourselves, he had created much of the terrorist violence he now
condemned.<br><br>
At the time, I was an anti-war activist at Stanford, increasingly
burned-out, cynical, and without too many lingering liberal illusions.
Yet I would never have suggested that the FBI or other police agencies
had paid Crazy Tom to shoot guns on campus, set fires, or run a guerrilla
training camp. More likely, I figured, he had created his own chaos,
while selling his handlers whatever bullshit he could get them to
buy.<br><br>
I was wrong. On March 8, 1971, just as Mosher was about to testify, a
group calling itself the Citizen's Commission to Investigate the FBI
broke into the Bureau's office in Media, Pennsylvania, and
"liberated" over 1000 classified documents, which they began
releasing to the press. The purloined files included the hitherto secret
caption "COINTELPRO," shorthand for Counterintelligence
Program. NBC's Carl Stern then filed suit under the Freedom of
Information Act, and in December 1973, a federal court ordered the FBI to
make public its clandestine COINTELPRO memos.<br><br>
One of the memos caught my eye. In May 1968, Director J. Edgar Hoover had
secretly authorized the FBI "to expose, disrupt, discredit, or
otherwise neutralize" the New Left's opposition to the Vietnam War
and support for black liberation. "Expose, disrupt, discredit, or
otherwise neutralize" are terms of art, and none of Hoover's
underlings could have doubted what he was telling them to do. Far from
enforcing the law or protecting our First Amendment right to protest, the
FBI would use against us the classic techniques that the Czarist secret
police and its European counterparts had used for centuries, that the FBI
had perfected since the post-World War I Palmer Raids, and that the CIA
and military had for years directed against foreign foes. Our Crazy Tom,
it appeared, was looking like far more than a self-propelled
provocateur.<br><br>
To find out for certain, a group of us at the Pacific Studies Center, a
radical off-campus research institute, decided to look into what Mosher
had done with us and to us. We interviewed Tom over a period of several
days, during which he ranged from overly talkative to irritatingly cagey
to truly terrified that we had set him up to be killed. We talked with
dozens of his closest former comrades. And we tried to decipher the
relevant COINTELPRO memos, with all their deleted names and details. The
court had allowed the FBI to black out every place where Mosher's name
might have fit, but once we reconstructed his violent life and times, no
one could doubt that Crazy Tom did exactly what the Counterintelligence
Programs called for him to do. <a name="a"></a>[1]<br><br>
Too Crazy to Be a Pig<br><br>
</b>Whatever else he might have been, the short, scrappy Mosher was no
spoiled preppy. His father, he told me, had been sent to the
penitentiary, leaving his mother to turn tricks at home, while he grew up
on the streets of Uptown Chicago, learning to survive among the roughest
rednecks, hillbillies, and other refugees from the American
hinterland.<br><br>
Smart, sensitive, and charismatic, he quickly learned how to hustle,
charming the improbable W. Clement Stone, an insurance tycoon who gave
millions to former President Nixon. Stone also wrote books telling people
how to develop PMA, a Positive Mental Attitude, by jumping up and down
every morning chanting "I am healthy! I am happy! I am
successful!" Tom met Stone at the McCormick Boys Club, took him as a
big brother, and later got him to write a recommendation to Stanford,
where the eager young man enrolled in the fall of 1962.<br><br>
Mosher tried hard to score in the world of big money and soft manners.
But for all his Positive Mental Attitude, the foster son of success
lacked the financial backing and social background, while he caused so
many fights that the fraternity he joined asked him to leave.
"Mosher was one of the most violent people I'd ever known,"
recalled one of his well-bred frat brothers. "In the space of two
and a half months, he punched out eight people." Tom finally dropped
out of Stanford in the spring of 1965, filled with admiration, awe, envy,
hatred, and resentment for the silver spoon set. Had he failed? Or had
Stanford failed him? The wiry street fighter tried to work out the
balance, but never could.<br><br>
After spending a few months with the civil rights movement in
Mississippi, Mosher returned to Uptown Chicago, where he became "a
revolutionary." Several of my friends from Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS) had started a local community organizing project called
Jobs or Income Now (JOIN), and Mosher, whom I met casually at the time,
became one of its stars. He also married a college professor's daughter
named Mary, fathered a son Keith, and rubbed elbows with many of
America's best-known young radicals<br><br>
In August 1968, the SDS leader and later Weather Woman Bernadine Dohrn
asked him to go in her place on a trip to Cuba. As fellow travelers
remembered him, Mosher was a gung-ho Che Guevara bent on guerrilla war.
