<html>
<body>
<font size=3>
<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/worthington12042007.html" eudora="autourl">
http://www.counterpunch.org/worthington12042007.html<br><br>
</a></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4><b>December 4,
2007<br><br>
</font><h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=5><b>The Most
Important Habeas Corpus Case in Modern History<br><br>
<br>
</i></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=5 color="#990000">
Guantánamo and the Supreme
Court</b></font></h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=5>By ANDY
WORTHINGTON<br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=6 color="#990000">A</font>
<font face="Verdana" size=2>s the Supreme Court prepares once more to
consider whether the detainees at Guantánamo have habeas corpus rights --
a cornerstone of civilization and a principle established 800 years ago
in England, giving prisoners the right to challenge the basis of their
detention in court -- Andy Worthington looks at the key arguments in what
Law.com has described as "perhaps the most important habeas corpus
case in modern history."<br><br>
On December 5, the nine justices of the Supreme Court will hear arguments
from the government, represented by a team led by US Solicitor General
Paul D. Clement, and from lawyers for the detainees, whose cases -- <i>Al
Odah v. United States</i> and <i>Boumediene v. Bush</i> -- will be put
forward by Seth P. Waxman, a former US Solicitor General, who is now a
partner in the law firm Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr. The
detainees' main briefs are backed up by more than two dozen amicus briefs
looking at various aspects of the cases, which have been filed by a wide
range of legal experts, including such veterans of the Guantánamo
legislation as Michael Ratner of the Center for Constitutional Rights,
and Tom Wilner of Shearman and Sterling.<br><br>
At stake is whether or not Congress acted unconstitutionally in passing
the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA), which established Military
Commissions to try "enemy combatants" held at Guantánamo, and
also stripped the US courts of their right to hear habeas corpus
petitions filed by the Guantánamo detainees.<br><br>
The MCA was itself a response to two previous Supreme Court decisions:
<i>Rasul v. Bush</i>, in June 2004, and <i>Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</i>, in
June 2006. In <i>Rasul</i>, the justices ruled, by a majority of 6-3,
that the Guantánamo prisoners had the right to challenge the legal limbo
in which they were held, and demolished the administration's
long-cherished belief that Guantánamo (which was specifically chosen as
the venue for a "War on Terror" prison because it was presumed
to be beyond the reach of the US courts) did not count as US territory.
"They are not nationals of countries at war with the United
States," the judges declared, "and they deny that they have
engaged in or plotted acts of aggression against this country; they have
never been afforded access to any tribunal, much less charged with and
convicted of wrongdoing; and for more than two years they have been
imprisoned in territory over which the United States exercises exclusive
jurisdiction and control." <br><br>
In his majority opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens emphasized the
importance of habeas corpus, citing a 1945 case in which it was described
as "a writ antecedent to statute ... throwing its roots deep into
the genius of our common law," and a 1953 case dealing specifically
with the detention of aliens in US custody: "Executive imprisonment
has been considered oppressive and lawless since John, at Runnymede,
pledged that no free man should be imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed or
exiled save by the judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. The
judges of England developed the writ of habeas corpus largely to preserve
these immunities from executive restraint."<br><br>
In <i>Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</i>, which focused on the case of Salim Hamdan,
a Yemeni who was one of Osama bin Laden's drivers in Afghanistan, the
Supreme Court delivered an equally damning verdict on the legitimacy of
putting the detainees forward for trial by Military Commission. This
system of show trials was dreamt up by Vice President Dick Cheney and his
advisors, including David Addington, and established in a document known
as Military Order No. 1, which was approved with no Congressional
oversight whatsoever in November 2001. It authorized indefinite detention
without due process for "enemy combatants," and established
ground rules for the Commissions that drew widespread criticism from
lawyers and human rights activists, for several obvious reasons. These
included the fact that the juries and presiding officers would be
hand-picked by the administration, that evidence obtained through hearsay
or torture would be allowed, and that both the accused and his lawyers
could be prevented from seeing certain evidence.<br><br>
By a majority of 5-3, the justices ruled that that the Military
Commissions were illegal under US law and the Geneva Conventions.
