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        class="preview">Amal Saad, a leading expert on the Lebanese
        resistance movement, says all-out war could lead to Israel’s
        downfall</div>
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href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2510348&post_id=147145026&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=lvppb&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjozNjc1MTU4MywicG9zdF9pZCI6MTQ3MTQ1MDI2LCJpYXQiOjE3MjIyOTg1MjMsImV4cCI6MTcyNDg5MDUyMywiaXNzIjoicHViLTI1MTAzNDgiLCJzdWIiOiJwb3N0LXJlYWN0aW9uIn0.hfg5RC83BMEf_y_oxj18EDAIzfb1xCD1JZlvYBQaPko"
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                        moz-do-not-send="true">Does Israel Really
                        Believe It Can Win a War Against Hezbollah?</a></h1>
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style="-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; appearance: optimizelegibility; color: #777777; font-family: 'SF Pro Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 4px 0 0; margin-top: 12px;">Amal
                      Saad, a leading expert on the Lebanese resistance
                      movement, says all-out war could lead to Israel’s
                      downfall</h3>
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href="https://substack.com/@jeremyscahill"
class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_3axfk_183 _line-height-20_3axfk_95 _font-meta_3axfk_131 _size-11_3axfk_35 _weight-medium_3axfk_162 _transform-uppercase_3axfk_242 _reset_3axfk_1 _meta_3axfk_442"
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style="color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-family: 'SF Compact', -apple-system, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .2px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0; text-decoration: unset; text-transform: uppercase;"><time
datetime="2024-07-30T00:14:19.826Z">Jul 30</time></div>
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                  <div dir="auto" class="body markup"
style="font-family: 'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: initial; width: 100%; word-break: break-word;">
                    <div class="captioned-image-container-static"
style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto; margin-top: 0;">
                      <figure style="margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;">On
                        Monday, flights at Beirut’s airport were
                        canceled as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
                        Netanyahu promised to carry out a “harsh”
                        military attack on Lebanon, following Saturday’s
                        deadly strike on a Syrian Druze community in the
                        Israeli-occupied Golan town of Majdal Shams. The
                        horrifying incident killed 12 children on a
                        soccer field. </figure>
                    </div>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Israel
                      and the U.S. immediately accused Hezbollah of
                      hitting the town with a Falaq-1 rocket launched
                      from southern Lebanon. Hezbollah has denied it was
                      behind the attack and both it and the Lebanese
                      government have called on the United Nations to
                      undertake an independent investigation. <br>
                    </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">The
                      way that blame for this incident unfolded publicly
                      lends itself to competing theories of
                      responsibility. Earlier Saturday, Hezbollah had
                      announced it had launched a series of attacks on
                      nearby Israeli military installations in
                      retaliation for the killing of four Hezbollah
                      fighters in an Israeli air strike in southern
                      Lebanon. When news of the deaths at the soccer
                      field began to emerge, Hezbollah swiftly issued a
                      statement saying that it had “no connection to the
                      [Majdal Shams] incident at all, and categorically
                      denies all false allegations.” Hezbollah charged
                      that an Israeli Iron Dome interceptor missile had
                      missed its target and hit the town. Israel has
                      claimed it identified the Hezbollah commander of
                      the strike. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">“Despite
                      [Hezbollah’s] denials, it's their rocket, it was
                      launched from an area that they control,” said
                      White House national security spokesperson John
                      Kirby on Monday.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>Since
                        Saturday, Netanyahu and other senior Israeli
                        officials have weaponized the deaths in the
                        Golan Heights to preemptively justify a larger
                        scale attack on Lebanon. “We are all Druze,”
                        proclaimed a </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/039da440-7556-4c57-968c-87f46ef093be?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">post</a><span> on the
                        state of Israel’s official Twitter/X account on
                        Saturday. “These children are our children,”
                        Netanyahu said when he visited Majdal Shams on
                        Monday — though the vast majority of the
                        estimated 20-25,000 Druze residents of occupied
                        Golan Heights have rejected Israeli citizenship
                        and have regularly protested Israel’s wars and
                        policies. None of the 12 victims held </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8db28742-aaec-43f3-9759-a7e7507ca0fb?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">Israeli citizenship</a><span>.