In fact, he was already working for the government, or at least looking
for a job. "I really wasn't such a stone cold revolutionary in
Cuba," he told me. "I was just acting as one, carefully
observing and analyzing for my own benefit. You'd have done the same
thing if you had in mind what I had in mind."<br><br>
Returning from Cuba in October, Tom met with FBI agents and gave them
films he had taken on the trip. He then moved back to Stanford, and no
later than "let us say April 1969," he began what he called his
"active association with the Bureau."<br><br>
Why did Tom sign on with the Feds? Take your pick. In various breaths, he
spoke of his poor boy's resentment of rich white radicals and black
militant thugs, his patriotic disgust with their violence and
anti-Americanism, his long-standing anti-Communism, and his sudden
disillusionment with Cuban socialism. He also mentioned pressure from the
law, his need for money, and growing marital strains with Mary. In Tom's
topsy-turvy mind, most - if not all - could have played a part.<br><br>
One other possibility was that Mosher came to the FBI from military
intelligence. His military records, which we managed to see, showed that
he had served two and a half months on active duty with the Marines. He
then remained in the reserves for six years, but without any evidence of
ever attending a single reserve meeting. This was the file one would
expect from someone performing an undercover assignment, but we were
never able to nail that down.<br><br>
In any case, Tom's temper, his passion for guns and explosives, and what
he called his "peculiar mental illness at the time" made him
the perfect provocateur. His madness drove him to live on the edge,
continuously courting danger, while working for the FBI allowed him to
carve out a free-fire zone between the militants and the law where he
could let rip his terrifying rage.<br><br>
Just as the COINTELPRO memos directed, Mosher brought into the anti-war
movement an incredible aura of violence, which disrupted our protests
from within and discredited them to those on the fringe. He baited the
moderates and egged on the militants. He even fought right-wing Young
Americans for Freedom, threatening publicly to sodomize one of their
campus leaders. His fury surging just below the skin, he acted like a
savage six-year-old, flying into a rage whenever he wanted, upsetting,
unnerving, and grasping for control.<br><br>
Flashing his pistol at a non-violent anti-war sit-in in April 1969, he
offered to take care of the campus police and boasted of trashing their
car windows. "Time to get serious!" he urged. "Time to
pick up the gun." Late one night, he fired eight or nine shots into
the home of Stanford president Kenneth Pitzer, and then tried to get the
incident reported in the press. He also fired into a university
auditorium, and during a demonstration against ROTC, he fired several
shots into the air.<br><br>
In July 1969, Mosher went to a party at the home of H. Bruce Franklin, a
brilliant scholar of both Herman Melville and science fiction, and a
prime target of the FBI's Counterintelligence Programs. The "Maoist
English professor," as the press called him, had become a convert to
old left thinking, zealously defending the historic necessity of
Stalinist terror in the Soviet Union, a fatuous claim that won him scant
support. Together with his equally militant wife Jane, Bruce ran the
Revolutionary Union, which preached the impossibility of non-violent
revolution, but overlooked the even larger improbability of a violent
one.<br><br>
The party that night was celebrating the acquittal of several radicals
charged with fomenting a street riot in downtown Palo Alto. A large crowd
showed up, including the defendants, three jurors, most of the local
anti-establishment, and some visiting left-wing honchos from across the
country. The guests were talking, dancing, and drinking wine, when Mosher
slapped a juror who was dancing with Mary. Bruce jumped in, some serious
brawling began, and it looked for a time that the police might come,
using the opportunity to raid the house, search for weapons, and rough-up
a few self-proclaimed revolutionaries. After the punch up, Franklin
cooled to Mosher, telling his comrades not to trust the lunatic. "I
may be crazy," Mosher replied, "but I'm not a
pig."<br><br>
In spite of Franklin's tenure, the Stanford administration soon brought
disciplinary charges against him, holding him responsible for the climate
of senseless violence that Crazy Tom helped to create. Adding to the
furor, Mosher leaked hearsay stories to the press accusing Franklin of
supplying weapons and explosives to the Black Panther Party in Oakland.
Such stories took their toll. Sacrificing civil liberties in hopes of
gaining security, the faculty judges voted to fire Franklin for his
political activism.<br><br>
Like Bruce, the vast majority of us in the Stanford movement tried to
keep a safe distance from Crazy Tom, finding his behavior bizarre. Many
of us heard stories of how he pulled his gun on friends, beat his wife,
and bragged of "rolling queers" outside the gay bars in Palo
Alto's Whiskey Gulch. We saw him as a constant chameleon, always shifting
roles. One day he would play the bearded guerrilla in field jacket and
combat boots. Another day he would pose as the clean-shaven movement
lawyer "William Z. Foster," turned out in suit, tie, and
wingtips. He would also appear as a campus queen in purple velvet; a
white Huey P. Newton in a costly leather coat; an Aryan racist and
authentic-sounding anti-Semite spouting slogans from the neo-Nazi bible
Imperium</i>; or an off-the-screen James Dean in Levis and T-shirt, a
sleeve rolled up around a pack of cigarettes. "I'm from Uptown, Man.
The toughest neighborhood in America."<br><br>
Tom was crazy, all right, and everybody knew it. Why, then, did anyone
ever trust him?<br><br>
In part, he traded on his poor white origins, especially with all the
guilt-ridden rich kids who looked to the working class to make the
Revolution. ("In Uptown we're really more
lumpenproletariat</i>," he later told me with a knowing smile.
"None of us can keep a job.") But mostly he and his
rags-to-revolution image found an appreciative audience in a small but
growing cadre with Red Books and revolvers who were always trying to act
more Mao than Thou, a maddening vanguard that one wit dubbed the
"Marksmen-Lemmingists."<br><br>
"He would periodically make chiding remarks about my non-violence or
put forward adventurist proposals," one pacifist recalled. "But
he was only one of many political crazies. There were lots of people who
had even weirder ideas than he did."<br><br>
So, Tom's craziness became Tom's cover, as he stamped the anti-war
movement with his own brand of random terror. Perhaps we were also
beguiled by a lingering faith in the very system we opposed.
"Mosher's too crazy to be an informer," we all agreed.
"The government would never hire anyone as loony as
him."<br><br>
But that was just the point. Tom's violence and "peculiar mental
illness at the time" were precisely what his FBI handlers wanted.
How better to disrupt, misdirect, and discredit our opposition to the
war? Mosher was a loaded gun that the Bureau pointed at us, trashing our
First Amendment right to protest without government interference and our
freedom to decide for ourselves the message we wanted our non-violent
demonstrations to convey.<br><br>
Training for Guerrilla War<br><br>
</b>Reaching beyond the Stanford campus, Mosher quickly found his ticket
to the big time in a remote patch of ravines, redwoods, and rattlesnakes
high in the nearby Santa Cruz Mountains. "The land," as it was
called, belonged to a group of draft resisters who had bought it for a
retreat. It was also the outdoor playpen of one of Tom's former
fraternity brothers, a near-sighted and slightly mad charmer called
"Blind Timmy."<br><br>
Tom had heard that his old friend still lived in the area and set off to
find him, driving into the mountains on an old logging road, then
trekking upward along a tiny twisting trail, until he came to a small
clearing with a homemade cabin built of wood and stone. In the clearing,
Mosher spotted Timmy frolicking with a band of teenage boys and girls.