Concluding that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, which forbids
"cruel treatment and torture" and "outrages upon personal
dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment," was
"applicable" to Hamdan and others facing Military Commissions,
Justice Stevens stated that it was Hamdan's right to be tried by a
"regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees
which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples." By
confirming the importance of Common Article 3, the Supreme Court struck
at the heart of the administration's novel and unprecedented flight from
domestic and international law. Justice Anthony Kennedy spelled out this
position even more clearly, warning the administration that
"violations of Common Article 3 are considered 'war crimes,'
punishable as federal offences, when committed by United States nationals
and military personnel."<br><br>
In the case of <i>Rasul v. Bush</i>, the government responded by allowing
the detainees to have access to lawyers, for the first time in over two
and a half years of isolated detention, but ignored the main thrust of
the verdict -- that they should have access to the US courts -- by
establishing military reviews at Guantánamo, known as Combatant Status
Review Tribunals (CSRTs), which were blatantly unlawful. Designed to
review whether the detainees had been correctly designated as "enemy
combatants" when they arrived in US custody (mostly between 2001 and
2003, and mostly delivered by the US military's allies in Afghanistan and
Pakistan at a time when bounty payments for al-Qaeda and Taliban suspects
were prevalent), the CSRTs prevented the detainees from being represented
by lawyers, and, like the Commissions, relied on classified evidence,
which was not revealed to the detainees and which, moreover, was just as
readily obtained through the torture, coercion and bribery of other
detainees.<br><br>
In response to <i>Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</i>, the government seized on a
comment made by Justice Stephen Breyer -- "Nothing prevents the
President from returning to Congress to seek the authority he believes
necessary [to reestablish the Commissions]" -- by doing just that,
pushing the MCA through a supine Congress just three months later,
reestablishing the reviled Military Commissions and, for good measure,
stripping the detainees of their habeas rights. <br><br>
Although the MCA was challenged in April this year, when the justices of
the Supreme Court chose to delay judgment on the cases, allowing time for
a limited review of the detainees' cases to proceed under the terms of
the Detainee Treatment Act (another flawed piece of anti-terror
legislation, passed in 2005), the road to Wednesday's momentous Supreme
Court hearing opened up just two months later, when, reversing itself for
the first time in 60 years, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the
detainees' arguments once more. Commentators credited this extraordinary
change of heart to the explosive revelations contained in an affidavit
filed in <i>Al-Odah v. United States</i> by Lt. Col. Stephen Abraham, a
military intelligence officer with 20 years' experience, who was involved
in compiling the "evidence" for the CSRTs. <br><br>
In a comprehensive hatchet job, Lt. Col. Abraham described the tribunals
as severely flawed, relying on intelligence "of a generalized nature
-- often outdated, often 'generic,' rarely specifically relating to the
individual subjects of the CSRTs or to the circumstances related to those
individuals' status." In addition, he insisted that the process was
designed to rubber-stamp the detainees' prior designation as "enemy
combatants," and this was confirmed when it became apparent that
several detainees had been subjected to repeat CSRTs when the verdict in
the first did not meet with the administration's approval. Lt. Col.