                        “Israel will not and cannot let this simply pass
                        on by,” Netanyahu declared. “Our response will
                        come, and it will be harsh.” </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>A
                        crowd of residents gathered to confront
                        Netanyahu, </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/b3c1be4c-04a8-4f1f-bde4-af2cc1ba6f05?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">chanting</a><span> at
                        times in Hebrew for him to go away. Others </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/46b2d25f-f1ce-4929-b5cb-bc9abf471f14?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">chanted</a><span>
                        “Killer! Killer!” and accused Netanyahu of
                        coming to “dance on our children’s blood.” Some
                        locals </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/ab717df8-94ed-4ffa-8f22-7a5b26e5c293?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">told journalists</a><span>
                        they did not want to be used by any side as fuel
                        for a war between Israel and Hezbollah and
                        questioned why either would attack their town. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>Families
                        of the Majdal Shams victims refused to meet
                        Netanyahu, according to </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8a22ea11-e010-48d1-9c4d-d02fac8aabe1?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">Ha’aretz</a><span>. The
                        visit was under a media censorship restriction
                        until Netanyahu departed the town. Ronen Bar,
                        the director of the Shin Bet intelligence
                        agency, accompanied Netanyahu on the trip and
                        Defense Minister Yoav Gallant visited the site a
                        day earlier.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Israel
                      first occupied large swaths of the Golan region in
                      southwestern Syria in 1967 and formally annexed
                      the Golan Heights in 1981. Under international law
                      it remains Syrian territory. In 2019, President
                      Donald Trump reversed decades of U.S. policy and
                      officially recognized the Golan Heights as Israeli
                      territory. No other nations have followed suit. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Despite
                      written requests from community leaders in Majdal
                      Shams that no Israeli officials attend the
                      funerals, far-right finance minister Bezalel
                      Smotrich and a handful of other Israeli officials
                      showed up at a funeral Sunday for 10 of the
                      victims. Mourners shouted them down and demanded
                      they leave. Some denounced Smotrich as a
                      “murderer.”</p>
                    <div class="pullquote"
style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;">
                      <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 500; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px 0; text-align: center;">The
                        rise of the Axis of Resistance introduces an
                        array of other forces that could join
                        Hezbollah’s side in a war with Israel.</p>
                    </div>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">The
                      Biden-Harris administration, while publicly
                      affirming that Israel would be justified in
                      attacking Lebanon in response to the Majdal Shams
                      incident, has claimed it does not want a wider
                      regional conflict or a full-scale war between
                      Israel and Lebanon. In a call with reporters,
                      Kirby said talk of a broader war was
                      “exaggerated,” adding, “I'm confident that we'll
                      be able to avoid such an outcome.” Hezbollah and
                      Israel have both conducted military strikes on
                      each other since the October 7, 2023 Hamas-led
                      attacks, but to date there has been no escalation
                      that has sparked the type of ground and air
                      battles that ensued in 2006 when Israel and
                      Hezbollah fought a 34-day war. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Since
                      Saturday, Israel has launched a series of attacks
                      in southern Lebanon, though they have been similar
                      in scope to its previous strikes over the past ten
                      months. On Sunday, Gallant said, “Hezbollah will
                      pay a heavy price for this.”</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">While
                      the Netanyahu regime has consistently threatened
                      war against Lebanon over the past 10 months and
                      specifically against Hezbollah, many leading
                      regional analysts believe such action would result
                      in catastrophe for Israel, militarily and
                      politically. Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad,
                      far less sophisticated and armed groups, have
                      managed to wage a nearly 10-month insurgency
                      against Israeli ground forces in Gaza while
                      enduring sustained bombardment from U.S.-provided
                      weapons. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Iran
                      has also shown a willingness to attack Israel. The
                      rise of the Axis of Resistance, which, in addition
                      to Iran, includes Ansar Allah (the Houthis) in
                      Yemen, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as
                      well as the Syrian government and the Islamic
                      Resistance in Iraq, introduces an array of other
                      forces that could join Hezbollah’s side in a war
                      with Israel.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>I
                        discussed all this today with Amal Saad, one of
                        the leading experts on Hezbollah and the Axis of
                        Resistance. Saad is a lecturer on international
                        relations and politics at Cardiff University in
                        the UK and author of </span><em>Hizbu’llah:
                        Politics and Religion</em><span> and </span><em>The
                        Iran Connection: Understanding the Alliance with
                        Syria, Hizbu’llah and Hamas.</em><span> She is
                        currently in Lebanon.</span></p>
                    <h3 class="header-anchor-post"
style="-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; appearance: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-family: 'SF Pro Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.375em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0; position: relative;">My
                      Interview with Amal Saad</h3>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>You've suggested that
                        you do not believe that Hezbollah was behind
                        this attack in the occupied Syrian Golan.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>Yes. So I said that
                        Hezbollah, it's very unlikely that they are
                        behind it, not just because they issued the
                        statement. Yes, it was uncharacteristic, and it
                        was the first time they've issued such a
                        statement—I don't know about ever—but they have
                        not issued such a statement once since October 8
                        [when Hezbollah announced it would engage in
                        “solidarity” strikes against Israel in support
                        of the Hamas-led October 7 attacks]. So that
                        indicated, obviously, the seriousness of the
                        situation and that they were indeed denying
                        responsibility for the attack. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">But
                      also beyond that, just on the basis of logic and
                      precedent and so on. First of all, this town,
                      Majdal Shams, it's not Israeli territory. It's
                      occupied Syrian territory and its inhabitants are
                      Syrian Druze. The majority of them have refused to
                      take Israeli citizenship and to serve in the army.
