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<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">To Confront Rising Neofascism, the Latin American Left Must Rediscover Itself</h1>August 21, 2024</div>
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<div class="gmail-moz-reader-content gmail-reader-show-element"><div id="gmail-readability-page-1" class="gmail-page"><div><p><img width="438" height="373" src="https://orinocotribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nadie-se-salva-solo.jpg" alt="Drawing of a protest with the caption "Nobody can save themselves alone." Photo: Instagram/@villyvillian." class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;"></p>
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Drawing of a protest with the caption "Nobody can save themselves alone." Photo: Instagram/@villyvillian.</p>
<p></p></div><div id="gmail-content"><div><p>By Tricontinental Institute for Social Research – Aug 13, 2024</p><p><strong>This
dossier presents a broad overview of the Latin American far right’s
political, economic, and cultural programmes and how the absence of a
real left political project that secures better living conditions has
thrown different fractions of the working class into the grip of
neofascism.</strong></p><p><strong>Introduction</strong><br>
The new Latin American progressive wave has created great expectations
among the left, not only on the continent but across the world. Though
institutional victories over the far right in presidential elections are
important, defeating neofascism is a long and arduous journey – even
after an electoral victory. Beyond influencing governments, the ideology
of the far right has permeated much of society in an organised way,
drawing a significant part of the working class into its project of
death.</p><p>This dossier provides an overview of the Latin American far
right’s political, economic, and cultural programmes based on the
reflections, research, political activity, and lived experiences of the
Latin America offices of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research.
The dossier discusses the advance of neoliberalism and its impact on the
material conditions of the working class across the continent and
examines the ideological and cultural mechanisms of this economic model,
which convinces a significant part of the working class to support a
project in which they themselves are the primary victims. The proximity
between the right and the working class was forged not by the
‘traditional’ or ‘moderate’ right, which generally operate in spaces far
removed from the working class, but during the most recent phase of
neoliberalism in the form of a more radical and populist project known
as neofascism.</p><p>Thus, we are living in a historical moment of
paralysis between social forces and their primary political projects.
Neither neoliberalism nor today’s progressive wave – which in many ways
lacks a revolutionary outlook – have been able to imagine a future for
the working class that does not involve a return to the policies of the
past three decades. For the theorist and former Bolivian Vice President
Álvaro García Linera, we are living in a ‘collective stupor, of a
certain paralysis, in which time seems to be suspended’.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn1" name="_ednref1"><sup>1</sup></a></p><p>Rather
than analyse the situation from a distance, this dossier explores
concrete experiences of struggle within the current Latin American
context in order to construct a regional perspective and contemplate a
collective project to overcome the structural issues impacting the
continent. As such, it is an invitation to create new spaces for debate,
education, and continuous and integrated struggle.</p><img src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2_Tulio-Carapia-e-Clara-Cerqueira_Guerra-Hibrida_Brasil.jpg" alt="Hybrid Wars (2020), by Túlio Carapiá and Clara Cerqueira (Brazil)." width="310" height="438" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;">Hybrid Wars (2020), by Túlio Carapiá and Clara Cerqueira (Brazil).<p><strong>Neoliberalism: From institutional politics to ideology</strong><br>
The most recent electoral victories of progressive candidates in Latin
America have been characterised as a ‘second pink tide’, generating
certain expectations among the left.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn2" name="_ednref2"><sup>2</sup></a>
However, in contrast to the ‘first pink tide’, which frontally
challenged US imperialism by advancing Latin American integration and
geopolitical sovereignty, this second wave of progressive electoral
victories seems more fragile. Current progressive governments have
emerged in an unfavourable international and domestic political context
featuring an emboldened far right whose strength goes far beyond the
institutional level. For example, the neofascist experience during the
four years of Jair Bolsonaro’s presidency in Brazil (2019-2022)
compelled progressive forces to ally with the left’s historical enemies
in order to reduce far-right candidates’ chances of winning. In
attempting to define its political project, the second progressive wave,
unable to apply the formulas of the past, thus finds itself in a
crisis. In this context, a number of factors have inhibited the advance
