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<title>Swimming in Mud in the Fifth Circle of Hell: The
Forty-Sixth Newsletter (2024)</title>
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valign="top"> <strong><span
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style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">Swimming
in Mud in the Fifth
Circle of Hell: The
Forty-Sixth Newsletter
(2024)</span></span></span></strong>
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<span
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<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_114029"
class="wp-caption alignnone"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async"
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114029"
class="wp-image-114029 size-large img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-a%CC%80-Buchenwald-1945_v2-1024x614.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-à-Buchenwald-1945_v2-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-à-Buchenwald-1945_v2-300x180.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-à-Buchenwald-1945_v2-768x461.jpg 768w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-à-Buchenwald-1945_v2-1536x921.jpg 1536w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Boris-Taslitzky-France-Le-Petit-Camp-à-Buchenwald-1945_v2.jpg 1897w"
sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1024" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-114029" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Boris
Taslitzky (France)<i>,
Le Petit Camp à
Buchenwald</i> (The
Small Camp of
Buchenwald), 1945.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=dba74b0775&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">When
Dante Alighieri and his
guide reach the fifth circle
of hell in <i>Inferno</i>’s
Canto VII, they come across
the River Styx, where people
who could not contain their
anger in life now wallow and
fight each other on the
surface of the turbulent,
muddy water, and below them
lie those who had been
sullen in life, their
frustrations coming to the
surface as bubbles:</p>
<blockquote
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">And
I, who stood intent upon
beholding,<br>
Saw people mud-besprent in
that lagoon.<br>
All of them naked and with
angry look.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">They
smote each other not alone
with hands,<br>
But with the head and with
the breast and feet,<br>
Tearing each other
piecemeal with their
teeth.</p>
</blockquote>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Every
culture depicts some
variation of this
characterisation of hell, in
which those who have
violated rules that are
intended to produce a
harmonious society suffer an
afterlife of punishment. For
instance, in the Indian
Gangetic plain, centuries
before Dante, the unknown
authors of the <i>Garuda
Purana</i> described the
twenty-eight different <i>narakas</i>
(hells). The similarities
between Dante’s <i>Inferno</i>
and the <i>Garuda Purana</i>
can be explained by the
common horrors and fears
that human beings share:
being devoured alive,
drowned, and mutilated. It
is as if the justice
available to most people on
Earth is insufficient, and
so there is hope that a
divine justice will
eventually deliver a
deferred punishment.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_114039"
class="wp-caption alignnone"><img decoding="async"
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114039"
class="wp-image-114039 size-large img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Wayan-Ketig-Indonesia-Bima-Swaraga-1970_v2-1024x486.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Wayan-Ketig-Indonesia-Bima-Swaraga-1970_v2-1024x486.jpg 1024w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Wayan-Ketig-Indonesia-Bima-Swaraga-1970_v2-300x142.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Wayan-Ketig-Indonesia-Bima-Swaraga-1970_v2-768x364.jpg 768w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Wayan-Ketig-Indonesia-Bima-Swaraga-1970_v2.jpg 1400w"
sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1024" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-114039" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Wayan
Ketig (Indonesia), <i>Bima
Swarga</i>, c. 1970.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In
January 2025, Donald Trump –
who has cultivated a
politics of anger that is
not uncommon in our world
– will be inaugurated for
his second term as the
president of the United
States. Such a politics of
anger is present in many
countries, including across
Europe – which otherwise
sees itself as somehow above
the brutal emotions and as a
continent of reason. There
is a temptation amongst
liberals to characterise
this politics of anger as
fascism, but this is not
accurate. Trump and his
