<html>
<body>
<font size=5><b>Link to complete report<br>
<a href="http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/report_detail.aspx?id=35904" eudora="autourl">
http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/report_detail.aspx?id=35904<br><br>
</a>New High In U.S. Prison Numbers<br>
</b></font><font size=3>Growth Attributed To More Stringent Sentencing
Laws<br>
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/02/28/ST2008022803016.html" eudora="autourl">
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/02/28/ST2008022803016.html<br>
<br>
</a></font><font size=2>By N.C. Aizenman<br>
Washington Post Staff Writer<br>
Friday, February 29, 2008; A01<br><br>
</font><font size=3>More than one in 100 adults in the United States is
in jail or prison, an all-time high that is costing state governments
nearly $50 billion a year and the federal government $5 billion more,
according to a report released yesterday.<br><br>
With more than 2.3 million people behind bars, the United States leads
the world in both the number and percentage of residents it incarcerates,
leaving far-more-populous
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/China?tid=informline">
China</a> a distant second, according to a study by the nonpartisan
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Pew+Center+on+the+States?tid=informline">
Pew Center on the States</a>.<br><br>
The growth in prison population is largely because of tougher state and
federal sentencing imposed since the mid-1980s. Minorities have been
particularly affected: One in nine black men ages 20 to 34 is behind
bars. For black women ages 35 to 39, the figure is one in 100, compared
with one in 355 for white women in the same age group.<br><br>
The report compiled and analyzed data from several sources, including the
federal Bureau of Justice Statistics and Bureau of Prisons and each
state's department of corrections. It did not include individuals
detained for noncriminal immigration violations.<br><br>
Although studies generally find that imprisoning more offenders reduces
crime, the effect may be less influential than changes in the
unemployment rate, wages, the ratio of police officers to residents and
the proportion of young people in the population, report co-author Adam
Gelb said.<br><br>
In addition, when it comes to preventing repeat offenses by nonviolent
criminals -- who make up about half of the incarcerated population --
less-expensive punishments such as community supervision, electronic
monitoring and mandatory drug counseling might prove as much or more
effective than jail.<br><br>
For instance,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Florida?tid=informline">
Florida</a>, which has almost doubled its prison population over the past
15 years, has experienced a smaller drop in crime than
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/New+York?tid=informline">
New York</a>, which, after a brief increase, has reduced its number of
inmates to below the 1993 level.<br><br>
"There is no question that putting violent and chronic offenders
behind bars lowers the crime rate and provides punishment that is well
deserved," said Gelb, who as director of the Center's Public Safety
Performance Project advises states on developing alternatives to
incarceration. "On the other hand, there are large numbers of people
behind bars who could be supervised in the community safely and
effectively at a much lower cost -- while also paying taxes, paying
restitution to their victims and paying child support."<br><br>
Sociologist
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/James+Q.+Wilson?tid=informline">
James Q. Wilson</a>, who in the 1980s helped develop the "broken
windows" theory that smaller crimes must be punished to deter more
serious ones, agreed that sentences for some drug crimes were too long.
However, Wilson disagreed that the rise in the U.S. prison population
should be considered a cause for alarm: "The fact that we have a
large prison population by itself is not a central problem because it has
contributed to the extraordinary increase in public safety we have had in
this country."<br><br>
About 91 percent of incarcerated adults are under state or local
jurisdiction. And the report also documents the tradeoffs state
governments have faced as they devote larger shares of their budgets to
house them. For instance, over the past two decades, state spending on
corrections (adjusted for inflation) increased 127 percent; spending on
higher education rose 21 percent.<br><br>
Five states --
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Vermont?tid=informline">
Vermont</a>,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Michigan?tid=informline">
Michigan</a>,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Oregon?tid=informline">
Oregon</a>,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Connecticut?tid=informline">
Connecticut</a> and
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Delaware?tid=informline">
Delaware</a> -- now spend as much as or more on corrections as on higher
education. Locally,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Maryland?tid=informline">
Maryland</a> is near the top, spending 74 cents on corrections for every
dollar it spends on higher education.
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Virginia?tid=informline">
Virginia</a> spends 60 cents on the dollar.<br><br>
Despite reaching its latest milestone, the nation's incarcerated
population has been growing more slowly since 2000 than it did during the
1990s, when harsher sentencing laws began to take effect. These included
a 1986 federal law (since revised) mandating prison terms for crack
cocaine offenses that were up to eight times as long as for those
involving powder cocaine. In the 1990s, many states adopted
"three-strikes-you're-out" laws and curtailed the powers of
parole boards.<br><br>
Many state systems also send offenders back to prison for technical
violations of their parole or probation, such as failing a drug test or
missing an appointment with a supervisory officer. A 2005 study of
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/California?tid=informline">
California</a>'s system, for example, found that more than two-thirds of
parolees were being returned to prison within three years of release, 40
percent for technical infractions.<br><br>
"We're just stuck in this carousel that people get off of, then get
right back on again," said
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/William+Bratton?tid=informline">
Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton</a>, who as
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/New+York+City?tid=informline">
New York City</a> police commissioner in the 1990s oversaw a significant
reduction in crime.<br><br>
Because of these policy shifts, the nationwide prison population swelled
by about 80 percent from 1990 to 2000, increasing by as much as 86,000 a
year. By contrast, from 2007 to 2008, that population increased by
25,000, a 2 percent rise.<br><br>
The
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/U.S.+Supreme+Court?tid=informline">
U.S. Supreme Court</a> has recently issued decisions giving judges more
leeway under mandatory sentencing laws, and a number of states --
including
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/related/topic/Texas?tid=informline">
Texas</a>, which has the country's second-highest incarceration rate --
are seeking to reduce their prison population by adopting alternative
punishments.<br><br>
Last year, Maryland officials began developing a new risk-assessment
system to ensure that low-level offenders are not kept in jail longer
than necessary, said Shannon Avery, executive director of a policy
planning division of the state's Department of Public Safety.<br><br>
"That's what you have to do when you don't have enormous amounts of
tax dollars available for building prisons," she said.<br><br>
Among the early innovators that states can look to is Virginia, which
overhauled its system for sentencing nonviolent offenders in the
mid-1990s. Although the state's incarceration rate remains relatively
high, Virginia has managed to slow the growth of its prison population
substantially and reduce the share of its budget spent on corrections
while still reducing its crime rate.<br><br>
State judges use a point system to weigh factors believed to predict a
lawbreaker's likelihood of becoming a repeat offender or otherwise pose a
threat to public safety. Those deemed low risk are given alternative
sentences. As a result, the share of Virginia prison beds occupied by
nonviolent convicts has dropped, from 40 percent in 1994 to 23 percent in
2007.<br><br>
"The idea is to make a distinction between the people we're afraid
of and the ones we're just ticked off at," said Rick Kern, director
of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission. "Not that you
shouldn't punish them. But if it's going to cost $27,500 a year to keep
them locked up, then maybe we should be smarter about how we do
it."<br><br>
<br><br>
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