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GRANMA<br>
January 25, 2007<br><br>
Silvia Baraldini<br>
Political Prisoner in the United States<br><br>
PHOTOS:<br>
<a href="http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/01/25/interna/artic06.html">
http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/01/25/interna/artic06.html</a><br><br>
"Guantanamo is the maximum, but there are aspects of Guantanamo
being<br>
applied at special units for political prisoners inside the United<br>
States."<br><br>
Arleen Rodriguez Derivet<br><br>
Although nowadays her name may be little known outside of Italy and<br>
human rights circles, Silvia Baraldini is a symbol. Sentenced to 43<br>
years imprisonment, of which she served nearly half in US jails, her<br>
life is marked, physically and spiritually, by the torture of being
a<br>
political prisoner in the United States.<br><br>
Italian journalist Gianni Mina spoke about Baraldini after she was<br>
released in Rome in September, 2006, "Consistent with her ideas,
this<br>
woman was willing to risk half her life and was sentenced to 20
years<br>
based on the testimony of an FBI informant who erred in his<br>
deposition, even to the point of getting the color wrong of her<br>
unmistakable blue eyes […] Then, to give her another 20 years,<br>
judges, in the land of democracy, held a judicial farce and ruled as<br>
a common trial what they themselves had admitted during the<br>
preliminary investigation, was a political trial, to be able to
apply<br>
the Rico law, passed to punish the accomplices of
gangsters."<br><br>
"Silvia received the last 3 years of her sentence for an
alleged<br>
contempt of court, only for having refused to give, according to the<br>
judges, complete information about the origin of a communiqué of the<br>
Armed Forces of the Puerto Rican National Liberation, that was found<br>
in her room, and which had been published in all the New York<br>
newspapers."<br><br>
Treated as a terrorist -since long before the term became the key<br>
weapon of global repression-, Silvia was a victim of COINTELPRO, an<br>
acronym for a series of FBI counterintelligence programs designed to<br>
repress any attempts at radical opposition to the system in the<br>
United States. COINTELPRO used the most unorthodox methods (from<br>
planting drugs and criminal evidence to murdering police to accuse<br>
the accused), well documented in publications and even movies that<br>
try to soften up, using fictional devices, the brutal reality of one<br>
of the darkest zones of the US political system.<br><br>
Today, when millions of people in the world speak with horror of the<br>
detainees at the illegal naval base at Guantanamo, and who knows in<br>
how many secret prisons, simply demanding legal rights, it is worth<br>
recalling that there are also hundreds of less visible victims of<br>
police and legal tricks applied without mercy to silence and repress<br>
possible internal dissent to the model. Instead of guaranteeing the<br>
application of justice, in these cases the sacred US courts have
been<br>
the instrument used to bless injustice.<br><br>
I met Silvia Baraldini in Rome in 2004. At the time she was serving<br>
the last years of her sentence in "conditional liberty." In a
belated<br>
compliance with the Strasbourg Convention (1), in 1999, the Clinton<br>
administration finally granted Silvia's Italian supporters what they<br>
had demanded during 12 years of legal battle that Silvia be allowed<br>
to finish out her punishment in her country of birth, although with<br>
the promise that she would not leave jail before 2008.<br><br>
Six months after Silvia's arrival to Italy, Clinton released several<br>
of the Puerto Rican independence activists that had been convicted<br>
with her and sentenced up to 130 years in prison. Why the
difference?<br><br>
Apparently because the Italian government had only requested a<br>
transfer of the prisoner and had the obligation to comply with what<br>
was agreed upon between the two countries. Meanwhile, the Puerto<br>
Rican communities within the United States and the island had<br>
demanded the immediate freedom of their prisoners, becoming a<br>
movement of incalculable force that set off the imperial alarms all<br>
at once.<br><br>
Despite the advance of an illness that led to several operations in<br>
the precarious prison conditions, in Italy, Silvia spent two years
of<br>
her harsh sentence before a constitutional court decided that she
had<br>
the rights of any sick Italian prisoner: to finish out her sentence<br>
under conditional liberty.<br><br>
Why was Silvia Baraldini a political prisoner?<br><br>
I consider myself a political prisoner, along with other people, not<br>
individually, because in a very specific period of history in the<br>