They were all naked. A self-anointed guru, Blind Timmy preached the
virtues of pan-sexualism, seeking universal unity and spiritual ecstasy
through an open-ended communion of bodies and souls.<br><br>
In time, Tom and Mary joined in, and for a while it was Timmy, Tom, and
Mary. But the ménage</i> did not work out. "I found that I was
emotionally right-wing and came to see the whole thing as diabolical
possession," Tom confessed. "I guess my soul just had too much
of the funky gray Mid-West."<br><br>
Timmy scooted off to do his missionary work elsewhere, leaving Tom free
to use the land as he wanted, which was just as the FBI memos suggested -
"to take advantage of all opportunities for Counterintelligence and
also inspire activity in instances where circumstances
warrant."<br><br>
As early as the spring of 1969, Mosher brought some Stanford radicals and
black militants from Oakland to the mountain hideaway to practice
shooting and "discuss alone the techniques of using high
explosives," as he later testified to the Senate subcommittee. He
and his black comrades also got hold of over a hundred sticks of
dynamite, along with timers, mercuric fulminate for the fuses, and
electronic detonators, all of which they stashed on the mountain. By
summer, the land had become, as Tom told it, "literally ... a bomb
factory."<br><br>
Every bomb factory needs a mad scientist, and Mosher found his in a
short, bright, and profoundly angry black student named Jimmy Johnson.
Mosher had met him at Stanford in 1963, and the two outsiders grew close.
JJ had dropped out about the same time as Tom, and was just coming back
to finish his degree in chemical engineering. Mosher spotted him at an
SDS party, where - as friends in the Black Student Union put it - JJ
stood out "like a fly in the buttermilk." The two began
spending time together and winding each other up. Together, they jeered
at the tough-talking rads and their tea-party sit-ins, and promised to
show those punk kids what revolution was all about.<br><br>
JJ's friends in SDS tried to warn him away, telling him that Mosher was
crazy, if not a police agent. But most of the Stanford radicals thought
Johnson a little loosely wired, too, and left him to his fate. Mad Dog
Jimmy, Crazy Tom - they seemed a perfect pair.<br><br>
At the time, JJ was facing trial for rioting in downtown Palo Alto, while
the university was trying to discipline him for disrupting a trustee's
meeting where he had protested Stanford's millions of dollars in Pentagon
research contracts. So much for civil disobedience, he told Tom. Why put
yourself up in plain view for something that doesn't get any results
anyway? Why not use something safer and more efficient? Something with a
bang.<br><br>
When Mosher heard all this, his eyes lit up. Many young radicals talked
about bombs, but JJ knew how to make them. Fire bombs. Dynamite bombs.
Time bombs. "JJ used to blow my mind with some of the things he
made," Mosher recalled. "He even made a timing device from a
photoelectric cell, which would go off when someone opened the door or
turned on a light."<br><br>
Introducing JJ to some of the most militant blacks in Northern
California, Mosher pushed him to act out his anger. "What Mosher did
was to bring this machismo, tough guy shit into the movement," JJ
later explained. But, at the time, he seemed to JJ to be one of the few
white boys willing to do more than talk.<br><br>
With JJ as his revolutionary bomb-maker, Mosher spread the word among
Northern California radicals that he had a full-fledged training camp in
the mountains. He then recruited the most militant to crawl on their
bellies over the rocky terrain, snipe at make-believe "pigs"
behind every bush, blow up tree stumps with home-made bombs, and stage
mock guerrilla raids on whatever targets their rich imaginations could
conjure up. Where Blind Timmy and his nubile playmates once pursued their
polymorphous pleasures, stern-eyed guerrillas now trained for war, while
the FBI's Tom Mosher - king of the mountain and master of "Guevara
Ranch" - supplied them with dynamite, grenades, pistols, rifles, and
machine guns.<br><br>
Of course, the modest Mosher denied any credit. "My role was
strictly passive," he told me. "I simply used my access to the
land to monitor the illegal activity of others - a standard law
enforcement technique." Playing the super-patriot, he denied that
the FBI ever ordered him to go against the law, or that they ever ran the
COINTELPROS, except perhaps on paper. "Those stupid sons of bitches
never understood that we were at war," he insisted. "I had to
go beating on doors to push them to do something about indiscriminate
terror."<br><br>
The Black Panthers' Best White Buddy<br><br>
</b>Tom finally got what he wanted in a COINTELPRO memo dated November
25, 1968, instructing FBI offices to begin "imaginative and hard
hitting measures aimed at crippling the BPP," the Black Panther
Party. As FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover saw it, the Panthers had replaced
Martin Luther King as the nation's major black menace, and were now
"the greatest threat to the internal security of the
country."<br><br>
Reality was more the reverse. For all their revolutionary rhetoric, the
Panthers were fast becoming an endangered species. Eldridge Cleaver had
fled to Algeria. Huey Newton sat in a California jail. Chairman Bobby
Seale faced trials for rioting at the 1968 Democratic Convention in
Chicago and the alleged torture slaying of Alex Rackley in New Haven. As
for the lesser Panther leaders, Hoover's Counterintelligence Programs had
begun targeting them for special attention, while Attorney General John
Mitchell's "Panther Squad" was preparing a series of pre-dawn,
shoot-first-ask-questions-later police raids, like the one in Chicago
that killed Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.<br><br>
Trying to protect themselves, the Panthers scheduled a major gathering in
Oakland for July 1969, calling together their friends and allies to form
a "United Front against Fascism." Mosher saw this as his big
chance. At the SDS National Convention in Chicago in June, he physically
threatened the Progressive Labor Party faction for their political
attacks on the Panthers and pushed for all-out support of the United
Front. Then he rushed back to the West Coast for the Panther conference,
using a stolen American Express card to fly in several friends from his
old gang in Uptown, the Young Patriots. "We're just like the
Panthers," he proclaimed, "only white."<br><br>
Mosher used his contacts at Stanford to round up students to do clerical
work and run errands for the conference. The Panthers were grateful, and
Chairman Bobby drove from Oakland to hold a planning meeting in Tom's
living room. I was there. It was clear that Seale liked Tom's style and
street savvy, naming him official student organizer of the anti-Fascist
conference. Not bad for a white boy from Uptown and just perfect for the
FBI.<br><br>
At the same time the Panthers were organizing their peaceable United
Front, they also shifted their basic approach from armed self-defense to
"revolutionary violence." Here, too, they turned to the FBI's
Mosher, who worked closely with Panther Field Marshall Randy Williams.