of progressive forces, such as:</p><ol><li>the worldwide financial and
environmental crises, which have created divisions between countries in
the region about which path to follow;</li><li>the United States’
reassertion of control over the region, which it had lost as a result of
the first progressive wave, in particular to challenge what the US sees
as China’s entry into Latin American markets. This includes the
region’s natural and labour resources;</li><li>the increasing
uberisation of labour markets, which has created much more precarious
lives for workers and negatively impacted the working class’s capacity
for mass organisation. This has resulted in a significant rolling back
of workers’ rights and has weakened working class power;</li><li>the
reconfiguration of social reproduction, which has become centred around
public disinvestment in social welfare policies, thereby placing the
responsibility for care in the private sphere and primarily
overburdening women;</li><li>the growth of US military power in the region as its main instrument of domination in response to its declining economic power;</li><li>the
fact that China, which has emerged as Latin America’s primary trading
partner, has not sought to frontally challenge the US agenda to secure
hegemony over the continent and that the region’s governments have been
unable to drive an agenda of sovereignty by taking advantage of China’s
economic influence and the opportunities it presents;<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn3" name="_ednref3"><sup>3</sup></a></li><li>divisions
between progressive governments and the ascension of neofascism in the
Americas, which impede the growth of a progressive regional agenda,
including policies for continental integration akin to those proposed
during the first progressive wave.</li></ol><p>Within this context,
neofascism emerges as a political and social phenomenon that appears in a
very specific form on the periphery of capitalism. As in the twentieth
century, the current decline of the liberal order as a form of
capitalist domination has given rise to the world’s most recent
manifestation of fascism and its accompanying unfathomable political,
economic, and cultural regressions.</p><p>More than forty years of
neoliberalism have resulted in low levels of economic growth, increased
unemployment, an unstable labour market, the dismantling of public and
social infrastructure, and increased income inequality, with a powerful
few amassing huge fortunes.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>4</sup></a>
The neoliberal development model is antagonistic to human life,
creating a permanent climate of unhappiness and suffering. It is no
coincidence that the rates of psychosomatic illness and use of
antidepressants have risen exponentially – a clear symptom of a society
that incentivises no-holds-barred competition among individuals at the
cost of leisure, culture, liberatory education, and solidarity. Under
neoliberalism, the ideas of the corporate world are imposed on all
spheres of life, shaping individuals’ subjectivity. Life is now
structured around the parameters of the private realm, emphasising
individualism, consumption, and the market as the primary
characteristics of human relations.</p><img src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/3_Alejo-R.-Romero_NEO_Liberalismo_Cuba.jpg" alt="NEO_Liberalism (2020), by Alejo R. Romero (Cuba)." width="313" height="438" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;">NEO_Liberalism (2020), by Alejo R. Romero (Cuba).<p>Neoliberal
ideology in Latin America and the Caribbean took advantage of a state
that had proven itself to be permanently incapable and ineffective in
meeting the needs of the majority, as evidenced by the maintenance of
historic structures of inequality. In the 1980s, Latin American
countries underwent profound fiscal crises and uncontrollable inflation.
Thus, the idea of the ‘inefficient state’ and the ‘wasteful state’ (or
the <em>e</em><em>stado elefantico</em> – ‘elephantine state’ – as they
say in Argentina) began to win hearts and minds in Latin American
societies. Then, in the 1990s, a series of neoliberal projects began to
be implemented. The most common measures included privatisation; trade,
financial, and labour deregulation; and economic policies that
prioritised balanced public budgets over social investments. However, it
was from the 2007–2008 financial crisis onwards that neoliberal
discourse was radicalised and was able to win over a significant part of
the masses.</p><p>During the long-term economic crisis that began in 2007, a series of coups<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>5</sup></a> and
other concerted efforts took place that sought to undermine left and
progressive governments that were committed to advancing social
policies.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn4" name="_ednref4"><sup>6</sup></a> These
coups were carried out by national elites and international capital –
with the participation of the US government – and were supported by the
national corporate media. After the economic crisis, with less to go
around, finance capital no longer considered it feasible for progressive
governments to remain in power and implement their social policies.
