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<font size=3><a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/" eudora="autourl">
http://www.counterpunch.org/<br><br>
</a></font><font face="Verdana" size=2 color="#990000">December 15,
2008<br><br>
</font><h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4><b>A History of
Music Torture in the War on Terror <br><br>
<br>
</i></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=5 color="#990000">Hit
Me Baby One More Time
</b></font></h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4>By ANDY
WORTHINGTON <br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=6 color="#990000">T</font>
<font face="Verdana" size=2>here’s an ambiguous undercurrent to the
catchy pop smash that introduced a pig-tailed Britney Spears to the world
in 1999 -- so much so that Jive Records changed the song’s title to “…
Baby One More Time” after executives feared that it would be perceived as
condoning domestic violence.<br><br>
It’s a safe bet, however, that neither Britney nor songwriter Max Martin
ever anticipated that this undercurrent would be picked up on by U.S.
military personnel, when they were ordered to keep prisoners awake by
blasting ear-splittingly loud music at them -- for days, weeks or even
months on end -- at prisons in Iraq, Afghanistan and Guantánamo
Bay.<br><br>
The message, as released Guantánamo prisoner Ruhal Ahmed
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EuIlAiFWQc">explained</a> in an
interview earlier this year, was less significant than the relentless,
inescapable noise. Describing how he experienced music torture “on many
occasions,” Ahmed said, “I can bear being beaten up, it's not a problem.
Once you accept that you're going to go into the interrogation room and
be beaten up, it's fine. You can prepare yourself mentally. But when
you're being psychologically tortured, you can't.” He added, however,
that “from the end of 2003 they introduced the music and it became even
worse. Before that, you could try and focus on something else. It makes
you feel like you are going mad. You lose the plot and it’s very scary to
think that you might go crazy because of all the music, because of the
loud noise, and because after a while you don’t hear the lyrics at all,
all you hear is heavy banging.”<br><br>
Despite this, the soldiers, who were largely left to their own devices
when choosing what to play, frequently selected songs with blunt messages
-- “Fuck Your God” by Deicide, for example, which is actually an
anti-Christian rant, but one whose title would presumably cause
consternation to believers in any religion -- even though, for prisoners
not used to Western rock and rap music, the music itself was enough to
cause them serious distress. When CIA operatives spoke to
<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1322866">ABC
News</a> in November 2005, as part of a ground-breaking report into the
use of
<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/worthington02072008.html">
waterboarding</a> and other torture techniques on “high-value detainees”
held in secret prisons, they reported that, when prisoners were forced to
listen to Eminem's <i>Slim Shady</i> album, “The music was so foreign to
them it made them frantic.” And in May 2003, when the story first broke
that music was being used by U.S. PsyOps teams in Iraq, Sgt. Mark
Hadsell, whose favored songs were said to be “Bodies” by Drowning Pool
and “Enter the Sandman” by Metallica, told
<a href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/59300/output/print"><i>Newsweek</a>
</i>, “These people haven’t heard heavy metal. They can’t take
it.”<br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2 color="#990000"><b>Approval for the
use of music torture in the “War on Terror”<br><br>
</b></font><font face="Verdana" size=2>Depending on people’s musical
tastes, responses to reports that music has been used to torture
prisoners often produces flippant comments along the lines of, “If I had
to listen to David Gray’s ‘Babylon’/ the theme tune from <i>Barney the
Purple Dinosaur</i>/ Christina Aguilera, I’d be crying ‘torture’ too.”
But the truth, sadly, is far darker, as Sgt. Hadsell explained after
noting that prisoners in Iraq had a problem with heavy metal music. “If
you play it for 24 hours,” Hadsell said, “your brain and body functions
start to slide, your train of thought slows down and your will is broken.
That’s when we come in and talk to them.”<br><br>
Hadsell, like senior figures in the administration, was blithely
unconcerned that “breaking” prisoners, rather than finding ways of
encouraging them to cooperate, was not to best way to secure information
that was in any way reliable, but the PsyOps teams were not alone. In
September 2003, Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, the U.S. military commander in
Iraq, approved the use of music as part of a package of measures for use
on captured prisoners “to create fear, disorient … and prolong capture
shock,” and as is spelled out in an explosive new report by the Senate
Armed Services Committee into the torture and abuse of prisoners in U.S.