Abraham later revealed that two of his former colleagues had supported
his statements, and in September another whistleblower, an Army major who
had been a tribunal member on 49 of the 558 CSRTs, also spoke out,
confirming Abraham's complaints about both the gathering of intelligence
and the reconvening of tribunals.<br><br>
The revelations of Lt. Col. Abraham and his colleagues have returned the
issue of the detainees' indefinite detention to center stage, just as it
was three and a half years ago in <i>Rasul v. Bush</i>. In his argument
on Wednesday, Seth Waxman will explain that the MCA is unconstitutional,
and will point out that rulings made by the Supreme Court back in the
summer of 2004 are still applicable. His brief states that, in
<i>Rasul</i>, "this court ruled that noncitizens detained by the
United States military at Guantánamo Bay have access to the writ of
habeas corpus, a conclusion informed by the Court's analysis of the
common law writ," and that the government has offered "no
persuasive rebuttal to the Court's reading of history." Waxman's
brief also refutes "the government's reliance on cases declining to
grant habeas relief" as they relate to "prisoners of war,"
and he reiterates the point made by the Supreme Court in <i>Rasul</i>:
"Petitioners maintain that they are not enemy soldiers subject to
military detention. Unlike prisoners of war in traditional armed
conflicts -- where it is usually clear or undisputed that the prisoners
are in fact detainable enemy soldiers -- Petitioners are civilians from a
friendly nation who were abducted by the government far from any theater
of war and have never engaged in armed hostilities against the United
States."<br><br>
Whilst it seems from this argument that the Supreme Court will have no
choice but to reiterate its 2004 verdict, Joanna Mariner, Terrorism and
Counterterrorism Director at Human Rights Watch, has pointed out that the
justices are in fact being asked to decide "whether prisoners at
Guantánamo enjoy a constitutional right of habeas corpus (in other words,
whether the Rasul decision was grounded in the Constitution, or whether
it had mere statutory grounds)." If they agree that habeas corpus is
a constitutional right -- as the Constitution's Framers clearly intended
it to be, ruling that it can only be suspended in "cases of
rebellion or invasion" -- Mariner notes that they may then assess
not only whether Congress "meant to suspend the right," but
whether, indeed, the nation's politicians actually "had the power to
do so." Mariner also observes that the justices may rule on whether
Congress, in allowing for limited federal court review of the CSRTs (in
the Detainee Treatment Act), has provided the detainees with an
"adequate substitute" for the right of habeas corpus, which, as
she adds, is where "kangaroo courts" -- the tribunals, as
demolished by Lt. Col. Abraham -- "come into the
picture."<br><br>
Although no decision is expected before spring 2008, tomorrow's hearing
is indeed of colossal importance, not only to the detainees in
Guantánamo, many of whom are about to start their seventh year of
imprisonment without charge or trial, but also to the government's
assertion that it is entitled to pursue these policies without any
significant judicial oversight. As Britain's <i>Financial Times</i> noted
in a recent editorial, "American democracy is based on the
optimistic notion that all three branches of government will not do the
wrong thing, all at the same time. The president and even Congress might
step over the line -- but if they do, the US Supreme Court is there to
restore the rule of law over the mistakes of men." <br><br>
Although the Bush administration has attempted to shift the Supreme Court
to the right, and to its own point of view, in its two most recent
appointments, the justices have repeatedly shown, as Suzanna Sherry, a
professor at Vanderbilt University Law School, explained, that their job
is "to balance the need to prevent terrorism with individual
rights." They are also clearly aware of their own right not to be
shunted aside by an executive that demands the freedom to operate without
any restraint whatsoever. Dennis Hutchinson, a professor at the
University of Chicago Law School, summed up this attitude in a single
line that those campaigning for the detainees' rights must be hoping is
particularly applicable: "The Court doesn't like to be told, 'You
don't have a role to play here.'"<br><br>
<b>Andy Worthington</b> is a British historian, and the author of
'<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0745326641/counterpunchmaga">
The Guantánamo Files: The Stories of the 774 Detainees in America's
Illegal Prison'</a> (to be published by Pluto Press in October 2007).
Visit his website at:
<a href="http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/">www.andyworthington.co.uk</a>
<br><br>
He can be reached at:
<a href="mailto:andy@andyworthington.co.uk">andy@andyworthington.co.uk<br>
<br>
<br><br>
<br>
</a></font><x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
<font size=3 color="#FF0000">Freedom Archives<br>
522 Valencia Street<br>
San Francisco, CA 94110<br><br>
</font><font size=3 color="#008000">415 863-9977<br><br>
</font><font size=3 color="#0000FF">
<a href="http://www.freedomarchives.org/" eudora="autourl">
www.Freedomarchives.org</a></font><font size=3> </font></body>
</html>