"This relationship was predicated upon my contact with people who
could supply explosives and timers, and individuals who could provide
technical information and expertise," Mosher told the Senate
subcommittee.<br><br>
One activist saw first-hand some rifles Mosher delivered. "I don't
know if Randy considered Mosher a great comrade or anything like
that," the activist recalled "But he did use him as a source of
military equipment." Mosher brought Williams to Guevara Ranch for
what Tom described in his testimony as "training with high-powered
and automatic weapons, and other implements of revolutionary
terror." According to Mosher, several small groups of Panthers used
his land for this kind of training for days at a time.<br><br>
As quartermaster of the revolution, Mosher also got hold of C-4
explosives, or plastique, which Williams used in a tragic attack on the
Oakland Corporation Yard on the night of March 27, 1970. According to
Mosher, Williams and his "fire team" cut a hole in the
chain-link fence, entered the yard, and strapped the plastique to the
side of a gasoline can, but without a proper booster. When the C-4 failed
to detonate, Williams sent one of his men to retrieve it. The night
watchman appeared, and the black militant shot him dead. "It wasn't
an entire failure," Mosher quoted Williams as saying. "We got
us some bacon."<br><br>
Possibly to protect Mosher's cover, the Oakland police never charged
Williams and his men for either the break-in or the murder. But a short
time later they busted him and two others for what police reports
described as a heavily armed attempt to ambush a paddy wagon. Said Mosher
to the subcommittee, "My interactions with Mr. Williams continued
right up to the 24-hour period preceding his arrest."<br><br>
Dope, Guns, and Cash<br><br>
</b>"Have you checked out the rise in the crime rate about the time
of the Panther's anti-Fascist conference?" Mosher asked during one
of our interviews. "Have you looked at the number of armed
robberies?"<br><br>
Starting in summer 1969, the Bay Area had suffered a rash of unsolved
hold-ups and other crimes, just as Mosher hinted. What he failed to
mention was that he was the chief thief. Was he stealing on his own
account, quite apart from his work for the FBI? Or was his thieving part
of the Bureau's effort to disrupt and discredit the Left?<br><br>
"Taxing the dope trade," as he called it, Tom raided hippy
marijuana dealers, who were in no position to call the police. In one
well-armed robbery in the mountain community of La Honda, Tom bagged over
34 pounds of prime marijuana, which he took to New York and sold for
$3,400. One of Tom's accomplices was a black draft resister named Rodney
Gage. As he later described it, Mosher lined the dealers up against the
wall and subjected them to "political education." While the
dopers stood there trembling, he lectured them on how the
"pigs" oppressed the people and how the people's army needed
money to buy guns, which was why the Black Panther Party taxed the heroin
trade in Oakland and why he was taxing the marijuana dealers in his
territory.<br><br>
"It was kind of nice thinking it was political," Rodney told me
with a tinge of remorse. "But it wasn't. It was a rip-off. Nobody
but us ever saw any of the money from it."<br><br>
In fact, the only politics were negative. By posing as a revolutionary
while robbing the dealers, Mosher clearly disrupted and discredited the
anti-war movement's otherwise successful effort to win sympathy and
support within Northern California's drug-oriented youth
culture.<br><br>
Rodney, JJ, and a youthful drifter named Jimmy Inman told of several
robberies that Mosher pulled. In one, he stole a day's receipts from
Kepler's Bookstore in Menlo Park. "This is for the Revolution,"
he told the clerk, further souring relations between the more militant
Left and the owner Roy Kepler, one of the area's leading pacifists and a
long-time comrade of singer Joan Baez.<br><br>
From those who were less pacifistic, Mosher stole guns, and he even
robbed the emergency cash fund we used to make bail for Stanford
radicals. Rodney bird-dogged the cash, finding the house where we kept it
hidden. Then one evening in September 1969, Mosher called our legal
defense committee.<br><br>
"I think the pigs might try to bust me over the weekend," he
said. "Do we have the bread to get me out?"<br><br>
"Don't worry," he was told. "We have plenty of cash on
hand."<br><br>
A few nights later, Mosher sent Inman into the house. Carrying a loaded
pistol, the drifter terrified the people inside, tore the house apart,
and walked out with a large envelope. Mosher cursed him out for leaving a
second envelope behind, but Inman still thought it was a good night's
work - $1,380 split three ways. "Mosher could have gotten me to do
just about anything," Inman recalled. "He was just that
magnetic."<br><br>
As if to test his allure, Mosher took Inman along on at least two trips
to the FBI office in Palo Alto, scoffing loudly when the young man asked
if he were an informer. Inman also recalled Mosher say that he had his
reasons for robbing the radicals. Dope, guns, and cash - the ersatz
revolutionary taxed them all, playing godfather to a small-time empire of
crime, for which he went completely unpunished. In practice, the
robberies disrupted and discredited the Left - just as the COINTELPRO
memos instructed.<br><br>
Eventually, Mosher did land in jail, but not for stealing. The problem
was Mary, who had left him and gotten a quick divorce. He responded by
terrorizing her and her lovers, one of whom died in a car crash. Tom
found the dead man's belt under her bed, put it on like a wrestling
trophy, and marched off, taunting her about how easy it was to sabotage a
car.<br><br>
Tensions mounted, and finally Mary showed up at Tom's house at 6 o'clock
in the morning. With her she had two deputy sheriffs, who did not know
that Mosher worked for the FBI. She also had a court order giving her
sole custody of their son Keith, whom Tom adored. When Tom flew into a
rage, the deputies maced him and used the opportunity to search his house
without any need to have a warrant.<br><br>
They found Tom's legal shotgun, rifle, and carbine, along with an AR-15
assault rifle illegally modified to fire as an automatic. They also found
soft drink bottles and white cloth for Molotov cocktails, two detonator
batteries, a timing device, blasting fuse, seven sticks of dynamite taped
together, a half-inch cap for a pipe bomb, and two bags of black powder.