Although a few countries were able to maintain social cohesion and
utilise the state to support those most in need, the general order of
the day was the further intensification of neoliberalism and
super-exploitation of labour, such as through labour and pension reforms
and the adoption of ultraliberal economic policies.</p><p>The
undermining and toppling of progressive governments and the rise of the
Latin American far right did not always take place in exactly the same
way or at the same time. It is important to examine the circumstances of
each country in order to more fully understand the broader changes
taking place in the region. However, these changes are all related to
the crisis of neoliberal capitalism and finance capital’s response,
geared toward preserving the mechanisms of accumulation. Political
representation and the various forms of political activity within a
given society are key factors in achieving these goals. Examples of
these processes include the coups against Manuel Zelaya in Honduras in
2009, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay in 2012, Dilma Rousseff in Brazil in
2016, and Evo Morales in Bolivia in 2019; the imprisonment of Luiz
Inácio ‘Lula’ da Silva in Brazil in 2018; and the political persecution
of and assassination attempt against Cristina Kirchner in Argentina in
2022.</p><p>The broad reorganisation of the Latin American right
featured many common techniques, such as a combination of legal and
illegal means, and g the centrality of the battle of ideas – or ‘culture
war’ – within its political strategy. However, this process unfolded
differently in each country and even within the same country at
different moments in time. In Brazil, for example, the ‘moderate’ right
radicalised its discourse and tactics – especially as the right began to
take hold following the 2016 coup against then President Dilma Rousseff
of the Workers’ Party. After losing the 2014 presidential election to
Rousseff, the traditional-right candidate Aécio Neves contested the
result and requested a vote recount, causing political instability and
opening the door for Rousseff’s impeachment two years later. In other
words, the traditional right planned the 2016 coup after being defeated
in four consecutive presidential elections, opening a space for
neofascism to take power with the election of Jair Bolsonaro in 2018.
The consequences were devastating, and institutional progressive forces
have since had to pursue a defensive agenda, managing neoliberal
policies instead of building a comprehensive left project for the
country.</p><p>All the while, the neofascist monster continues to roam
across Brazil. It is present in all spaces, from the environmental
debate, with its measures and positions that deny climate change, to the
educational arena, with the discourse of<em> Escola sem Partido </em>(‘schools without political parties’),<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><sup>7</sup></a> to
the church and the everyday life of the people. In these spaces, the
far right constructs a model of life and moral values that exalt
individualism, property, the market, and the ‘traditional family’. The
poorest sectors of the population – especially Black people, women, and
LGBTQIA+ people – continue to be the primary victims of their policies.
All of these ideas, which were already present in Brazilian society,
were spread on an unprecedented scale through (dis)information made
possible (and encouraged) by big tech companies.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn5" name="_ednref5"><sup>8</sup></a></p><p>In
Argentina, the right deepened its use of the judicial branch to
persecute political opponents, especially Cristina Kirchner, following
the electoral victory of former President Mauricio Macri in 2015. The
‘moderate’ right did the dirty work of radicalising the political
environment with lies and used the state apparatus under their control
to attack progressive governments. Nevertheless, over time, this more
traditional right was delegitimised in the elections since its policies
lacked any connection to social demands. The moderate right then receded
into the background of the political scene, opening the door for
far-right figures presenting themselves as anti-establishment and
champions of social change.</p><p>One of these figures, Javier Milei,
assumed the presidency at the end of 2023. Milei proclaims that he will
remake Argentina with the stated goal of ‘ending populism’. Along these
lines, his government’s initiatives seek to end labour and social rights
for the majority, ‘deregulate markets’ to favour large companies –
especially large foreign corporations – and reduce the state’s overall
role in the economy by privatising public entities and dismantling
virtually all social and cultural development programmes. At the same
time, as in other countries, the discourse of hate is being promoted by
the state apparatus as well as spokespeople who have a long history of
disseminating fake news. These techniques are used to attack
organisations that defend social rights and delegitimise the very ideas
of social change, such as the concepts of economic redistribution and
social justice. Furthermore, the idea of placing one’s faith in a
‘saviour’ over a ‘standard politician’ has won over a significant
segment of the population. In this way, neofascism achieves the classic
fascist goal of securing the masses’ fealty to a project that is against
their own interests.</p><p>This massive backing of a project that works
against the interests of the people is part of an economic strategy and
