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<h1><font size=4><b>37 years of solitary confinement: the Angola
three</b></font></h1><font size=3>
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/mar/10/erwin-james-angola-three" eudora="autourl">
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/mar/10/erwin-james-angola-three<br>
<br>
</a>In 1972, three men in a Louisiana prison were placed in solitary
confinement after a prison guard was murdered. Two of them are still
there – even though many believe they are innocent.<br><br>
Angola prison, the state penitentiary of Louisiana, is the biggest prison
in America. Built on the site of a former slave plantation, the
1,800-acre penal complex is home to more than 5,000 prisoners, the
majority of whom will never walk the streets again as free men. Also
known as the Farm, Angola took its name from the homeland of the slaves
who used to work its fields, and in many ways still resembles a slave
plantation today. Eighty per cent of the prisoners are African-Americans
and, under the watchful eye of armed guards on horseback, they still work
fields of sugar cane, cotton and corn, for up to 16 hours a day.
"You've got to keep the inmates working all day so they're tired at
night," says Warden Burl Cain, a committed evangelist who believes
that the rehabilitation of convicts is only possible through Christian
redemption.<br><br>
Undoubtedly there is less violence and abuse among the prisoners under
his wardenship than there was under his predecessors. But Angola is still
a long way from being a "positive environment that promotes
responsibility, goodness, and humanity", as he proclaims in the
prison's mission statement. In fact at the heart of Cain's prison regime
is an inhumanity that would make Jesus weep.<br><br>
For more than 37 years, two prisoners, Herman Wallace and Albert Woodfox,
have been locked down in Angola's maximum security Closed Cell Restricted
(CCR) block – the longest period of solitary confinement in American
prison history.<br><br>
Having experienced the isolation of "23-hour bang-up" during my
own 20 years of imprisonment, for offences of which I was guilty, I can
attest to the mental impact that such conditions inflict. My first year
was spent on a high-security landing where the cell doors were opened
only briefly for meals and emptying of toilet buckets. If decent-minded
prison officers were on duty we were allowed to walk the yard for 30
minutes a day. The rest of the time we were alone. The cells were 10ft x
5ft, with a chair, a table and a bed. You could walk up and down, run on
the spot, stand still, or do push-ups and sit-ups – but sooner or later
you had to just stop, and think.<br><br>
As the days, weeks and months blur into one, without realising it you
start to live completely inside your head. You dream about the past, in
vivid detail – and fantasise about the future, for fantasies are all you
have. You panic but it's no good "getting on the bell" – unless
you're dying – and, even then, don't hope for a speedy response. I had a
lot to think about. When the man in the cell above mine hanged himself I
thought about that, a lot. I still do. You look at the bars on the high
window and think how easy it would be to be free of all the
thinking.<br><br>
Such thoughts must have crossed the minds of Wallace and Woodfox more
than once during their isolation. They are fed through the barred gates
of their 9ft x 6ft cells and allowed only one hour of exercise every
other day alone in a small caged yard. Their capacity for psychological
endurance alone is noteworthy.<br><br>
Wallace and Woodfox were confined to solitary after being convicted of
murdering Angola prison guard Brent Miller in 1972. But the circumstances
of their trial was so suspect that there are no doubts among their
supporters that these men are innocent. Even Brent Miller's widow, Teenie
Verret, has her reservations. "If they did not do this," she
says, "and I believe that they didn't, they have been living a
nightmare."<br><br>
One man who understands the nightmare that Wallace and Woodfox are living
more than anyone else is Robert King. King was also convicted of a murder
in Angola in 1973, and was held in solitary alongside Wallace and Woodfox
for 29 years, until his conviction was overturned in 2001 and he was
freed. Together, King, Wallace and Woodfox have become known as the
"Angola three".<br><br>
The case of the Angola three first came to international attention
following the campaigning efforts of the Body Shop founder and
humanitarian Anita Roddick. Roddick heard about their plight from a young
lawyer named Scott Fleming. Fleming was working as a prisoner advocate in
the 1990s when he received a letter from Wallace asking for help. The
human tragedy Fleming uncovered had the most profound effect on him. When
he qualified as a lawyer, their case became his first. "I was born
in 1973," he says. "I often think that for my entire life they
have been in solitary."<br><br>
Through Fleming, Roddick met King and then Woodfox in Angola. Their
story, she said later, "made my blood run cold in my veins".
