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<font size=4><b>Supermax prisons: 21st century asylums <br>
</b></font><font size=3>Solitary confinement in the new dungeons of the
US trigger mental illness in prisoners.<br><br>
<a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201185145425908206.html" eudora="autourl">
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<a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/profile/helen-redmond.html">
Helen Redmond</a> Last Modified: 05 Aug 2011 16:09 <br>
<br>
"People walked by and asked: 'How are you doing?' I answered: 'How
am I supposed to be doing? That’s the craziest question I ever heard.'
The mental health people asked: 'Are you having any suicidal ideation?
What are you thinking right now?' I said: 'Where the f*** am I? That’s
what I'm thinking. Ain't this America?'"<br><br>
- Brian Nelson, on his transfer to Tamms supermax prison in Illinois. He
was locked, chained and naked in a holding cell. <br><br>
The recent hunger strike at Pelican Bay supermax prison in California
exposed for three weeks the carefully planned and executed barbarism of
life in supermax America. The utter desperation of the human cargo behind
the concertina wire, buried deep inside concrete coffins was gut
wrenching and heart breaking. Hunger strikes are a tactic of last resort
for the completely subjugated; a slow, painful, non-flammable version of
self-immolation.<br><br>
Brian Nelson, a survivor of 12 years in solitary confinement at Tamms
supermax prison in Illinois, understands the conditions that drove the
men in Pelican Bay to stop eating. Distraught and anxious, Nelson paced
in his cell for more than ten hours a day - causing severe, bloody
blisters on the soles of his feet. He tried to hang himself. In the year
2000, Nelson went on hunger strike for 42 days with four other prisoners
to protest many of the same conditions that exist at Pelican
Bay.<br><br>
The demands of Tamm's hunger strikers were similar, too: better food,
shoes with arches, appropriate clothing, access to education, inmates
with mental illness be transferred out, bilingual staff and abolition of
the "renunciation policy" - the "debriefing policy"
related to gangs that Pelican Bay prisoners demanded be abolished. Guards
tried to break the hunger strike at Tamms by leaving carts of fried
chicken and freshly baked chocolate chip cookies on the wing. The
delicious smells didn't break Nelson.<br><br>
Supermax prisoners' daily lives are chock full of alienating and
undignified experiences, so empty of positive human interaction,
thousands are willing to risk death than endure such inhumane conditions.
That alone speaks volumes about the reality of life in supermax
prisons. <br><br>
One of the most humiliating aspects of life for inmates are the frequent
strip searches - forced to be naked, ordered to bend over by guards and
spread the buttocks apart to have the anus inspected for contraband while
coughing. Strip searches are the old normal. The photos of nude prisoners
in Abu Ghraib in Iraq shocked the world, but to be stripped naked for
hours or even days is standard operating procedure in supermaxes.
<br><br>
Nelson explained: "Every time you leave your cell you're strip
searched … They do this to degrade and shock you…Sometimes the guards
would make 'homosexual' comments like: 'Hey baby, spread your cheeks'.
Darrell Cannon, a survivor of a nine-year stretch in Tamms, described the
strip search: 'They tell you to open your mouth, raise your tongue, hold
your hands up, they go through your fingers and toes and tell you to turn
around and spread your cheeks up against the chuckhole … It's degrading
to have two other human beings looking at you like you're some kind of
specimen. It is extremely degrading."<br><br>
<b>Rehabilitation not an option<br><br>
</b>Prisoners on suicide watch are routinely left naked in their cells.
And inmates have been punished by "caging", they're held naked
or partially clothed in outdoor holding cages in inclement weather.