As the local press reported it, the deputies had scored one of the
biggest hauls of weapons and explosives ever taken from a Northern
California militant. The local authorities charged Tom with assaulting an
officer and illegally possessing an automatic weapon and explosives - six
felonies in all, with bail set at $12,500.<br><br>
Mosher tried to reach his FBI handler, who left him on his own, either to
teach him a lesson or to safeguard his cover. As a result, Mosher sat in
the Redwood City jail from April 18 to May 5, when he finally found the
money for bail. To his comrades, Tom appeared unbroken. "The spirit
of the people," he told Rodney, "was stronger than the power of
the Man's prisons."<br><br>
In celebration, he tossed a Molotov cocktail at a shed in the Stanford
stables, setting off five or six alarms as he raced from the campus. Tom
liked fires. According to Rodney, in early April he tried to burn down
some student housing construction, and he appeared to have inside
knowledge of a dramatic fire that gutted part of Stanford's Center for
Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences during the time he was in the
Redwood City lockup.<br><br>
From all over the country, the Stanford fires brought harsh demands for
law and order, especially from Vice President Spiro Agnew. They also
alienated campus moderates. Even those who could understand why anti-war
radicals might torch an ROTC building or chase CIA recruiters off campus
could not fathom any reason for burning down student housing or a
stable.<br><br>
As all this was happening, Mosher made a career change. Unhappy with the
FBI's failure to get him out of jail, he left their employ except for a
trip that summer to monitor a Black Panther rally in Washington D.C.
"They were not serving my interests and I was not serving
theirs," he told the Senate subcommittee.<br><br>
The break was less than complete. Tom remained in contact with Special
Agent Phil Duncan of the Palo Alto FBI office, and the Bureau eventually
worked out a deal with local lawmen. In November, Deputy District
Attorney Wilbur Johnson, a former FBI agent, dropped all the weapons
charges against Mosher, tacitly confirming that Tom's guns and bombs, one
of the biggest hauls ever taken from a Northern California militant, had
something to do with his work for the law. Mosher pled guilty to a single
count of felony assault against the police officers, and the following
January, Judge Robert F. Kane gave him probation and subsequently reduced
the charge to a misdemeanor. To sweeten the pot, Mosher told the DA about
some LSD-dealing at a house in Berkeley, leading to the arrest of a
former business associate.<br><br>
All this left Mosher dangling for nearly a year, but as he told the
Senate subcommittee, "It also served the purpose of increasing my
cover, I understand."<br><br>
Free George Jackson<br><br>
</b>Into the early 1970s, radicals across Northern California were
struggling, legally and otherwise, to free a street-savvy black convict
named George Jackson, who had gotten a one-year-to-life sentence for
stealing $70 from a gas station. The state subsequently charged him and
two other black inmates with murdering a white guard at Soledad Prison,
and militants on both sides of the prison walls were flocking to their
support.<br><br>
I was working at the time as an editor at Ramparts, when a well-connected
young woman from the Soledad Defense Committee brought in a copy of a
fascinating manuscript that Jackson had written in prison. Much of it had
great power, but someone needed to rewrite it, as my former lawyer
Beverly Axelrod had done with Eldridge Cleaver's Soul on Ice.</i> Would I
do the same for the charismatic Jackson?<br><br>
I said no, not for any political reason I can remember. I just felt
uncomfortable with the idea of ghosting a book that would appear to be
the words of somebody else, especially someone purporting to be a
revolutionary leader. What did I know? Bantam Books brought out George
Jackson's Soledad Brother</i>, which remains a classic of prison
literature.<br><br>
By this time, Crazy Tom had begun working for the California Bureau of
Criminal Investigation and Identification, or CII, which had a keen
interest in whatever he could learn about the Jackson campaign. Mosher
did not disappoint them.<br><br>
In one of the apparent coincidences that marked Tom's undercover career,
one of his oldest friends from Stanford showed up in Berkeley in the
summer of 1970. Kent Mastores was a law school graduate and was doing
legal research for Faye Stender, who just happened to be the lead lawyer
defending Jackson. Then, in September, Mastores took a part-time research
job in San Jose with another Soledad lawyer, John Thorne.<br><br>
Neither Thorne nor Stender believed that Mastores spied on them, while
Mastores insisted that he knew nothing at the time of Mosher's undercover
work and never fed him any information on the Soledad defense. But Mosher
frequently camped out at Kent's house in Berkeley, and would have picked
up bits of conversation useful to both the prosecution and efforts to
discredit the Panthers.<br><br>
Closely monitoring the efforts to break George free, Tom met at least
twice with Jackson's teenage brother Jonathan. He also kept watch on
Jonathan through JJ and Rodney, both of whom spent a lot of time at the
home of a white San Jose family, the Hammers, who were active in the
Soledad defense. Jonathan was "a beautiful boy," Mosher
recalled. "But he really meant business about freeing
George."<br><br>
On August 7, Mosher was driving with JJ, when they heard on the car radio
that someone with a sawed-off shotgun had burst into the Marin County
Courthouse, seized a group of hostages to trade for George Jackson's
freedom, and staged a shoot-out with the police. "Must have been a
hillbilly," said Tom. "Ain't no nigger mean enough to do
that."<br><br>
Hearing that the gunman was Jonathan and that he had died in the attack,
Crazy Tom and Mad Dog Jimmy drove excitedly to Mosher's house, where they
began acting out their revolutionary fantasies. In their frenzy, one of