Until her death in 2007 Roddick was a committed and passionate supporter
of their cause. At her memorial service King played two taped messages
from Wallace and Woodfox. In the congregation was film-maker Vadim Jean
who had become good friends with Roddick and her husband Gordon during an
earlier film project. "Anita's big thing was, 'Just do
something,'" says Jean. "No matter how small an act of
kindness. Listening to Herman and Albert's voices at her memorial was
like having Anita's finger pointing at me and saying, 'Just do
something'." And so he decided to make In the Land of the Free, a
searing documentary, released later this month.<br><br>
The story Jean's film tells is one that has resonance on many levels. All
three men were from poor black neighbourhoods In New Orleans. They grew
up fearing the police, who would regularly "clear the books" of
crimes in the area, according to King, by pinning then on disaffected
young black men. "If I saw the police, I used to run," King
says. He admits to being involved in petty crime in his early years, but
"nothing vicious". Eventually King was arrested for an armed
robbery he says he did not commit and was sentenced to 35 years, which he
began in New Orleans parish prison – and there he met Albert
Woodfox.<br><br>
Woodfox had also been sentenced for armed robbery – and given 50 years.
On the day he was sentenced he escaped from the courthouse. He made his
way to Harlem in New York, where he encountered the Black Panthers, the
revolutionary African-American political movement. He witnessed the
Panthers engaging with the community in a positive, constructive way,
educating and informing people of their rights. He says it was the first
time in his life that he had seen African-Americans exhibiting real
pride, pride that emanated from the young activists, he says, "like
a shimmering heatwave".<br><br>
Two days later Woodfox was caught and taken to New York's Tombs prison
where he saw first-hand the militant tactics of imprisoned Panthers who
resisted their guards with organised protests. In Tombs, Woodfox was
labelled "militant" and sent back to New Orleans where he
joined King on the parish prison block, known – due to the high
concentration of Panther activists – as "the Panther tier".
There Woodfox became a member of the Black Panther party.<br><br>
Outside, confrontations between the Panthers – described by FBI director
J Edgar Hoover as "the greatest threat to the internal security of
the country" – and the police were escalating. In an attempt to
undermine the influence of the Panthers in New Orleans parish prison,
officials tried to shoehorn men they termed "Black Gangsters"
on to the tier – men like Wallace, also serving decades for armed
robbery. One day Wallace was suffering from the pain of ill-fitting
shoes. One of the Panthers, on his way to a court appearance, took his
shoes off and handed them to Wallace. "Right then I knew that that
was what I needed to be a part of," he says. In the summer of 1971
Wallace and Woodfox were shipped to Angola.<br><br>
The civil rights bill had been signed in 1964, but seven years later
Angola was still operating a segregated regime. Prisoner guards carried
guns and were also responsible, according to well-documented sources, for
organising systematic sexual abuse of vulnerable prisoners, which
flourished in the prison's mostly dormitory accommodation. And violence
between prisoners had reached such levels that Angola was known as
"the bloodiest prison in America".<br><br>
Woodfox and Wallace quickly extended the New Orleans chapter of the Black
Panthers into Angola, establishing classes in political ideology and
exposing injustices. They organised work stoppages, demonstrating to
fellow prisoners the liberating power of acting with a "unity of
purpose" and worked to eradicate the prevalent sexual abuses. But
their political activities made them targets for the administrators. By
the spring of 1972, tensions in the prison were dangerously
high.<br><br>
These were the conditions in which Brent Miller met his untimely death.
That April, a prisoner work strike drew the attention of the guards who
were called from normal duties to deal with the disturbance. Miller, a
strong, athletic young man of 23, stayed behind alone. He entered a
dormitory holding 90 prisoners and sat on an elderly prisoner's bed,
drinking coffee and chatting. Moments later he was attacked and stabbed
32 times.<br><br>
Two days later, four men identified as "black militants",
including Wallace and Woodfox, were accused of the murder. It was quickly
ascertained that one of the four had been inserted into the case by the
prison administration. Charges against him were dropped. Another, Chester
Jackson, admitted to holding Miller while the guard was stabbed to death.
Jackson turned state's evidence in return for a plea to manslaughter. The
case was tried in a town called St Francisville, the closest courthouse
to Angola. The jury had been picked from the local populace, many of whom
earned their living from the prison or had families and friends that
worked there; all were white. Wallace and Woodfox were found guilty of
Miller's murder, sentenced to life imprisonment without parole and taken
from the court straight to Angola's CCR block to begin their life in
isolation.<br><br>
Robert King was brought to Angola from the parish prison two weeks after
Miller's killing, as part of a roundup of black radicals. King had never
met Miller and was in a prison 150 miles away when the murder took place.