a product of the crisis that began in 2007–2008. In general, Latin
American governments were not able to expand their social investments as
they had in preceding years. Even though the absence of regulations and
the lack of a basic level of state control were among the main factors
contributing to the crisis, the narrative that won the day was that the
state and the interventionist policies of progressive governments were
the principal causes of social ills.</p><p>In Brazil, this ideology
spread widely throughout society, including among the most oppressed
sectors of the population, opening the space for a new round of
neoliberal reforms. In 2017, the Perseu Abramo Foundation published a
study about the moral values of residents living in São Paulo’s poorest
neighbourhoods that concluded that, though these residents did not
oppose social policies, the neoliberal ideology had gained a strong
foothold amongst this segment of the population. For example, for the
majority of those interviewed, the primary conflict in society is
between individuals and the state, and not between the rich and the
poor.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn6" name="_ednref6"><sup>9</sup></a></p><p>In
Brazil, for instance, the government of Michel Temer, which assumed
power following the 2016 coup against Rousseff, approved labour reform
laws that rolled back workers’ rights, using the rationale that reducing
labour costs would result in job growth. Then, in 2019, the Bolsonaro
government approved pension reform laws that increased the minimum
retirement age and reduced the benefit amount that retirees would
receive. Yet, this rolling back of social rights did not result in a
level of unrest that would have paved the way for broad mobilisations
against the reforms.</p><p>This complacency stems from a variety of
successful strategies that the neoliberal project has developed to
convince the public of its efficacy. For instance, as the Perseu Abramo
Foundation study showed, many residents of poor neighbourhoods aspire to
be entrepreneurs due to the ‘benefits’ of no longer having a boss,
having more flexibility, increasing their income, and being able to
leave an inheritance for their family. This vision opens political space
for neoliberal governments to restructure the world of work, primarily
by rolling back social rights, without much opposition from the working
class.</p><p>What we are seeing today is the modern manifestation of
twentieth-century fascism, though with some important distinctions,
which takes different forms and goes by different names such as
right-wing populism, the new right, the far right, and the ultra right.
Neofascism in Latin America can thus be defined as a new political,
economic, and cultural movement based on four main elements:</p><ol><li>the
successful implantation of a neoliberal ideology, including in a
frustrated and resentful middle class that bases its worldview on the
ideas of the elites and has not created its own class project;</li><li>an
anti-intellectualism among elites who promote a cult of action for
action’s sake, reject reason, are opposed to the pillars of the
Enlightenment (scientific denialism), and rely on ‘common sense’
explanations for the most diverse and complex questions facing society
as a whole;</li><li>the production of a national identity based on a
single figure – that of the upstanding citizen – that provides
simplistic explanations for any situation; attempts to omit, ignore, or
negate contradictions; and avoids critical analysis in favour of a
monolithic line of reasoning expressed in punitive, militarist,
denialist, racist, and misogynistic discourse; and</li><li>the
mobilisation of anti-communist ideology, which, supported by religious
fundamentalism, fuses social conservatism and political moralism.</li></ol><p><strong>Latin American progressivism and the awakening of a monster</strong><br>
These new elements of Latin American neofascism are connected to
transformations in the world of work, itself part of the broader
neoliberal programme to restructure the relations of production. They
lay a foundation for fundamental changes in the forms of working-class
organisation and action, fragmenting and isolating workers whose
physical separation from the workplace and labour unions impedes them
from developing a class consciousness. This breaks up spaces of debate
and political formation, further hindering the development of a
class-based identity that could lead to a collective worldview capable
of challenging neoliberal ideals.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn7" name="_ednref7"><sup>10</sup></a> As
described below, Silicon Valley plays a strategic role in this process,
providing the ideological content and technological apparatuses
necessary for the mass distribution of messages. This strategy separates
people into communication bubbles and uses digital surveillance to
categorise them and their behaviours. As a result of these shifts,
concrete examples of organisation and collective activity become less
common; the prospect for change, when it appears, seems opaque and vague
for most people. In this context, progressive forces, which still rely
largely on historic forms of struggle that do not fully respond to the
material conditions of the present and yet must face workers’ fragmented
sense of identity, have found it difficult to create new forms of
collective organisation. Demands, such as for shorter work shifts, no
longer resonate with workers in a system where, for many, the more hours