them fired off two loud shots from a sawed-off shotgun. Moments later, a
sheriff's car roared up. Mosher raced out the back door and disappeared,
leaving JJ behind. The deputies searched the house and found the
sawed-off shotgun in the reservoir tank of the upstairs toilet. "I
was so scared I couldn't speak," JJ later confided. "Tom set me
up to be killed."<br><br>
Whatever Mosher's motives, the deputies threw JJ in jail and charged him
with burglary, possession of stolen property, carrying a concealed
weapon, and being armed while committing a felony. Mosher sent word that,
because of his own legal problems, he would not be able to testify that
the black militant had permission to be in the house.<br><br>
JJ's luck seemed to be going from bad to rotten. Back in May, the police
had come to pick him up on an earlier misdemeanor. When he refused to
show them identification, they searched his house and garage, where they
found a flare gun and illegal ammunition that Mosher had apparently left
behind. Now facing a new string of felony charges, JJ panicked, jumped
bail, and fled with his portable radio to Guevara Ranch, where he hid out
in the makeshift cabin near the rocky crest of the mountain. Mosher
visited whenever he could, using the unwitting JJ as his onsite eyes and
ears.<br><br>
Tom's chief target in those concluding months of 1970 was a brilliant,
brawny, sweet, and often-terrifying black superman named Jimmy Carr. One
of George Jackson's prison mates and a former bodyguard for Huey Newton,
Carr had just gotten out on parole, when - according to rumors - he
helped plan Jonathan Jackson's ill-fated raid. In any case, Carr married
Jonathan's friend Betsy Hammer and took a job teaching black studies at
the University of California at Santa Cruz, where he began advanced work
in both mathematics and electronics.<br><br>
As might be expected, the brainy ex-con soon made his way to Mosher's
guerrilla training camp at Guevara Ranch, where he found Mosher's
sidekick JJ. In time, Carr came to trust the young fugitive and recruited
him for a new and extremely dangerous mission. Flying the banner of the
Movement of August 7, in memory of the day Jonathan Jackson died, Carr
planned to kidnap some important hostage, break George out of San
Quentin, hijack an airplane, and fly to freedom.<br><br>
According to JJ, Carr talked of shorting the prison's power supply by
driving a spike into the ground and throwing a chain from it over the
power line. George would then use smuggled weapons to force his way out
of maximum security, while Carr used explosives from Guevara Ranch to
blow a hole in the prison wall. He would pick George up, and race into
the night with machine guns blazing from the back of his Toyota
jeep.<br><br>
A sad mix of Clint Eastwood's Hollywood and Nat Turner's slave revolt,
the plan never had much of a chance. But before Carr could try, Mosher
visited JJ, caught wind of the excitement, and - according to official
court records - notified Agent David Foster, his handler at the CII. In
turn, Carr grew suspicious of Mosher, drew a gun on him, and chased him
off the land. For all his Uptown bravado, Mosher admitted, he was
starting to get scared of "dangerous murdering motherfuckers"
like Jimmy Carr.<br><br>
The climax came at the end of December, when Carr trudged up to the cabin
with a tall, thin black man in an Air Force jacket. As JJ watched, the
two men disappeared up the hill behind the cabin. Two shots rang out.
Minutes later Carr came into the cabin alone, a .357 Magnum in his hand.
He had just shot an informer, he said. He was feeling queasy and sent his
little friend "to make sure the pig is dead." Doing as he was
told, JJ found the man unmistakably dead, his head splattered by the
force of the magnum bullets. JJ had no idea who the victim was.<br><br>
Shaken, he returned with the news, and Carr asked him to help get rid of
the body. Carr wanted to dig a grave, but the ground was too rocky. So,
they gathered a small mound of redwood, threw the corpse over it, poured
on some gasoline, and set the makeshift pyre ablaze. The fire burned for
hours in the cold December drizzle, as the two men watched the body turn
to ash. At one point, the still shaky Carr had to pick up the smoldering
leg of his victim and put it back into the fire, while JJ wrenched the
rib cage from a log. The two revolutionaries smashed the unburnable bones
to bits, and buried the pelvis and knee joints in the silt of a nearby
creek. Finally, Carr could take it no longer, fleeing down the
mountainside to his jeep, where he threw up over the fender. He then
climbed into the driver's seat and charged off without a word.<br><br>
Day and night into the New Year, JJ remained alone, deserted by Carr and
horrified by what they had done. Not until January 8 did he see a living
soul - his buddy Mosher, who offered to take him to a friend's house in
San Jose. Over the next three days, JJ tearfully told Tom how he and Carr
had burned the body.<br><br>
The murder and barbeque, as Mosher called it, was exactly what the
COINTELPROS wanted to discredit the Left, but the tale sounded so bizarre
that Mosher thought for a time that JJ might have wigged out. According
to court records, he talked with the CII's Foster on January 8, the day
he brought JJ down from the mountain. Officially, the informant warned
the state lawman about explosives on the land and the presence there of
the fugitive Jimmy Johnson. On his own, he put JJ on a bus to Eugene,
Oregon, to stay with another of Mosher's many friends.<br><br>
Carefully planning his next move, Mosher talked to Foster again a few
days later, then went back to the land, picked up a stick and a half of
plastique, which he brought to Phil Duncan, his old FBI contact. Duncan
passed the explosive on to Foster. How much Mosher had learned about
plans for the jailbreak, or how much he told the CII's Foster and the
FBI's Duncan, remains unclear, but Foster followed up by getting a copy
of an alleged letter from George Jackson laying out ideas for the escape.
