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<font size=3><a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/" eudora="autourl">
http://www.counterpunch.org/<br>
</a></font><font face="Verdana" size=2 color="#990000">November 25,
2009<br><br>
</font><h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4><b>Casualty of the
War on Terror <br><br>
<br>
</i></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=5 color="#990000">The
Case of Lynn Stewart
</b></font></h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4>By MARJORIE
COHN<br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=2>
<a href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/">The Jurist </a><br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=6 color="#990000">I</font>
<font face="Verdana" size=2>n a decision that reflects the post-911
terrorism hysteria, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of
Appeals has affirmed prominent civil rights attorney Lynne Stewart’s
convictions and remanded her case to district court Judge John G. Koeltl
to reconsider her sentence. The appellate panel directed Koeltl to remand
Stewart to custody and the 70-year-old woman is now in prison.<br><br>
Stewart was convicted of conspiracy to provide and conceal material
support to the conspiracy to murder persons in a foreign country (18
U.S.C. sec. 2339A and 18 U.S.C. sec. 2), conspiring to provide and
conceal such support (18 U.S.C. sec. 371), and knowingly and willfully
making false statements (18 U.S.C. sec. 1001). The majority opinion
states that Stewart was convicted “principally with respect to [her]
violations of those measures by which [she] had agreed to abide,” namely,
Special Administrative Measures (SAMs).<br><br>
The SAMs were placed on Stewart’s client, Sheikh Omar Ahmad Ali Abdel
Rahman, who is serving a life sentence for terrorism-related crimes. They
restrict his ability to communicate with persons outside of the prison.
Stewart and Abdel Rahman’s other attorneys, Ramsey Clark and Abdeen
Jabara, signed statements saying they wouldn’t forward mail from Abdel
Rahman to a third person or use their communications with Abdel Rahman to
pass messages between him and third persons, including the media. Stewart
violated her agreement to abide by the SAMs. Clark and Jabara allegedly
did as well. Lawyers who violate SAMs expect to suffer administrative
consequences, such as being denied visiting privileges. Yet Stewart was
indicted for federal crimes. Clark and Jabara were not.<br><br>
Judge Koeltl presided over the nine-month trial. Stewart was precluded
from arguing that a prosecution for conspiring to commit a conspiracy (an
inchoate offense) raises serious dangers. Koeltl sentenced Stewart to 28
months. The maximum sentence under the federal sentencing Guidelines is
30 years but the Supreme Court held in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
220 (2005) that the guidelines are advisory, not mandatory.<br><br>
Koeltl concluded that the terrorism enhancement, “while correct under the
guidelines, would result in an unreasonable result.” He cited “the
somewhat atypical nature of Stewart’s case” and “the lack of evidence
that any victim was harmed as a result of the charged offense.” The
result of the terrorism enhancement, according to Koeltl, was
“dramatically unreasonable in [her] case” because it “overstate[d] the
seriousness of [her] past conduct and the likelihood that [she would]
repeat the offense.” <br><br>
Stewart, Koeltl concluded, “has no criminal history and yet is placed in
the highest criminal history category [under the terrorism enhancement]
equal to that of repeat felony offenders for the most serious offenses
including murder and drug trafficking.” Koeltl found that Stewart’s
opportunity to repeat “the crimes to which she had been convicted will be
nil” because she “will lose her license to practice law” [“itself a
punishment”] and “will be forever separated from any contact with Sheikh
Omar Abdel Rahman.”<br><br>
Koeltl viewed Stewart’s personal characteristics as “extraordinary” and
determined that they “argue[d] strongly in favor of a substantial
downward variance” from the guidelines. He described her as a dedicated
public servant who had, throughout her career, “represented the poor, the
disadvantaged and the unpopular, often as a Court-appointed attorney,”
thereby providing a “service not only to her clients but to the nation.”