custody
(<a href="http://levin.senate.gov/newsroom/supporting/2008/Detainees.121108.pdf">
PDF</a>), the use of music was an essential part of the reverse
engineering of techniques, known as Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape
(SERE), which are taught in U.S. military schools to train personnel to
resist interrogation. The report explains:<br><br>
During the resistance phase of SERE training, U.S. military personnel are
exposed to physical and psychological pressures … designed to simulate
conditions to which they might be subject if taken prisoner by enemies
that did not abide by the Geneva Conventions. As one … instructor
explained, SERE training is “based on illegal exploitation (under the
rules listed in the 1949 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoners of War) of prisoners over the last 50 years.” The techniques
used in SERE school, based, in part, on Chinese Communist techniques used
during the Korean war to elicit false confessions, include stripping
detainees of their clothing, placing them in stress positions, putting
hoods over their heads, disrupting their sleep, treating them like
animals, subjecting them to loud music and flashing lights, and exposing
them to extreme temperatures. It can also include face and body slaps,
and until recently, for some who attended the Navy’s SERE school, it
included waterboarding.<br><br>
The Senate Committee’s report, which lays the blame for the
implementation of these policies on senior officials, including President
George W. Bush, former defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Vice President
Dick Cheney’s former legal counsel (and now chief of staff) David
Addington, and former Pentagon general counsel William J. Haynes II,
makes it clear not only that the use of music is part of a package of
illegal techniques, but also that at least part of its rationale,
according to the Chinese authorities who implemented it, was that it
secured false confessions, rather than the “actionable intelligence” that
the U.S. administration was seeking.<br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2 color="#990000"><b>The experiences of
Binyam Mohamed and Donald Vance<br><br>
</b></font><font face="Verdana" size=2>In case any doubt remains as to
the pernicious effects of music torture, consider the following comments
by
<a href="http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/11/10/guilt-by-torture-binyam-mohameds-transatlantic-quest-for-justice/">
Binyam Mohamed</a>, a British resident, still held in Guantánamo, who was
tortured in Morocco for 18 months on behalf of the CIA, and was then
tortured for another four months in the CIA’s “Dark Prison” in Kabul, and
Donald Vance, a U.S. military contractor in Iraq, who was subjected to
music torture for 76 days in 2006. <br><br>
Speaking to his lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, the director of the legal
action charity <a href="http://www.reprieve.org.uk/">Reprieve</a>,
Mohamed, like Ruhal Ahmed, explained how psychological torture was worse
than the physical torture he endured in Morocco, where the CIA’s proxy
torturers regularly cut his penis with a razorblade. “Imagine you are
given a choice,” he said. “Lose your sight or lose your mind.” <br><br>
In Morocco, music formed only a small part of Mohammed’s torture. Towards
the end of his 18-month ordeal, he recalled that his captors “cuffed me
and put earphones on my head. They played hip-hop and rock music, very
loud. I remember they played Meatloaf and Aerosmith over and over. I
hated that. They also played 2Pac, “All Eyez On Me,” all night and all
day … A couple of days later they did the same thing. Same music. I could
not take the headphones off as I was cuffed. I had to sleep with the
music on and even pray with it.”<br><br>
At the “Dark Prison,” however, which was otherwise a plausible recreation
of a medieval dungeon, in which prisoners were held in complete darkness
and were often chained to the walls by their wrists, the use of music was
relentless. As Mohamed explained:<br><br>
It was pitch black, and no lights on in the rooms for most of the time …
They hung me up for two days. My legs had swollen. My wrists and hands
had gone numb … There was loud music, <i>Slim Shady</i> and Dr. Dre for
20 days. I heard this non-stop over and over, I memorized the music, all
of it, when they changed the sounds to horrible ghost laughter and
Halloween sounds. It got really spooky in this black hole …
Interrogation was right from the start, and went on until the day I left
there. The CIA worked on people, including me, day and night. Plenty lost
their minds. I could hear people knocking their heads against the walls
and the doors, screaming their heads off … Throughout my time I had all
kinds of music, and irritating sounds, mentally disturbing. I call it
brainwashing.<br><br>
Vance’s story demonstrates not only that the practice of using music as
torture was being used as recently as 2006, but also that it was used on
Americans. When his story first broke in December 2006, the
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html">
<i>New York Times</a></i> reported that he “wound up as a whistle-blower,
passing information to the FBI about suspicious activities at the Iraqi
security firm where he worked, including what he said was possible
illegal weapons trading,” but that “when American soldiers raided the
company at his urging, Mr. Vance and another American who worked there
were detained as suspects by the military, which was unaware that Mr.