United States, in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of movements began,<br>
for the independence of Puerto Rico, for African-American rights,<br>
against US aggressions in Grenada, Nicaragua…<br><br>
In all these movements, there were people participating in concrete<br>
actions -I don't want to mystify the thing- against the government,<br>
but they were political actions, from the perspective of the need to<br>
struggle at different levels in this period, within the United<br>
States. Clearly for that stance, for our behavior and for our<br>
activities, at a certain time they arrested a number of people who<br>
received very harsh sentences, very harsh… I got 43 years.<br><br>
For what crime?<br><br>
One was having refused to testify before the Grand Jury against<br>
Puerto Rican independence activists. They gave me three years for<br>
that, but I wasn't the only one. Around 30 people who supported<br>
Puerto Rican independence and refused to collaborate with the United<br>
States government received three-year sentences.<br><br>
And they gave me 40 years more for participating in the escape of<br>
African-American revolutionary Assata Sakur (2). The government<br>
prosecutor asked for 20 years for my participation in the escape and<br>
20 more for "being a member of a clandestine
organization."<br><br>
What was that organization?<br><br>
For me, such an organization never existed. The government said that<br>
it was an organization, but in my opinion we were a coalition of<br>
different individuals that did certain things at different periods.<br>
It wasn't an organization, but the government said it was because it<br>
was easier to convince the jury if we appeared to be a formal<br>
organization.<br><br>
That's to say, they also lied in order to put you on trial. The<br>
prosecution lied in its charges against you? Or did it just use<br>
deceit?<br><br>
No, what really happened is that to create the idea of a well<br>
structured organization they accused everyone, when the truth was<br>
something else. They fabricated the charges. I was accused, for<br>
example, of something that happened when I was in Africa, when it<br>
wasn't physically impossible for me to be in America…<br><br>
It is curious how such a strong civil rights movement, like the one<br>
that existed in the United States, has practically disappeared… It<br>
appears that the COINTELPRO approach was very effective…<br><br>
That is also my opinion. The result of the disaster caused by<br>
COINTELPRO is that a generation or two of leaders are missing. They<br>
either killed them or put them in jail. And it is very important for<br>
a movement to have continuity from one period to another. It is a<br>
disaster when there is one or two generations of important young<br>
leaders isolated in jails or murdered because the new generations<br>
that followed did not have a connection with everything that
happened<br>
before them.<br><br>
I believe there are a series of things very tied to a gangster
style.<br>
It was a very dirty policy.<br><br>
That doesn't mean that there aren't people in the United States
today<br>
that are fighting against what happened. I know there are people
that<br>
continue to work and continue to demonstrate against the war, in the<br>
universities, in certain communities, for example San Francisco, New<br>
York.<br><br>
How would you respond if someone said to you that there are no<br>
political prisoners in the United States?<br><br>
I would say that is clearly false. There are many different types of<br>
political prisoners in the United States. There are prisoners like<br>
Oscar Lopez and Carlos Torres of Puerto Rico. There are political<br>
prisoners belonging to the Catholic Church, who are pacifists
against<br>
all weapons and who break into bases. There are other political<br>
prisoners, Catholics mainly, against the School of the Americas,<br>
where torture is taught. I was in jail five years with a woman<br>
imprisoned simply because she participated in a demonstration
against<br>
the School of the Americas. There are political prisoners like<br>
Leonard Peltier of the indigenous movement; there are<br>
African-American political prisoners like those who were accused<br>
along with me. All those people are political prisoners.<br><br>
At this time there are five Cuban citizens jailed in the United<br>
States, some accused of espionage, with long sentences. They are
also<br>
political prisoners. In the situation of confrontation between the<br>
United States and Cuba, Washington wanted to punish people that<br><br>
defend Cuba.<br><br>
What is the situation of a political prisoner within a US jail?<br><br>
I believe that depends on the period. There are periods that are
much<br>
harsher than others. And it depends on the support you have from<br>