Yet he was investigated for the crime and identified as a
"conspirator" before being transferred to lockdown on CCR
alongside Wallace and Woodcock.<br><br>
The following year a prisoner named August Kelly was murdered on King's
CCR tier. A man named Grady Brewer admitted that he alone was responsible
for the killing, which he said he carried out in self-defence. But King
was also charged. The two men faced trial together in the same St
Francisville courthouse where Wallace and Woodfox had been convicted the
year before. The sole evidence against King came from flawed prisoner
testimony. He and Brewer had not been allowed to speak to their attorneys
for any length of time before their trial. When they protested, the judge
ordered their hands to be shackled behind their backs and their mouths
gagged with duct tape for the duration of their trial. The men were
convicted and sentenced to life without parole. King later won an appeal;
the federal court ruled that he had not been sufficiently unruly in the
dock to warrant the shackling and gagging. He went back to trial in 1975,
was re-convicted and immediately sent back to CCR.<br><br>
When, after Scott Fleming's intervention in the case of Wallace and
Woodfox in the 1990s, new lawyers reviewed the original trial of both
men, discovering "obfuscation after obfuscation". The state had
used a number of jailhouse informants against them, many of whom gave
contradictory accounts of what they saw. One was registered blind. The
key witness in the case was a man called Hezikiah Brown who testified he
witnessed the murder. In his initial statement to investigators however,
Brown said he had not seen anything. Three days later, when he was taken
from his bunk at midnight by prison officials and promised his freedom if
he testified, he agreed to say that he saw Wallace and Woodfox kill
Miller. At the time Brown was serving life without parole for multiple
rapes. Immediately after he agreed to testify he was given his own
minimum security private house in the prison grounds and a weekly
cigarette ration.<br><br>
Wallace and Woodfox did not give up. They fought their convictions from
their cells and in 1993 Woodfox was granted an appeal, forcing a new
trial. The case was sent back to the same courthouse to be tried in front
of a new grand jury. A local author, Anne Butler, who had published a
book in which she detailed the case and was convinced that the right
people had been convicted, acted as jury chairperson. No witnesses were
called. Instead Butler was called upon to explain the case. Once again,
the jury was composed of people who worked in Angola or were related to
people who worked there. Butler's husband and co-author was Murray
Henderson, who had been the warden of Angola when Brent Miller was
murdered. It is worth noting that Henderson was a key member of the
original investigation team and that, during that investigation, a bloody
fingerprint was found close to Brent Miller's body. It was determined
that it did not belong to Woodfox nor to Wallace, but despite the prison
holding all the fingerprints of all the prisoners, no attempt was made to
find out whose it was. The bloody print was also ignored at Woodfox's
retrial. He was reconvicted and sent back to isolation in Angola's
CCR.<br><br>
It was 26 years before King won the right to another appeal. In 2001 the
Federal court found that the jury in King's original trial had
systematically excluded African-Americans and women and agreed that the
case should be reheard. This time around the prisoner witnesses recanted
and the federal court sent the case back to the district court for
review. The state negotiated a deal with King. Reluctantly, and with his
left hand raised instead of his right, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy;
an hour and a half later he was freed.<br><br>
In September 2008, Woodfox's conviction was overturned; the federal court
ruled that his core constitutional rights had been violated at his
original trial. Louisiana attorney general Buddy Caldwell could have set
Woodfox free immediately. Instead he decided to contest the federal
decision and Woodfox, now 64, was returned to Angola's CCR, where he
remains. Herman Wallace, now 68, was moved to another Louisiana prison
last year, where he too continues to be held in solitary
confinement.<br><br>
Today King, now 67, is still campaigning for justice for his friends.
Albert Woodfox: "Our primary objective is that front gate. That is
what we are struggling for and we are actually fighting for our freedom.
We are fighting for people to understand that we were framed for a murder
that we are totally, completely and actually innocent of." Robert
King says he is free of Angola, but until his friends are free,
"Angola will never be free of me."<br><br>
Jean hopes his film will make a difference. "These men need
help," he says. "Louisiana needs to be shamed into doing the
right thing."<br><br>
<i>Further information: <a href="http://angola3.org">angola3.org</a>. If
you wish to help highlight the plight of the Angola 3, you can write to
the Governor of Louisiana at the Office of the Governor, PO Box 94004,
Baton Rouge, LA 70804, US. <br><br>
<br><br>
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