According to the official story, a dry cleaner in San Cruz had found the
letter in a pocket of a pair of Carr's trousers, along with an envelope
from Soledad attorney John Thorne's law firm.<br><br>
With the plastique and the letter as evidence for a search warrant,
Foster led a two-day raid on Guevara Ranch on January 14 and 15. Mosher
went along, helping investigators unearth 80 pounds of the dynamite,
nitroglycerine, and bombing paraphernalia that he had helped stash there.
The searchers found enough explosives, one official said, to do "a
beautiful job of blowing up a building as large as the Santa Clara County
courthouse." Given the rough terrain, they found no trace of the
burned body.<br><br>
In early February, Mosher flew to Oregon to talk with JJ, suggesting that
the state would drop all felony charges if JJ testified against the black
Communist Angela Davis, who was facing trial for allegedly helping
Jonathan Jackson with his ill-fated raid. JJ flatly refused, still
unaware that Tom was working for the law. Mosher then arranged for JJ to
fly to Vancouver, where he would stay with Rodney, who had moved to
Canada.<br><br>
Back in Northern California, Mosher returned to the land accompanied by a
friend - probably Kent Mastores - to look again for what remained of the
burned body. The two searched for several hours and finally, in the midst
of a burnt patch of earth, they found a set of keys, some change, some
metallic objects, the charred button of an Air Force jacket, and several
ounces of bone. Mosher put the grisly treasure into a plastic bag and
gave it to Duncan, who passed it on to Foster. Returning for a second
look, Foster led another search of the land on February 10, and this time
he found a wedding ring, other personal effects, and two-and-a-half
pounds of bone fragments. It was enough to make a positive
identification. The victim was Fred Bennett, a well-liked Panther who had
headed the Soledad Defense Committee.<br><br>
Foster kept the killing secret, while Mosher was flown to Washington to
testify in closed session before the staff of the Senate Subcommittee on
Internal Security. He told his story that day and the next, and again in
mid-March, when he was accompanied by Kent Mastores, who had so recently
worked on legal defense for George Jackson.<br><br>
The public exposé took longer to engineer. At the time, the FBI
maintained a large network of what the COINTELPRO memos called
"reliable and cooperative news media sources." The Bureau would
give selected scoops - true or otherwise - to these reporters and
publishers, who would print the stories as news, exposing and disrupting
the Left's "obvious maneuvers and duplicity."<br><br>
In Mosher's case, the cooperative journalist was Ed Montgomery, a
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter on Randolph Hearst's San Francisco
Examiner. Over the years, the veteran newsman had specialized in stinging
exposés against the Left, from communists in the Kremlin to Bruce
Franklin, the Maoist English Professor at Stanford, a story that had come
in part from Mosher. But some of Montgomery's juiciest scoops came from
revealing selected parts of Mosher's still-secret senate
testimony.<br><br>
On April 20 and 21, 1971, Montgomery broke the gruesome story of Fred
Bennett's death, conveniently timed to coincide with Bobby Seale's
torture-murder trial in Connecticut. As Montgomery told it, Chairman
Bobby had ordered Bennett killed because he was having an affair with
Seale's wife Artie. Whether on his own or from his friends in law
enforcement, Montgomery had given the story a new twist. Was it true?
Probably not. The Panthers insisted that both the party and Bobby, who
was in jail awaiting trial, had approved the relationship. If the
Panthers ordered the killing, which they denied, the FBI had more likely
led them to believe that Fred Bennett was "a pig." In an
earlier COINTELPRO memo on May 11, 1970, FBI headquarters had urged its
San Francisco office to work with local police to plant fabricated
documents and other "disruptive disinformation ... pinpointing
Panthers as police or FBI informants." The G-Men called this
"planting a snitch jacket," which they and allied police
agencies did to several Panther leaders, marking them for death while
exacerbating splits within the Black Panther Party.<br><br>
In his April articles, Montgomery provided the gory details of Bennett's
murder, naming Carr and Jimmy Johnson as targets of the police
investigation. He also tied JJ to the arson at Stanford's Behavioral
Sciences Center. He did not cite Mosher's name or testimony, but
mentioned as a source "an informer from within the radical-militant
faction at Stanford." Since no one else at Stanford knew nearly as
much about either JJ or the land, this pointed directly at Mosher. So, to
maintain Crazy Tom's cover, Montgomery ran a new story on April 25
telling of a manhunt for that well-known militant Tom Mosher. As
Montgomery wrote it, "There is some speculation Mosher may also be
in Algeria."<br><br>
The entire story was a lie. According to Mosher, Montgomery knew him
personally, knew he was an informer, had helped in trying to work out the
deal for JJ, and had even accompanied Tom on a bizarre trip to the San
Francisco morgue in early March to look at a badly mauled black corpse
pulled out of San Francisco Bay. Tom could not identify who it
was.<br><br>
Mosher remained in touch with Montgomery, giving him an exclusive
interview in June, just before the senate subcommittee brought out two
volumes devoted entirely to Tom's explosive testimony. Montgomery's
article - followed by the official Senate publication - confirmed
publicly for the first time that Mosher had worked for the FBI and CII.