people outside. That is tremendously important.<br><br>
For example, in my case, when a movement was formed in Italy in<br>
support of my return, the treatment I received improved because they<br>
knew that I had support from outside.<br><br>
That was also very important for the Puerto Rican prisoners: the<br>
support movement and solidarity from the island and within the
Puerto<br>
Rican communities [in the United States|.<br><br>
The case of the Cuban Five is now being talked about, that's<br>
essential, the international is very important too. The United
States<br>
always says it is only interested in things inside the country. But<br>
that's the public stance. Its internal position is that when other<br>
governments and people begin to question the treatment, etc., things<br>
change.<br><br>
On the other hand, I think things have worsened since 9/11. For<br>
example, all those tied to my case are Muslims. They were put in<br>
isolation cells because they are practicing Muslims and because they<br>
are political.<br><br>
Lynne Stewart (3), one of my lawyers, is now facing a possible<br>
30-year sentence, for carrying a message from one of her clients,<br>
sentenced to life imprisonment for terrorism. A 65-year-old woman
who<br>
might get a 30-year sentence.<br><br>
As a political prisoner, how many times were you put in isolation,
or<br>
moved from one prison to another?<br><br>
Isolation, two years. I became physically ill, but I'm going to<br>
explain in what type of a hole I was in, or what they call a special<br>
unit. We were three political prisoners: Alejandrina Torres (Puerto<br>
Rican) Susan Rosenbergy (US) and I; we were three in the Special<br>
Underground Unit.<br><br>
Without any sunlight?<br><br>
Only when they took us outside for a rest period. The Unit was<br>
inside; all the windows were covered with metal sheeting. One of the<br>
things that they wanted was to destabilize us, creating an
artificial<br>
world where there was no difference between night and day; you never<br>
knew the time, since there was only artificial lighting. In these<br>
special units they are always experimenting something different and<br>
later they open a special prison with all that. There is a sort of<br>
progression that began with Marion -which is a prison for men- and<br>
ends in Guantanamo. Guantanamo is the maximum, but aspects of<br>
Guantanamo were experimented first inside the United States.<br><br>
What violation did you commit to be sent to a special unit?<br><br>
In my case they said that I was a member of and had helped the Armed<br>
Forces of the Puerto Rican National Liberation, and that this group<br>
was so strong that they could enter a prison to try and free us.<br>
Therefore, supposedly for our own security, they put us in that<br>
special prison.<br><br>
The judge said that the decision violated the Constitution because<br>
they held us under such conditions not due to our behavior but<br>
because of our political ideals. And that is not permitted under the<br>
Constitution, which should guarantee the political ideas of
people.<br><br>
They said that had ended, but at a time when the three of us were<br>
sick. They took me to the hospital, the others too, because we were<br>
ill, after two years.<br><br>
Physically ill?<br><br>
So much so that they operated on me. Alejandrina, for example, had a<br>
heart disease that got worse and Susan ended up anorexic, she played<br>
with her food and didn't eat. That was the result of the conditions.<br>
But I must say that at that time the movement in solidarity with us<br>
was very important in ending the isolation. Of course, that didn't<br>
happen overnight, two years went by, but in this period people<br>
struggled very hard to denounce the conditions. That was also very<br>
important.<br><br>
One detail. Were you ever caught with a weapon, did you ever harm<br>
anyone, to receive such punishment?<br><br>
No. I was a public person… I worked as an assistant to a lawyer<br>
defending political prisoners. They arrested me when I was preparing<br>
to go visit one of the prisoners. They said I participated in the<br>
escape of Assata Shakur. They are still very mad about that escape,<br>
the government hasn't forgiven it, and they still want to force her<br>
return to the United States.<br><br>
They said it was a conspiracy; of course other defendants were<br>
accused of other things, but the most important charge against me
was<br>
for aiding in the escape. At one moment I decided to say: Yes I<br>
participated, because I thought that was the right thing to do.<br><br>
In the trial, no, I didn't say anything, but after when the people<br>
said to me, you are innocent, I decided to say: no, I am not<br>
innocent, I participated in the escape, that's not the problem, the<br>
problem is something else.<br><br>