they work, the more they are paid. In other words, many workers’ rights
movements have not yet analysed the new world of work, insisting
instead on outdated tactics. The insistence on grassroots work is
fundamental, but it must take into account concrete information about
who the current worker is, as well as his/her subjective and objective
demands, and make use of new communication technologies.</p><p>Meanwhile,
the Latin American governments of the second progressive wave have not
been able to properly confront the neofascist monster. The balance of
forces in the world has not allowed these states to advance structural
policies that further the interests of countries in the capitalist
periphery, a weakness that has hindered large-scale projects and
programmes that directly seek to transcend the capitalist system.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn8" name="_ednref8"><sup>11</sup></a> The
tempo of the class struggle in societies in the periphery does not
favour the working class and the peasantry, which is why progressive
forces are unable to drive a proper agenda when they come to power.</p><img src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/4.jpg" alt="Narco > Justice (2024), by LaBogotana (Colombia)." width="350" height="438" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;">Narco > Justice (2024), by LaBogotana (Colombia).<p>The
transition from a neoliberal or neofascist to a progressive government
capable of advancing structural transformation is not possible without a
broad base of working-class support. At this time, the conjuncture does
not favour broad structural transformation. For that reason,
progressive electoral projects have had a difficult time building strong
popular support for their limited programmes. The difficulty of
building a political project of the left that can overcome the
day-to-day problems of working-class existence has unmoored many of
these progressive electoral projects from mass needs. This condition of
being unmoored has led sections of the working class and peasantry to
seek refuge under the banner of neofascism.</p><p>The drift of sections
of the working class to neofascism is related to the role of drugs and
drug mafias in their communities. The grip of drug mafias has brought
fear and violence into these communities, which have begun to determine
the reality of everyday life. South America is a central part of the
chain of production, distribution, and consumption and is a laboratory
of policies that criminalise the poor and poverty.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><sup>12</sup></a> The
primary South American drug-producing countries (Bolivia, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru) are integrated into a system with the distributing
countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay) in an accelerating
cycle of failed policies centred on imprisonment, policing, and the
fragmentation of urban neighbourhoods.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn9" name="_ednref9"><sup>13</sup></a> This
violent social Darwinist approach interweaves Latin America with the
globalisation of contemporary capitalism through the criminal economy
since drug trafficking is linked to the arms market, weapons
manufacturers, and the financial system.</p><p>To counter the rise of
drug barons, many governments in Latin America have, by and large,
adopted the US War on Drugs mentality, which means using armed force to
exercise control over working-class neighbourhoods. With few exceptions,
Latin American progressive governments have adhered to the War on
Drugs’ directives and policies as a response to growing violence in
urban areas marked by increasing inequality. These governments lack a
programme to counteract the War on Drugs and ensure public safety, a
main weak point that neofascists – such as the governments of Nayib
Bukele in El Salvador and Daniel Noboa in Ecuador – have seized upon to
politicise and expand their base. Here we find the inevitable overlap of
neoliberalism with an essential component of neofascism: militarism.</p><p>In
the case of Brazil, the permeability of the state and business class
has allowed criminal organisations and militias to consolidate and
expand throughout official structures, making use of political parties
and neofascists such as the Bolsonaro family, which continues to lead
the country’s neofascist movement known as <em>bolsonarismo. </em>According to the Brazilian Forum on Public Safety (<em>Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública</em>),
there are currently more than seventy large-scale criminal
organisations operating within the country, some with international
reach, working within a worldwide network of mafia organisations. In the
past decade, organisations acting as militias, most of whose members
are directly or indirectly linked to public safety institutions or the
armed forces, have further infiltrated the state. These organisations
are also connected with small and medium-sized private businesses that
secure public contracts to provide basic services.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn10" name="_ednref10"><sup>14</sup></a> The
War on Drugs has produced armed ‘governments’ that control vast urban
territories – environments within which the working class survives and
is socialised. Managed by the aforementioned criminal organisations,
these armed ‘governments’ control and profit from economic activity and
regulate how conflicts are resolved. Especially in the case of the