<br><br>
Koeltl also considered that Stewart had suffered from cancer – undergoing
surgery and radiation therapy – and found a significant chance of
recurrence. At age 67, Koeltl observed, prison would be “particularly
difficult” for Stewart.<br><br>
Although the appellate majority stated that the district court judge is
“in the best position to make an individual determination about the
‘history and characteristics’ of a particular defendant, and to adjust
the individualized sentence accordingly,” the panel second-guessed Koeltl
by ordering that he reconsider Stewart’s sentence. Specifically, the
panel directed Koeltl to consider whether Stewart committed perjury at
trial by testifying “that she understood that there was a bubble built
into the SAMs whereby the attorneys could issue press releases containing
Abdel Rahman’s statements as part of their representation of him.” The
panel also directed Koeltl to consider Stewart’s possibly perjured
testimony about “her purported lack of knowledge” of Taha, a leader of
the Islamic Group, who had solicited a statement from Abdel Rahman
opposing the continuation of a ceasefire between the Islamic Group and
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s government.<br><br>
In fact, Koeltl noted there was “evidence to indicate that [Stewart’s]
statements were false statements.” But he concluded it was “unnecessary
to reach [the question] whether the defendant knowingly gave false
testimony with the intent to obstruct the proceedings” because (1) the
Guidelines calculation already provided for the statutory maximum, and
(2) a non-Guidelines sentence was, in Koeltl’s estimation, “reasonable
and most consistent with the factors set forth in Section 3553(a).” Thus,
Koeltl did consider whether Stewart committed perjury in his initial
sentencing decision. Michael Tigar, Stewart’s trial counsel, told me he
is “convinced that there is ample independent corroboration for Lynne’s
version of events.”<br><br>
Judge Calabresi, who joined the majority panel decision, noted in his
separate opinion that Koeltl was “a judge of extraordinary ability [with]
a well-earned reputation for exceptional judgment.” Calabresi wrote that
“for us – who have not been involved in the case and do not know all the
backs and forths, . . . to second guess the district court’s judgment
seems to me be precisely what both the Supreme Court and our court
sitting en banc . . . have said we should not do.”<br><br>
According to Tigar, Koeltl’s sentence decision was “well-argued.” Tigar
said, “For any court of appeals judge to write in a hostile vein about
[Koeltl’s] decision is an arrogation to the appellate court of a power
that the rules of procedure and long legal tradition vest in trial
judges. In addition,” he added, “the sentence reflected the reality of
this case, a reality that seems to have escaped the court of appeals
panel.”<br><br>
Calabresi thought it “not . . . entirely irrelevant” that Stewart was the
only lawyer criminally charged even though two others also violated the
SAMs. Noting that “while prosecutorial discretion may be salutary in a
wide variety of cases,” Calabresi wrote, “when left entirely without any
controls it will concentrate too much power in a single set of government
actors, and they, moreover, may on occasion be subject to political
pressure.” Calabresi observed that the district court’s exercise of its
sentencing discretion “may provide the only effective way to control and
diminish unjustified disparities.”<br><br>
Judge Walker, concurring and dissenting, wrote separately that Stewart’s
sentence was “breathtakingly low” and “extraordinarily lenient.” He would
go further than the majority and vacate Stewart’s sentence as
“substantively unreasonable.”<br><br>
Both Calabresi and the majority thought it significant that all of the
acts for which Stewart was convicted occurred before the September 11,
2001 attacks. Calabresi would “take judicial notice of their timing,” and
“recognize that our attitudes about her conduct have inevitably been
influenced by the tragedy of that day.” Notably, he added: “We must be
careful then in judging Stewart based on lessons that we learned only
after her – very serious – crimes were committed.” Stewart was indicted
in 2002 and convicted in 2005.<br><br>
“Lynne’s representation of the sheik was in the best traditions of
advocacy,” Tigar said. “She was brought into the case by Ramsey Clark,
and her actions on behalf of her client never went farther than Ramsey
had already gone. The government’s conduct towards her when the SAMs
issue first erupted validated that belief.”<br><br>
The clear message of the 125-page majority appellate panel opinion is
that attorneys who zealously represent their clients in the post-9/11 era
beware. This result will undoubtedly chill the willingness of criminal
defense attorneys to handle terrorism cases. Moreover, the Court of
Appeals fortuitously released its opinion just as Attorney General Eric
Holder announced his intent to try Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in federal
court for his alleged role in the 9/11 attacks.<br><br>
<b>Marjorie Cohn</b>, a professor at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and
president of the National Lawyers Guild, served as a judge on the
International Peoples’ Tribunal of Conscience in Support of the
Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange. She is a member of the Bureau of the
International Association of Democratic Lawyers.</font><font size=3>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2>Her latest book is
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0981576923/counterpunchmaga">
Rules of Disengagement</a>. <br><br>
<br><br>
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