You maintained that the struggle was a just cause…<br><br>
Yes, I did. But I should explain that nobody understands how a<br>
43-year sentence was possible. It needs to be put in a political<br>
context. I had to say, 'yes I participated,' not because she is my<br>
friend, not because I know her, I participated because she
represents<br>
certain things in a period of United States history that are very<br>
important from my political point of view.<br><br>
When you talk about the history of the movement, you can't always
say<br>
that all those people who are imprisoned are innocent, because if
you<br>
say they are all innocent, you are also saying in a certain way that<br>
the movement doesn't exist. That's why I said I participated in this<br>
movement, because it was just.<br><br>
In your case, was there an appeals process before the different<br>
levels of courts?<br><br>
Yes and the result was that the court declared that there was little<br>
proof against me, but they didn't want to overturn the decision in<br>
the totality of the case… The evidence against me was weak, but for<br>
the overall case they didn't want to change my sentence.<br><br>
But today we are living in a very different time. Some say that as<br>
long as Bush is in office there is no hope for the Cuban Five. At<br>
this time there are many more people suffering all that you
suffered…<br><br>
Yes, that's true, it is a very hard time, but it's not the first
time<br>
that this has happened in the United States. I believe it is even<br>
more important to struggle today than in times that were more open,<br>
more democratic. It is also essential to create international<br>
solidarity.<br><br>
Look how things are changing in Latin America, with governments very<br>
different from 20 years ago. Twenty years before there were<br>
dictatorships in Argentina, Chile… and now there is Lula, Chavez,<br>
Kirchner; things are changing.<br><br>
We shouldn't only look at what is happening within the United
States.<br>
We should also analyze things internationally, understand better
what<br>
is happening, for example in Latin America; because that creates
more<br>
possibilities for the solidarity movement with the Cuban Five, that<br>
means things can change.<br><br>
Do you have a personal message for those who know and admire
you?<br><br>
I only want to tell them that it is always very important to
continue<br>
doing what they are doing, defending their ideals, because that is<br>
the only way to create a solidarity movement. In the end, the United<br>
States responds to international pressure. They try to make it seem<br>
that they don't, but if a strong movement is created, political<br>
solutions can be obtained. They are not going to say it in that way,<br>
but that's how it is. I don't know how to explain the contradiction<br>
between public and private action, but it exists and yes, it can<br>
create a movement to obtain their freedom.<br><br>
SILVIA'S LONG NIGHTMARE<br><br>
Two years have gone by since our interview. I don't know how much
the<br>
expression on Silvia Baraldini's face has changed since she gained<br>
complete freedom, but I remember the one she had when we quickly
said<br>
goodbye because it was nearly the hour when she had to report to the<br>
police. A well of pain competed with her magnificent smile. And
while<br>
I didn't record her last words, I still remember them as if they
were<br>
said only yesterday: "You know what troubles me the most today?
That<br>
all of us, who in one way or another were released, are white. The<br>
African-Americans who were part of our cause are still in jail,<br>
without any presidential pardon, without conditional freedom. They<br>
are still imprisoned there or persecuted wherever they go.<br><br>
1. The United States and Italy are signers of the convention that<br>
allows for citizens of a country to serve their sentences in the
home<br>
country.<br><br>
2. An African-American political activist who escaped from prison
and<br>
has lived in exile since 1984. The FBI continues to viciously pursue<br>
her and has offered a million dollars for her capture. See more at:<br>
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/" eudora="autourl">
www.assatashakur.org<br><br>
</a>3. As a lawyer representing Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman -also known
as<br>
the blind Sheikh and who is serving a life sentence on charges of<br>
terrorism for the first (failed) attempt on the Twin Towers- Lynne<br>
Stewart was found guilty of helping her client communicate with his<br>
followers in Egypt. The messages he wrote were asking them for a<br>
cease fire and an end to the violence. Recently a judge sentenced<br>
Steward to 28 months in prison, while she awaits her appeal of a 30<br>
year sentence.<br>
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