                      And they are staunch supporters of the resistance
                      axis. They've supported Bashar al Assad's
                      government in Syria. They've supported Hezbollah
                      and Hamas. And so it would be extremely absurd for
                      Hezbollah to attack its own allies. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Now,
                      beyond that as well, I would say, I don't think
                      Hezbollah would attack Israeli civilians either in
                      terms of a deliberate target. They would not
                      attack them because that would lead to all-out
                      war. That's very, very provocative. And I know
                      that [Hezbollah General Secretary Hassan]
                      Nasrallah has quite recently actually threatened
                      Israel with such retaliation, saying if you keep
                      targeting our civilians, we're going to have to do
                      the same sort of thing. But even then, I don't
                      think Hezbollah would seek out civilians and
                      massacre them like that. They would probably
                      target civilian objects, which is very different
                      from targeting civilians, and we still haven't
                      seen that to be fair. We haven't seen any real
                      civilian casualties in Israel [from Hezbollah
                      attacks]—there have been quite few. So based on
                      these factors, I think it's very unlikely that it
                      would be a deliberate strike at least.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>It seems that the
                        dominant theories are: either it was a misfire
                        or a mistake on Hezbollah's part or it was an
                        Israeli failure of its Iron Dome system and one
                        of Israel’s munitions hit the soccer field. I've
                        also seen people suggest that it's a false flag,
                        that Israel intentionally hit the town and they
                        wanted to blame it on Hezbollah.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>There are several
                        theories, but I think the one that is less of a
                        theory and more empirically backed is that it
                        was an Israeli interceptor missile that
                        misfired, was trying to intercept an incoming
                        rocket. And I say it has some empirical evidence
                        for this because on Arab TV, and obviously, we
                        didn't see this in Western media, but we saw
                        several reports talking to eyewitnesses who said
                        they actually saw that interceptor missile from
                        the Iron Dome strike the target. And one
                        correspondent said that an Israeli paramedic
                        told her that, but he said he couldn't say it on
                        air because he would be arrested. So there have
                        been several such reports, and it does seem like
                        the most likely explanation. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">But
                      there is also the possibility that other
                      [anti-Israel resistance] groups were responsible
                      for this. And Hezbollah is not alone in fighting
                      Israel. Ever since they established this so-called
                      solidarity front, there have been several other
                      groups, in fact, some secular, some Islamist. One
                      of them is, for example, Jamaa Al-Islamiya, the
                      [Lebanese Sunni] Islamic group, which has been
                      involved quite a bit recently in these cross
                      border strikes. And their members have been
                      targeted by Israel quite often. So they may have
                      potentially mistakenly hit that target. If it was
                      another group, it was obviously a mistake. That
                      was not going to be a deliberate target for
                      anyone.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>If it was, though, a
                        Hezbollah misfire, is there a precedent for
                        Hezbollah taking responsibility if they
                        inadvertently kill civilians?</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>Yes, that's a good
                        question because in 2006, there was such an
                        incident during the July war when Hezbollah, one
                        of its rockets, mistakenly landed in a
                        Palestinian town. And not only did Hezbollah
                        issue a statement taking responsibility and
                        apologizing, but Nasrallah himself personally
                        apologized on TV and paid condolences to the
                        victim's family. [In that incident, Hezbollah
                        rockets killed two Arab children in Nazareth.
                        “In my name and on behalf of my brothers, I
                        apologize to this family,” Nasrallah </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/8173efc1-61b4-4270-bd52-5b0e707912bf?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">said</a><span> in an
                        interview broadcast on Al Jazeera. “Of course,
                        the word apology is not sufficient. I bear full
                        responsibility. That was not intended at all.”]
                        So Hezbollah has a history of claiming
                        responsibility, of admitting to such errors. And
                        I think that also lends more credence to its
                        argument, or rather its assertion, that it was
                        not behind this. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>I
                        think another point also that we need to look at
                        is sort of the timing of this as well. Last
                        week, Hezbollah issued the third in a series of
                      </span><a
href="https://substack.com/redirect/2163ac80-04df-4332-979c-c3698fbf2a31?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM"
                        rel=""
                        style="color: #00058c; text-decoration: none;"
                        moz-do-not-send="true">drone footage videos</a><span>.