With encouragement from Montgomery, Mosher also gave a ghostwritten
rehash to Reader's Digest, which gave him their "First Person
Award" and $3,000 to supplement his income from official
sources.<br><br>
In all this coverage, Mosher scored a major propaganda coup for the FBI's
Counterintelligence Programs, spicing his testimony with horror stories
about the exploits of Bruce Franklin, the Black Panthers, JJ, and Carr,
and the plan to free George Jackson. Tom also mixed his own rather
sophisticated insights about the homegrown roots of the New Left with
what some of his more conservative superiors wanted to hear about
party-line directives from Moscow, Hanoi, and Havana. "The Black
Panther Party, the faction of SDS known as Weatherman, and other
independent groups are now being effectively directed and maintained by
Cuban intelligence," he declared. Naturally, he ignored the FBI's
Counterintelligence Programs with their deadly snitch jackets and
assaults on civil liberties, and completely failed to mention his own
role as a classic agent provocateur.<br><br>
Two, Three, Many Crazy Toms<br><br>
</b>Following the release of his senate testimony, Mosher fled to
Cambridge, Massachusetts, to live in fear as Edward "Tim" Cox,
protected from vengeance-seekers by a burly bodyguard. But even in hiding
he had his uses, especially after August 21, 1971, the day prison guards
at San Quentin shot and killed George Jackson. According to official
accounts, Jackson had finally tried his long-expected bid for freedom,
falling victim to his own ill-fated plan - or to betrayal by his
comrades.<br><br>
Almost immediately, the CII stepped up pressure on Jimmy Carr, who had
been sitting in jail ever since April for an outburst during one of
George Jackson's last court appearances. The CII wanted Carr to testify
against Angela Davis for her alleged role in helping Jonathan Jackson in
his earlier attempt to break George free. Publicly, the pressure began
when Ed Montgomery broke the story of the letter from George Jackson
supposedly found in Carr's back pocket, implicating Carr in helping plan
the August 21 break-out attempt. If the letter was real, CII had kept
their knowledge of it secret until the Montgomery story, as if wanting
Jackson to try to escape.<br><br>
Privately, CII threatened to revoke Carr's parole and indict him for the
killing of Fred Bennett. But to pin the killing on Carr, or make him
think they could, the authorities needed JJ, the only living witness to
the crime. To find him, CII's David Foster talked to Mosher's friend Kent
Mastores, and then wrote to Tom in Cambridge proposing a new deal for JJ,
who had left British Columbia after learning of Mosher's Senate
testimony.<br><br>
"A lot depends on his giving the information we know he possesses,
but if he will come in and do this, I am prepared to offer him full
immunity," the plain-spoken Foster explained in his letter.
"Think this over Tom and make some effort to contact JJ and get him
to come in. We will get him sooner or later, and if he waits until after
the Davis trial or we have a break and get the dope some other way, it
will be too late."<br><br>
Mosher agreed to try, eager to prove to JJ and to himself that he was
really a friend. Not knowing where JJ was, he sent Foster's letter to the
fugitive's parents, blotting out the mention of Mastores and some other
embarrassing references - all of which we easily restored. He also
enclosed an open airline ticket stolen from a travel agency in Amherst,
and suggested in a separate note that JJ make a well-publicized surrender
to former Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, whose son had been active
in the Stanford anti-war movement. "I told you that you and I were
both going to be free men," the provocateur declared. "I stand
by this no matter what you choose to do."<br><br>
As it happened, JJ's folks never got the letter to their son, who had
fled to Trinidad. Then, early in 1973, the Trinidadian authorities
arrested him on local charges, and when they discovered he was an
authentic mad bomber, turned him over to the FBI for shipment back to
California. For all JJ's running, the state had no real case against him
other than the testimony of Mosher, whom no sane prosecutor would dare
put on the stand. So, with the cooling of passions on all sides, JJ
served five months in county jail and went free. "I was under the
impression that the insurrection was about to break out," he
recalled, a sad, long-ago smile flitting across his face.<br><br>
In the meantime, JJ's insurrectionary comrade Jimmy Carr fared less well.
At the end of December 1971, he walked out of jail amid rumors that he
had turned informer, most likely the result of another snitch jacket
planted by the law. Then, in April 1972, just as the Angela Davis trial
was getting under way, two gunmen ambushed and shot him outside the
Hammer house in San Jose. Within minutes, the police caught the
assailants, but they never revealed who had ordered the killing.<br><br>
That left Mosher, who returned home to Chicago, where I found him in 1982
working on the staff of a rightwing city council member. He seemed as
crazy as ever, leaving me to hold a fully loaded .45 in the middle of a
crowded restaurant while he and a friend stepped outside to have what
seemed like a lover's spat. At the time I was making a PBS film on gun
control. By then, I knew more than I ever wanted to know about Mosher's
personal life, and a great deal more about the FBI COINTELPROS and
similar undercover work by state police and local "Red Squads."
As Congressional investigators, courts, and journalists had discovered,
Mosher was only one of dozens of provocateurs that various agencies paid
to disrupt and discredit black militants and the New Left.<br><br>
Still, I can't help seeing a perverse payback in the law of unintended
consequences. If, as I believe, the chaos of those years helped turn the
average American against the war in Southeast Asia, the many Crazy Toms
played a large and unheralded role in bringing home the troops. This is,
of course, the perfect story, one that J. Edgar's heirs would never want
told.<br><br>
<a name="aa"></a>[1] Investigators on the Mosher project included Lenny
Siegel, Herb Borok, Lee Herzenberg, and Anna Weissman.<br>
<br>
A veteran of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and the New Left monthly
Ramparts, Steve Weissman lived for many years in London, working as a
magazine writer and television producer. He now lives and works in
France, where he writes on international affairs.<br><br>
</i>Reader Supported News is the Publication of Origin for this work.
Permission to republish is freely granted with credit and a link back to
Reader Supported News.<br><br>
<br><br>
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