Vance was an informer.”<br><br>
Vance, who was held at Camp Cropper, explained that he was routinely
subjected to sleep deprivation, taken for interrogation in the middle of
the night, and held in a cell that was permanently lit by fluorescent
lights. He added, “At most hours, heavy metal or country music blared in
the corridor.” Speaking to the
<a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/806000.html">
Associated Press</a> last week, he explained that the use of music as
torture “can make innocent men go mad,” and added more about the use of
music during his imprisonment, stating that he was “locked in an
overcooled 9-foot-by-9-foot cell that had a speaker with a metal grate
over it. Two large speakers stood in the hallway outside.” The music, he
said, “was almost constant, mostly hard rock. There was a lot of Nine
Inch Nails, including ‘March of the Pigs.’ I couldn't tell you how many
times I heard Queen's ‘We Will Rock You.’” He added that the experience
“sort of removes you from you. You can no longer formulate your own
thoughts when you're in an environment like that.”<br><br>
After his release, Vance stated that he planned to sue former defense
secretary Donald Rumsfeld, on the basis that his constitutional rights
had been violated, and noted, “Saddam Hussein had more legal counsel than
I ever had.” He added that he had written a letter to the camp’s
commander “stating that the same democratic ideals we are trying to
instill in the fledgling democratic country of Iraq, from simple due
process to the Magna Carta, we are absolutely, positively refusing to
follow ourselves.” <br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2 color="#990000"><b>Musicians take
action<br><br>
</b></font><font face="Verdana" size=2>Last week, Reprieve launched a new
initiative, <a href="http://www.zerodb.org/">Zero dB (against music
torture)</a>, aimed at encouraging musicians to take a stand against the
use of their music as torture. This is not the first time that musicians
have been encouraged to speak out. In June, Clive Stafford Smith raised
the issue in the
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/19/usa.guantanamo"><i>
Guardian</a></i>, and when, in an accompanying article, the
<i>Guardian</i> noted that David Gray’s song “Babylon” had become
associated with the torture debate after Haj Ali, the hooded man in the
notorious Abu Ghraib photographs, told of being stripped, handcuffed and
forced to listen to a looped sample of the song, at a volume so high he
feared that his head would burst, Gray openly condemned the practice.
“The moral niceties of whether they're using my song or not are totally
irrelevant,” he said. “We are thinking below the level of the people
we're supposed to oppose, and it goes against our entire history and
everything we claim to represent. It's disgusting, really. Anything that
draws attention to the scale of the horror and how low we've sunk is a
good thing.”<br><br>
In a subsequent interview with the
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7488498.stm">BBC</a>,
Gray complained that the only part of the torture music story that got
noticed was its “novelty aspect” -- which he compared to
<i>Guantánamo[‘s] Greatest Hits</i> -- and then delivered another
powerful indictment of the misappropriation of his and other artists’
music. “What we’re talking about here is people in a darkened room,
physically inhibited by handcuffs, bags over their heads and music
blaring at them for 24 hours a day, seven days a week,” he said. “That is
torture. That is nothing but torture. It doesn’t matter what the music is
-- it could be Tchaikovsky’s finest or it could be <i>Barney the
Dinosaur</i>. It really doesn’t matter, it’s going to drive you
completely nuts.” He added, “No-one wants to even think about it or
discuss the fact that we’ve gone above and beyond all legal process and
we’re torturing people.”<br><br>
Not every musician shared David Gray’s revulsion. Bob Singleton, who
wrote the theme tune to <i>Barney the Purple Dinosaur</i>, which has been
used extensively in the “War on Terror,” acknowledged in an op-ed for the
<a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-singleton10-2008jul10,0,285252.story">
<i>Los Angeles Times</a></i> in July that “if you blare the music loud
enough for long enough, I guess it can become unbearable,” but refused to
accept either that songwriters can legitimately have any say about how
their music is used, or that there were any circumstances under which
playing music relentlessly at prisoners could be considered torture.
“It's absolutely ludicrous,” he wrote. “A song that was designed to make
little children feel safe and loved was somehow going to threaten the
mental state of adults and drive them to the emotional breaking point?”
He added, “The idea that repeating a song will drive someone over the
brink of emotional stability, or cause them to act counter to their own
nature, makes music into something like voodoo, which it is
not.”<br><br>
Singleton was not the only artist to misunderstand how music could indeed
constitute torture -- especially when used as part of a package of
techniques specifically designed to “break” prisoners. Steve Asheim,
Deicide’s drummer, said, “These guys are not a bunch of high school kids.