militias, these entities have also increasingly secured electoral
support for neofascism in these areas. Roughly 80% of the state of Rio
de Janeiro alone is controlled by these armed ‘governments’.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn11" name="_ednref11"><sup>15</sup></a></p><p>While
the right has an authoritative and punitive position on public safety
and against drug trafficking, progressive parties have become hostages
of electoral messaging, going along with the right’s discourse of
incarceration and severe punishment because it is increasingly popular
with voters. From an ideological perspective, poverty – and, primarily,
the poor – have become ever more associated with the image of an enemy
to be combatted: the young drug trafficker from the poorest
neighbourhoods. Every day, news stories bombard the country with
portrayals of the ‘good guy’ and the ‘perpetrator’, legitimising this
concept of ‘the enemy’. Anyone who resembles this constructed profile
(young, Black, and poor) can be eliminated without serious
repercussions, yet there are no effective social policies for the people
that fit this image. On a practical level, this means that the police
have a license to exterminate them.</p><p><strong>The Neofascist International?</strong><br>
Another subject of debate is whether neofascist organisation and
activity is coordinated at the international level. In contrast to
Europe, where these groups are organised through the structures of older
fascist parties, in Latin America neofascism is organised through think
thanks and backed by similar organisations in the US and Spain. In
Brazil, for instance, Eduardo Bolsonaro, a member of the Chamber of
Deputies<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><sup>16</sup></a> and
one of Jair Bolsonaro’s children, created a Brazilian version of the US
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) and has organised five
meetings with forty-three Latin American and eighty-two US neofascist
leaders since his father’s 2022 electoral defeat.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn12" name="_ednref12"><sup>17</sup></a></p><p>The
anti-communist tradition and reactivation of old international networks
have contributed to the rise of neofascism, unifying far-right actors
across multiple countries around an ideological discourse used to
mobilise and develop a political programme.</p><img src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/5_GABRIELLE-SODRE_FAKE-NEWS-E-A-BATALHA-DAS-IDEIAS_BRASIL.jpg" alt="Fake News and the Battle of Ideas (2020), by Gabrielle Sodré (Brazil)." width="310" height="438" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;">Fake News and the Battle of Ideas, 2020, by Gabrielle Sodré (Brazil).<p>Silicon
Valley plays a key role in manufacturing consent for neofascism, as in
the case of Elon Musk, tech baron and one of the world’s richest people.
Over the past decade, social media has become a powerful tool in the
battle over hearts and minds. It is now possible to collect
individualised data on the feelings and perceptions of a large part of
the population – above all the working class – concerning a broad range
of issues. Brazil, for instance, is the largest consumer of social media
in the Americas and the third largest in the world.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn13" name="_ednref13"><sup>18</sup></a> In
this sphere, where the business model favours a discourse of hate,
social media content largely reinforces a neoliberal ideology, making
use of religious fundamentalism, the theology of prosperity, and
punitivism. Social media is a key battleground in a culture war spurred
on by neofascism and site for efforts to bring together diverse
neofascist groups from across the world. This culture war is not the
spontaneous outcome of resentment and outrage from neoliberalism’s
victims: it is organised, centralised, and extremely well-funded.</p><p><strong>Neofascism and ‘Cultural Marxism’</strong><br>
Though the language of neofascism may be more refined and the culture
war techniques more sophisticated than those of traditional fascism, the
objective remains the same: to fragment the working class and
demobilise the class struggle. The battle of ideas and emotions is waged
in everyday life through the creation of values that resonate with the
people in concrete ways. Despite numerous institutional victories for
progressive forces in Latin America, neofascism has been able to
capitalise on the uncertain future of the working class, securing it a
prominent role in the public debate.</p><p>Without a doubt, religion has
been a key arena in the battle to win over the hearts and minds of the
working class. If in the past religion was the driving force behind
Latin American liberatory movements, today, in its conservative garb, it
has become an indispensable weapon in the right’s efforts to reach the
working class in everyday life. The neoliberal project has used
Christian religious fundamentalism to entrench itself throughout Latin
America, occupying institutional spaces and building a presence in the
day-to-day life of the population. While religious narratives fill the
world with the theology of prosperity, in which wealth and well-being
are the fruits of individual and rational faith (replacing social
justice with personal success), the Latin American right promotes the
same vision, also offering entrepreneurship as the only escape from the
problems that exist in the world of work. Individual entrepreneurship is
associated with the vision that only the strong survive, sacrifice is