political confraternity
across the world (from
Giorgia Meloni in Italy to
Javier Milei in Argentina)
do not advertise themselves
as fascists, nor do they
wear the same emblems or use
the same rhetoric. Though
some of their followers
brandish swastikas and other
fascist symbols, most of
them are more careful. They
do not wear military
uniforms, nor do they call
the military out of the
barracks to lend them a
hand. Their politics is
couched in a modern rhetoric
of development and trade
alongside the promise of
jobs and social welfare for
nationals. They point their
fingers at the neoliberal
pact of the old parties of
liberalism and conservatism
and mock them for their
elitism. They elevate
individuals from outside the
ranks of the elites as
saviours, men and women who
they say will finally speak
for the discarded precarious
workers and the declined
middle classes. They speak
angrily to differentiate
themselves from the old
parties of liberalism and
conservatism, who speak
without emotion about the
ghastly social and economic
landscape that now exists in
much of the world.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">This
begs the question: are the
leaders of this ‘<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b557c2dfa2&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">far
right of a special type</a>’
– a new kind of right wing
that is intimately tied to
liberalism – doing anything
especially unique? A close
look shows that they are
merely building upon the
foundation laid by the
colourless leadership of the
old parties of liberalism
and conservativism. For
example, the old parties
already:</p>
<ol type="A">
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">decimated
the social fabric through
privatisation and
deregulation, weakened
trade unions through
policies of uberisation,
and created insecurity and
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=d964d9fe55&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">atomisation</a>
in society.</li>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">enforced
policies that have
increased inflation and
deflated wages while
increasing the wealth of
the few through lax tax
policies and rising stock
markets.</li>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">strengthened
the repressive apparatus
of the state and tried to
stifle dissent, including
by targeting those who
want to rebuild
working-class movements.</li>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">encouraged
war and devastation, such
as by preventing a peace
deal in Ukraine and
encouraging the US-Israeli
genocide of Palestinians.</li>
</ol>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Such
a politics of anger is
already in motion in
society, though none of it
was created by the far right
of a special type. A world
of anger is the product of
the neoliberal pact of the
old parties of liberalism
and conservatism. It is
neither the Alternative for
Germany (Alternative für
Deutschland, AfD), nor
France’s National Rally
(Rassemblement national) or
Trump in his first term that
have produced this world,
however repellent their
politics may be. When these
groups win state power, they
become beneficiaries of a
society of anger produced by
the neoliberal pact.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_114049"
class="wp-caption alignnone"><img decoding="async"
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114049"
class="wp-image-114049 size-large img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Toyohara-Kunichika-Japan-Yanagikaze-Fukiya-no-Itosuji-1864_v2-1024x494.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Toyohara-Kunichika-Japan-Yanagikaze-Fukiya-no-Itosuji-1864_v2-1024x494.jpg 1024w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Toyohara-Kunichika-Japan-Yanagikaze-Fukiya-no-Itosuji-1864_v2-300x145.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Toyohara-Kunichika-Japan-Yanagikaze-Fukiya-no-Itosuji-1864_v2-768x370.jpg 768w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Toyohara-Kunichika-Japan-Yanagikaze-Fukiya-no-Itosuji-1864_v2.jpg 1300w"
sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1024" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-114049" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Toyohara
Kunichika (Japan), <i>Yanagikaze
Fukiya no Itosuji</i>,
1864.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
language of Trump and his
political family is
nonetheless alarming. They
speak with casual anger, and
they turn that anger against
the vulnerable (especially
migrants and dissidents).
Trump, for example, speaks
of refugees as if they are
vermin that need to be
exterminated. Older,
decadent language can be
heard in the rhetoric of the
far right of a special type,
the language of death and
disorder. But this is their
tone, not their policies.
