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<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/cohn08102007.html" eudora="autourl">
http://www.counterpunch.org/cohn08102007.html<br><br>
</a></font><font face="Verdana" size=2>August 10,
2007</font><font size=3> <br>
</font><h1><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4><b>The New
Wiretapping Law<br><br>
<br>
</i></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4 color="#990000">A
Blank Check for Domestic
Spying</b></font></h1><font face="Arial, Helvetica" size=3>By MARJORIE
COHN <br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=6 color="#990000">R</font>
<font face="Verdana" size=2>esponding to fear-mongering by the Bush
administration, the Democrat-led Congress has put its stamp of approval
on the unconstitutional wiretapping of Americans. <br><br>
George W. Bush has perfected the art of ramming ill-considered
legislation through Congress by hyping emergencies that don't exist. He
did it with the USA Patriot Act, the authorization for the Iraq war, the
Military Commissions Act, and now the "Protect America Act of
2007" which amends the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(FISA).<br><br>
FISA was enacted in 1978 in reaction to excesses of Richard Nixon and the
FBI, who covertly spied on critics of administration policies. FISA set
up a conservative system with judges who meet in secret and issue nearly
every wiretapping order the administration requests.<br><br>
But that wasn't good enough for Bush. In 2001, he secretly established
his "Terrorist Surveillance Program," with which the National
Security Agency has illegally spied on Americans. Instead of holding
hearings and holding the executive accountable for his law-breaking,
Congress capitulated once again to the White House's tactics. As Congress
was about to adjourn for its summer recess, Bush officials threatened to
label anyone who opposed their new legislation as soft on terror. True to
form, Congress - including 16 Senate and 41 House Democrats -
caved.<br><br>
The new law takes the power to authorize electronic surveillance out of
the hands of a judge and places it in the hands of the attorney general
(AG) and the director of national intelligence (DNI). FISA had required
the government to convince a judge there was probable cause to believe
the target of the surveillance was a foreign power or the agent of a
foreign power. The law didn't apply to wiretaps of foreign nationals
abroad. Its restrictions were triggered only when the surveillance
targeted a U.S. citizen or permanent resident or when the surveillance
was obtained from a wiretap physically located in the United States. The
attorney general was required to certify that the communications to be
monitored would be exclusively between foreign powers and there was no
substantial likelihood a U.S. person would be overheard.<br><br>
Under the new law, the attorney general and the director of national
intelligence can authorize "surveillance directed at a person
reasonably believed to be located outside of the United States." The
surveillance could take place inside the U.S., and there is no
requirement of any connection with al-Qaeda, terrorism or criminal
behavior. The requirement that the AG certify there is no substantial
likelihood a U.S. person will be overheard has been eliminated.<br><br>
By its terms, the new law will sunset in 180 days. But this is a specious
limitation. The AG and DNI can authorize surveillance for up to one year.
So just before the statute is set to expire around February 1, 2008, they
could approve surveillance that will last until after Bush leaves
office.<br><br>
There is provision for judicial review of the procedures the AG and DNI
establish to make sure they are reasonably designed to ensure
communications of U.S. persons are not overheard. But that requirement is
also specious. They must submit their procedures to the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Court 120 days after the effective date of the
act. The court doesn't have to respond to their submission until 180 days
after the effective date of the act, and the standard of review is
appallingly low. It's limited to whether the government's determination
is "clearly erroneous." Even if the court were to find the
proffer clearly erroneous, the AG and DNI have another 30 days to fix it.
That takes the entire review process beyond the 6 month sunset period.
Meanwhile, the surveillance can continue.<br><br>
The Supreme Court held in the 1967 case of Katz v. United States that
government wiretapping must be supported by a search warrant based on
probable cause and issued by a judge. In 1972, the Court, in U.S. v. U.S.
District Court (Keith), struck down warrantless domestic surveillance.
The Court has recognized the "special needs" exception to the
warrant requirement. The special need must be narrowly tailored to the
problem. However, the new law is much too broad to come under this
exception. Congress eliminated any need that the person surveilled be a
foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. The government need only
show it is seeking "foreign intelligence information." There is
no requirement of any connection with terrorism. The special needs
exception also requires an absence of discretion in the implementing
authority. There is unlimited discretion now as long as the target is
reasonably believed to be outside the United States.<br><br>
The AG is required under the new law to report to Congress semi-annually,
but only on incidents of non-compliance. Can we really trust Alberto
Gonzales to be forthcoming about compliance with this law? Senator
Christopher Dodd told Glenn Greenwald at the YearlyKos convention last
week that neither he nor the other senators have any idea of how the Bush
administration has been using its secret program to spy on
Americans.<br><br>
Finally, the new law requires telephone companies to collect data and
turn it over to the federal government. It also grants immunity against
lawsuits to these companies, many of which are currently defendants in
civil cases.<br><br>
Indeed, the mad rush to push this legislation through last week was
likely a preemptive strike by Bush to head off adverse rulings in
lawsuits challenging the legality of his Terrorist Surveillance Program.
On August 9, a federal district court in San Francisco will hear oral
arguments by lawyers from the Center for Constitutional Rights and the
National Lawyers Guild in CCR v. Bush. And on August 15, Guild lawyers
and others will argue Al-Haramain v. Bush in the 9th U.S. Circuit Court
of Appeals.<br><br>
In six months, when the "Protect America Act of 2007" is set to
expire, there will be even more political pressure on Congress to appear
tough on terror in the run-up to the 2008 presidential election. We
cannot expect a Congress that so easily caved in to the fears hyped by
the Bush administration to stand firm in support of the
Constitution.<br><br>
<b>Marjorie Cohn</b> is a professor at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and
President of the National Lawyers Guild. Her new book,
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN//0977825337/counterpunchmaga">
Cowboy Republic: Six Ways the Bush Gang Has Defied the Law</a>, has just
been published by PoliPointPress. Her articles are archived at
<a href="http://www.marjoriecohn.com/">http://www.marjoriecohn.com/</a>
.<br><br>
<br><br>
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