They are warriors, and they're trained to resist torture. They're
expecting to be burned with torches and beaten and have their bones
broken. If I was a prisoner at Guantánamo Bay and they blasted a load of
music at me, I'd be like, ‘Is this all you got? Come on.’ I certainly
don't believe in torturing people, but I don't believe that playing loud
music is torture either.”<br><br>
Furthermore, other musicians have been positively enthusiastic about the
use of their music. Stevie Benton of Drowning Pool, who have played to
U.S. troops in Iraq, told <i>Spin</i> magazine, “People assume we should
be offended that somebody in the military thinks our song is annoying
enough that played over and over it can psychologically break someone
down. I take it as an honor to think that perhaps our song could be used
to quell another 9/11 attack or something like that.” <br><br>
Fortunately, for those who understand that using music as part of a
system of torture techniques is no laughing matter, the Zero dB
initiative provides the most noticeable attempt to date to call a halt to
its continued use. Christopher Cerf, who wrote the music for <i>Sesame
Street</i>, was horrified to learn that the show’s theme tune had been
used in interrogations. “I wouldn't want my music to be a party to that,”
he said. <br><br>
Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine has been particularly outspoken
in denouncing the use of music as torture. In 2006, he also spoke to
<i>Spin</i> magazine, and explained, “The fact that our music has been
co-opted in this barbaric way is really disgusting. If you're at all
familiar with ideological teachings of the band and its support for human
rights, that's really hard to stand.” On this year’s world tour, Rage
Against the Machine regularly turned up on stage wearing hoods and
Guantánamo-orange jumpsuits, and during a recent concert in San
Francisco, Morello proposed taking revenge on President George W. Bush:
“I suggest that they level Guantánamo Bay, but they keep one small cell
and they put Bush in there ... and they blast some Rage Against the
Machine.” <br><br>
And on December 11, just after the Zero dB initiative was announced,
Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails posted the
<a href="http://ninblogs.wordpress.com/2008/12/11/regarding-nin-music-used-at-guantanamo-bay-for-torture/">
following message</a> on his blog: <br><br>
It’s difficult for me to imagine anything more profoundly insulting,
demeaning and enraging than discovering music you’ve put your heart and
soul into creating has been used for purposes of torture. If there are
any legal options that can be realistically taken they will be
aggressively pursued, with any potential monetary gains donated to human
rights charities. Thank GOD this country has appeared to side with reason
and we can put the Bush administration’s reign of power, greed,
lawlessness and madness behind us.<br><br>
Even James Hetfield of Metallica, who has generally been portrayed as a
defender of the U.S. military’s use of his band’s music, has expressed
reservations. In a
<a href="http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2004/11/21/Floridian/Iraq__n__roll.shtml">
radio interview</a> in November 2004, he said that he was “proud” that
the military had used his music (even though they “hadn't asked his
permission or paid him royalties”). “For me, the lyrics are a form of
expression, a freedom to express my insanity,” he explained, adding, “If
the Iraqis aren't used to freedom, then I'm glad to be part of their
exposure.” Hetfield laughed off claims that music could be used for
torture, saying, “We've been punishing our parents, our wives, our loved
ones with this music for ever. Why should the Iraqis be any different?”
However, he also acknowledged the reason that the military was using his
music. “It's the relentlessness of the music,” he said. “It's completely
relentless. If I listened to a death metal band for 12 hours in a row,
I'd go insane, too. I'd tell you anything you wanted to know.”<br><br>
While these musicians have at least spoken out, others -- including
Eminem, AC/DC, Aerosmith, the Bee Gees, Christina Aguilera, Prince and
the Red Hot Chili Peppers -- remain silent about the use of their work.
Britney Spears’ views are also unknown, but if her
<a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/09/03/cnna.spears/">
comments to CNN</a> in September 2003 are anything to go by, it’s
unlikely that she would find fault with it. When Tucker Carlson said to
her, “A lot of entertainers have come out against the war in Iraq. Have
you?” Britney replied, “Honestly, I think we should just trust our
president in every decision he makes and should just support that, you
know, and be faithful in what happens.” Perhaps she should speak to
<a href="http://www.pamelachannel.com/channel/2008/11/18/recommended-reading-to-mr-president-elect-obama-from-pamela-anderson/">
Pamela Anderson</a>, who recently posted a simple message to Barack Obama
on her blog: “Please Shut down Guantánamo Bay -- figure it out -- make
amends/stop torture -- it’s time for peaceful solutions.”<br><br>
<b>Andy Worthington</b> is a British historian, and the author of
'<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0745326641/counterpunchmaga">
The Guantánamo Files: The Stories of the 774 Detainees in America's
Illegal Prison'</a> (published by Pluto Press). Visit his website at:
<a href="http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/">www.andyworthington.co.uk</a>
He can be reached at:
<a href="mailto:andy@andyworthington.co.uk">andy@andyworthington.co.uk</a>
<br><br>
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