<br><br>
There is no pretence of rehabilitation in supermax prisons; the purpose
is harsh punishment. Prisoners endure supersized portions of
psychological punishment as a result of strict and prolonged solitary
confinement. Inmates are confined for 23 to 24 hours a day, every day, in
cells that measure 7-by-12 square feet. It is psychological
torture.<br><br>
Supermax prisons are intended to isolate prisoners and to deny human
contact. Cannon said: "Everything you do, you do alone … It
[supermax] was designed to break you mentally, by not allowing you to
have another human being right there with you that you can interact
with."<br><br>
This extreme environment of sensory deprivation and social seclusion
makes men go mad. Supermax prisons are filled with inmates with mental
illnesses diagnosed. Laurie "It is a form of insanity to put people
in a place that provokes mental illness … Either they went in crazy, or
they go crazy once they are there," said Jo Reynolds, an organiser
for the Tamms Ten Year Committee and a Soros Justice Fellow.<br><br>
Prisoners resort to cutting their flesh: A form of self-mutilation that
results in thick scarring. Small shavings of concrete, plastic 'sporks'
or paper clips are used to cut and cause bleeding to arms, legs and
genitals. Cannon remembers some prisoners cutting themselves, "just
to feel something … they were willing to do anything to get out of their
cell and into the infirmary to be around other people".<br><br>
Nelson recalled an inmate who continually tightened a piece of string
around his finger. It became gangrenous and was amputated. Men who
injured themselves told him: "I need the pain, to feel
real".<br><br>
<b>'They're not faking'<br><br>
</b>"Gassing" is also common in supermax prisons. It is a word
used to describe prisoners throwing urine and faeces at guards. Gassing
is treated as a security threat and is met with excessive force by a
tactical team. <br><br>
Prison mental health staff label inmates who engage in cutting and
gassing as malingering and "acting out", not as suffering from
mental illness. And yet there is decades of indisputable, well-documented
evidence that solitary confinement causes mental breakdown and
self-injurious behaviour. <br><br>
Dr Terry A Kupers, a psychologist who has conducted hundreds of
assessments of prisoners in supermax prisons, explained in an article in
the Belleville News-Democrat. "Twenty-three hours a day alone in a
cell causes many inmates to brutally attack themselves," he wrote.
"In the adult male population of the United States, self-mutilation
occurs only in solitary confinement. It's an epidemic across the country.
They're not faking." <br><br>
Supermax prisons are modern, high-tech, taxpayer funded concentration
camps. The architecture is a twisted blend of Fascist-Stripped-Classical
and Functionalist designed to facilitate the One Flew Over the Cuckoos
Nest punishment of inmates. They are located in rural areas in small,
conservative, majority white towns desperate for jobs. Pelican Bay was
built on an abandoned logging site and is completely cut off from its
surroundings. Tamms supermax is located in the far corner of Illinois in
the village of Tamms, population: 724. The remote location of supermax
prisons keeps them hidden and away from public scrutiny and protest.
Media are not allowed in.<br><br>
On the perimeter of supermax prisons loom large and imposing guard towers
with gun turrets and floodlights that resemble German Flak
towers.<br><br>
The interior of supermax prisons is built on the architectural principles
of isolation, surveillance and über-control. Doors and gates are
controlled electronically. A panoptic central guard tower is encircled by
prisoner "pods" and closed-circuit TV cameras allow guards to
see into every cell. Privacy is nonexistent. Concrete cells contain a
poured concrete bed, immovable concrete desk/stool, stainless steel sink,
toilet and mirror. Metal wire mesh cell doors have a slot to deliver food
and other items. Some doors have Plexiglas covers that insulate cells
from sound, air and vision.<br><br>
Architects have partnered with penal authorities to create austere,
hermetically sealed dungeons devoid of natural light, colour or beauty.
They are milieus full of monotony, guaranteed to provoke mental despair.
Architects who build prisons call themselves "justice"
architects. In response to that outrageous claim and to the boom in
prison building, Architects/Designers/Planners for Social Responsibility
(AAPSR) launched a prison design boycott. The organisation acknowledges
the barbaric consequences of supermax incarceration and encourages
architects to sign a pledge not to do any work that "furthers the
construction of prisons or jails". <br><br>
Daily routines in supermax prisons are rigidly controlled. Prison guards
and administration have total power and domination over every aspect of
prisoners' lives through a series of capricious rules and regulations
that, if broken, result in "tickets", loss of privileges or
additional prison time. Inmates' bodies, belongings and cells are
subjected to relentless searches, inspection and video monitoring.
Authorities decide the number of showers per week (one to five) and the
amount of time (15 minutes), exercise time (1 hour), clothes, TV/radio
access, food, visitation rights - and can withdraw medication. Inmates
aren't allowed to speak to other inmates when outside their cells. If
prisoners stray off the yellow line walking to the shower or exercise
cage, they can be shot.<br><br>
The hunger strikers in Pelican Bay sent the world a distress signal: A
supermax SOS. They are buried alive but still able to fight against the
most appalling prison conditions imaginable. Those of us on the outside
have a moral and ethical responsibility to hear and answer that call and
fight to shut every supermax prison down. <br><br>
<b><i>Helen Redmond is a US-based journalist, commentator, and drug and
health policy analyst.<br><br>
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not
necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial policy.<br><br>
</i></b>Source: <br>
Al Jazeera <br><br>
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