the means to achieve a dignified life, and social rights are not rights
but perks given to a parasitic group. In this economic, sociocultural,
and political context, large corporations like the multinational
transportation company Uber and the Brazilian food delivery company
iFood find fertile ground for recruiting workers to their digital
platforms, where labour rights are largely absent and pay is based
exclusively on results.</p><p>Neofascism uses religion in several ways,
such as to attack sexual and reproductive rights through the discursive
war that condemns all that is not heterosexual and promotes a
heteronormative concept of family. Any questioning of this limited way
of existing in the world is framed as ‘gender ideology’, provoking moral
panic. Neofascists attack, condemn, and criticise as abnormal diverse
models of the family. These actors promote a discourse of hate and call
on society to rectify what they consider to be deviant attitudes,
resulting in escalating violence against the LGBTQIA+ population. In one
such example, a man set fire to a Buenos Aires hotel room where four
lesbians were living together while they were inside and stopped them
from escaping in a hate-motivated attack in May 2024. Three of them
died.</p><p>Defending the model of the traditional heterosexual family
also perpetuates the prevailing public policy in which women are reduced
to procreators, primary caregivers, and those responsible for children,
the sick, and the elderly. In other words, care continues to be a
responsibility within the private realm of women while they are
sentenced to the fires of condemnation, blamed for the violence they
suffer, and deprived of the right to decide what to do about an
undesired pregnancy, for example.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn14" name="_ednref14"><sup>19</sup></a></p><p>In
March 2024, a Datafolha survey announced alarming statistics about how
Brazilian society views abortion rights, which are a fundamental issue
for the feminist movements in Latin America. Only 6% of the Brazilian
population supports the legalisation of abortion in any situation (this
percentage is also very low among women, at 7%), and more than half of
the population (52%) believes that women who abort, under any
circumstance, should be jailed.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn15" name="_ednref15"><sup>20</sup></a> Most
women have either already had an abortion or know another woman close
to them who has. In other words, despite being intimately familiar with
the specific situations of women who chose to interrupt their pregnancy,
a significant portion of women support the criminalisation of abortion.
In this context, the role of religion, by promoting a limited,
cis-heteronormative view of the family, plays a significant role in
transforming diverse family models into a crime while challenging the
secular state.</p><img src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/6_Lucileia-da-Silva-Vieira_Estupro-Culposo_Brasil.jpg" alt="‘Unintentional’ Rape (2020), by Luciléia da Silva Vieira (Brazil)." width="317" height="438" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;">‘Unintentional’ Rape (2020), by Luciléia da Silva Vieira (Brazil).<p>Another
new trend in recent decades has been the right organising massive
street demonstrations around so-called ‘moral issues’ in some countries,
such as Peru or Brazil, thereby occupying a traditional mobilisation
space of the left.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn16" name="_ednref16"><sup>21</sup></a> Provoking
moral panic has been used as a campaign strategy in elections, such as
associating the defence of abortion with support for murder while
ignoring the profound and complex questions of race, class, and gender
that the issue encompasses. Religious groups, together with Latin
American elite conservatism, have developed shared strategies against
the legalisation of abortion. The alliance between religious and
political conservatives utilises the same discourse and aesthetic in
various countries, creating organised movements on social media, in
churches, and in the streets that primarily attract young people and
women. The intervention of religious fundamentalists in legislative
debates has often put a stop to important and widely discussed
progressive proposals that challenge the system of patriarchy.</p><p>The ‘Don’t Mess with My Kids’ (<em>Con mis hijos no te metas</em>)
campaign, a movement to stop the lure of ‘gender ideology’ in schools,
took place not just in the streets, but also in the debate over school
curricula, beginning in Peru and spreading its message across Latin
America, Europe, and elsewhere. Though evangelicals have carried out the
most conservative actions, fundamentalist Catholics have also taken
legal actions. In Venezuela, Catholics are the main social force
opposing abortion rights. In Ecuador, diverse religious currents
participated in street protests that presented themselves as secular
while nonetheless adhering to the fundamentalist playbook in their
arguments and discourse. The ‘defence of life’ against the legalisation
of abortion is also prevalent within academic circles across various
countries in Latin America, using the supposed scientific ‘data’ to
assert when a fetus should be classified as a life.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn17" name="_ednref17"><sup>22</sup></a></p><p>Neofascism
also uses religion in its constant mobilisation against a conjured
‘enemy’. This method is complementary to the attack on sexual and