The old parties of the
neoliberal pact have already
sent their militaries to the
border, invaded the slums,
cut social relief and
welfare out of the budgets
of their countries, and
increased spending for
repression at home and
abroad. The old politicians
of the neoliberal pact will
say that the ‘economy’ is
flourishing, by which they
mean that the stock market
is bathed in champagne; they
say that they will protect
the right of women to
control their health but
pass no legislation to do
so; they say that they are
for ceasefires while they
authorise weapons transfers
to continue war and
genocide. The neoliberal
pact has already dislocated
society. The parties of the
far right simply push away
the hypocrisy. They are not
the antithesis of the
neoliberal pact but its more
accurate mirror image.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Yet
irrational anger is not the
mood of the people who vote
for the parties of the far
right of a special type, a
cliché woven by
unimaginative neoliberal
politicians. It is the tone
of the far right of a
special type’s leading
politicians that would earn
them a place in the fifth
circle of Dante’s hell. They
are the angry ones. Their
elite opponents, the
politicians of the old
parties of liberalism and
conservatism, are the sullen
ones, under the mud, their
emotions muffled.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_114059"
class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async"
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114059"
class="wp-image-114059 size-large img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Franz-von-Stuck-Germany-Inferno-1909-1024x625.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Franz-von-Stuck-Germany-Inferno-1909-1024x625.jpg 1024w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Franz-von-Stuck-Germany-Inferno-1909-300x183.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Franz-von-Stuck-Germany-Inferno-1909-768x469.jpg 768w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Franz-von-Stuck-Germany-Inferno-1909.jpg 1260w"
sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1024" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-114059" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Franz
von Stuck (Germany), <i>Inferno</i>,
1908.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In
2017, Brazil’s Perseu Abramo
Foundation published a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e8ad8ac577&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">study</a>
about the political
perceptions and values of
the residents of São Paulo’s
favelas, which found that
they are in favour of more
social policies of relief
and welfare. They know that
their hard work does not
result in sufficient means,
and so they hope that
government policies will
provide additional support.
These opinions should
theoretically lead to the
growth of class politics.
Yet the researchers found
that this was not the case:
instead, neoliberal ideas
had flooded the favelas,
leading its residents to see
the primary conflict not as
one between the rich and the
poor, but one between the
state and individuals,
setting aside the role of
capital. The findings of
this study are replicated in
many other similar
investigations. It is not
that the sections of the
working class that turn to
the far right of a special
type are irrationally angry
or deluded. They are clear
about their experience, but
they blame the degradation
of their lives on the state.
Can you blame them? Their
relationship to the state is
not shaped by social workers
or welfare offices, but by
the viciousness of the
special police that are
authorised to deny their
civil and human rights. And
so, they come to associate
the state with the
neoliberal pact and to hate
it. Rising from these muddy
waters, the politicians of
the far right appear as
potential saviours. Never
mind that they have no
agenda to reverse the
carnage that the neoliberal
policies of the old parties
inflict on society: at least
they purport to hate it,
too.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_114069"
class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async"
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114069"
class="wp-image-114069 size-large img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Fuyuko-Matsui-Japan-Keeping-up-the-Pureness-2024_v2-1024x379.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Fuyuko-Matsui-Japan-Keeping-up-the-Pureness-2024_v2-1024x379.jpg 1024w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Fuyuko-Matsui-Japan-Keeping-up-the-Pureness-2024_v2-300x111.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Fuyuko-Matsui-Japan-Keeping-up-the-Pureness-2024_v2-768x284.jpg 768w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Fuyuko-Matsui-Japan-Keeping-up-the-Pureness-2024_v2.jpg 1100w"
sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="1024" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-114069" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Fuyuko
Matsui (Japan), <em>Keeping
up the Pureness</em>,
2004.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Yet
the agenda of the far right
of a special type is not to
solve the problems of the
majority: it is to deepen
them by inflicting an
acerbic form of nationalism
on society, one that is not
rooted in love of one’s
fellow human beings but in
hatred of the vulnerable.
This hatred then masquerades
as patriotism; the size of
the national flag grows, and
enthusiasm for the national
anthem increases by
decibels. Patriotism begins
to smell of anger and
bitterness, of violence and
frustration, of the mud of
hell. It is one thing to be
patriotic about flags and
anthems, but it is another
to be patriotic against
starvation and hopelessness.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Human
beings ache to be decent,
but that ache has been
smothered in the mud by
desperation and resentment.
Dante and his guide
eventually make their way
through the circles of hell,
crossing streams and chasms
to arrive at a small hole in
the firmament from which
they can see the stars and
have their first glimpse of
paradise. We ache to see the
stars.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
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