reproductive rights described above. The concept of the enemy is central
to fundamentalist discourses, such as dominion theology,<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6"><sup>23</sup></a> and
is closely linked to the idea of ‘spiritual battle’ (the struggle
against an ever-present enemy). In this discourse, the historical enemy
of the continent’s right wing, which continues to be arbitrarily used,
is communism. Anti-communism assumes various forms, reflecting its
pluralistic, fantastical, and multifaceted nature. Different periods and
contexts have seen the rise of right-wing political and social fronts
unified in opposition to communism as a common enemy. Their demands
revolve around the absolute reverence of private property, family
cohesion – based on a unitary family model – and the order and defence
of a worldview centred on Christian principles.</p><p>In Brazil, these
forces have associated the Workers’ Party (PT) with communism, even
though the PT has always been a moderate, progressive party more focused
on conciliation than on radical breaks with the prevailing political
and/or economic systems. A study published in March 2023 by Intelligence
in Research and Strategic Consulting (<em>Inteligência em Pesquisa e Consultoria Estratégica</em>,
or IPEC), a public opinion research institute, noted that 44% of those
polled agree completely (31%) or in part (13%) with the statement that
Brazil could become a communist country with Lula in the presidency.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn18" name="_ednref18"><sup>24</sup></a> In
recent years, anti-communism and anti-Workers’ Party sentiment in the
country have become increasingly interconnected, largely spurred by
Christian fundamentalist sectors. These efforts have created the fantasy
that having the Workers’ Party in power will mean an attack on
Christian churches, on morality, and on the notion of respectable
behaviour.</p><p>The debate over social rights and any sign of a
strengthened state also fuels this anti-communist imaginary. There is a
vision, greatly influenced by the United States, that state involvement
in strengthening social rights is part of a communist agenda and,
consequently, the state as the guarantor of rights is an enemy to be
fought.</p><p>The construction of the ‘enemy’ is by no means a new
phenomenon. Across the continent, Latin America underwent arduous years
of dictatorships in the second half of the twentieth century that left a
profound mark on its history. This period left open wounds that often
continue to bleed. One of these struggles was the fight for freedom in a
context in which books were burned, songs were censored, and silence
was often the only possible defence against persecution and death. The
neofascist clamour for what they call freedom of expression today
obscures a bloody past. In this context, the word ‘freedom’ has become a
cornerstone of the right’s jargon, centred around ideas such as ‘God,
Country, Family’. This appropriation of the concept of freedom makes for
a painful irony given the continent’s history of repression and allows
crimes to be committed with impunity, aided by social media under the
control of big tech companies. Yet, neofascists persist in their claims
that the left is the enemy of freedom and accuse it of being
authoritarian for curtailing one’s freedom to speak their mind. In so
doing, the Latin American conservative and reactionary camp shamelessly
co-opt a fundamental concept of the people’s struggle for justice in
order to justify its atrocities.</p><p><strong>Antifascism and a new utopian future</strong><br>
Even in countries where Latin American governments act with the support
of a progressive or moderate majority and neofascists make up a noisy
minority, the far right is still strongly present in multiple arenas
such as legislatures, political parties, and civil society groups.
Defeating the right will not be an easy task, nor will it be confined to
the electoral sphere. The actions of organised social movements, whose
collective values of solidarity oppose neoliberal ideology, and of
governments that prioritise the strengthening of rights and policies
that advance the people’s well-being, are critical to winning this
struggle.</p><p>Part of what must be done is to reconnect politics with
the people’s needs, pains, and desires. But, above all, in order to
challenge the violence and criminality of the right-wing groups
spreading across the continent, it is necessary to take back our streets
and our neighbourhoods through mobilisations and social organisation,
which are currently in a weakened state. Miguel Stédile, coordinator of
the Tricontinental office in Brazil, warns that ‘to confront the
monsters of fascism, the left needs to rediscover itself. In the face of
today’s structural problems – the climate catastrophe, the migration
catastrophe, armed conflicts – the left must dare to propose equally
structural solutions. Moderation and crisis management […] is not enough
to make real changes’.<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/#_edn19" name="_ednref19"><sup>25</sup></a>
Sharpening the connection between theory and workers’ concrete
realities through creativity and the collective construction of new
utopias is an urgent task that must be undertaken every day.</p><p>(<a href="https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-neofascism-latin-america/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tricontinental</a>)</p><h2><br></h2></div></div></div></div>
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