                        It was surveilling a specific military base over
                        Israel and it was threatening Israel that we
                        will target this military base. In previous such
                        videos, they threatened others, not just
                        military, but also civilian targets. Why would
                        Hezbollah do all that to deter Israel from
                        striking it, if it was just going to provoke
                        Israel a couple of days later with this? It
                        makes absolutely no sense, as Hezbollah knows
                        that Israel, if it has decided to launch an
                        all-out war, if that decision has been taken,
                        and we're all assuming it's not a likely
                        scenario, but there is always a possibility that
                        such a decision has been taken. If it has, then
                        why would Hezbollah want to give Israel
                        ammunition to escalate further? Even if it's not
                        to launch an all-out war, but to escalate
                        further against itself, that makes absolutely no
                        sense. And the purpose of that video was to
                        deter such a strike. So it makes no sense that
                        it would be deliberately targeted. </span></p>
                    <div class="pullquote"
style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;">
                      <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 500; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px 0; text-align: center;">Why
                        would Hezbollah do all that to deter Israel from
                        striking it, if it was just going to provoke
                        Israel a couple of days later with this?</p>
                    </div>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Now,
                      again, going back to was it an error? You know,
                      some people said that Hezbollah, just like seconds
                      earlier, had issued a statement declaring
                      responsibility for striking something in the Golan
                      which was 3 km away from Majdal Shams. I tried to
                      sort of get to the bottom of this. It's very hard
                      to tell, but it's not very likely that they would
                      miss by that far. I spoke to military experts
                      who—and I think this is much more convincing—who
                      said that if it was the Falaq-1 [missile], because
                      Hezbollah used the Falaq-1 to strike that target
                      that they announced in the statement, an Israeli
                      brigade. And if they had used the Falaq-1, we
                      would have seen a much larger crater, and the
                      crater was much smaller than would be expected
                      from such a heavy warhead, which is 53 kilos. It
                      would be much, much bigger and there would be much
                      more destruction.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>Why then is Israel so
                        quick to seize on this and to blame Hezbollah?
                        Do you really believe that Israel wants a full
                        war with Hezbollah?</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>There are two reasons it
                        could be doing this. I think the more likely one
                        isn't that it wants a full war. First of all, it
                        wants to deflect attention away from its own
                        genocidal crimes and killing of children on a
                        daily basis. Now, just one or two days earlier,
                        it had struck a children's school and scores of
                        children were massacred. So this is very
                        convenient for Israel, and this has [allowed
                        Israel] to say, ‘Look, Hezbollah is a child
                        killer.’ So it definitely serves a propaganda
                        purpose. There is definitely that element. In
                        terms of what kind of military or strategic
                        value can it derive from this, I think it can
                        use this to pressure Hezbollah through its
                        allies, Western mediators and so on. And they
                        have been doing this. They have been now
                        pressuring Hezbollah not only to not respond to
                        Israel, to absorb an Israeli strike, but also to
                        stop all the clashes across the border. So it's
                        used to apply this sort of pressure on
                        [Hezbollah] because it assumes that there will
                        be a lot of internal as well, pressure
                        domestically, from the state, from the
                        population. And, in terms of the state, I
                        wouldn't say that's been forthcoming. So there
                        is that element of pressure, of propaganda
                        value. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">And
                      third, it would allow Israel then—there could be
                      this bank of targets it has, military targets
                      which it hasn't dared to strike before because
                      it's a bit risky, perhaps, because there would be
                      quite significant strikes in areas outside of the
                      usual sort of zone of operations. It might be
                      outside of that and they may now think they can
                      get away with it, with striking those targets, if
                      it looks like it's engaged in a counter strike,
                      because this is the first time that we see that
                      happen in this conflict so far, that Hezbollah has
                      denied responsibility and Israel is saying,
                      nonetheless, we have the right to counter strike.
                      So I do think they're trying to milk this as much
                      as they can. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Now,
                      there's always the possibility with Israel,
                      because we're not dealing here with a rational
                      actor necessarily, we can't take for granted
                      Israel's rationality, I think, and there is always
                      the possibility that an irrational decision will
                      be made and one that tries to drag the U.S. into a
                      wider war because it would have to do that if it
                      wants to strike Hezbollah and risk all out war, it
                      would need U.S. military support, in fact. So
                      there could always be that possibility. </p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>When you say that there
                        are targets that Israel might want to strike
                        that are outside of the normal zone of their
                        military attacks on Hezbollah, what types of
                        targets are you referring to?</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>Well, I mean, I personally
                        don't know, but they could be, not in terms of
                        just strategic value, it could be their
                        location. So, for example, the Bekaa is kind of
                        more off limits than these border areas in the
                        south. So they might strike the Bekaa, for
                        instance. They have done such strikes, but not
                        anywhere near as many as in the south. So the
                        Bekaa is more off limits. And Hezbollah has
                        adopted a new equation. Whenever Israel strikes
                        the Bekaa, [Hezbollah] strikes the Golan in
                        response. So they might, there might be certain
                        parts of the Bekaa it hasn't struck. It might be
                        another area altogether. I don't really know.
                        But I don't think Beirut would be—if we assume
                        [Israel] doesn't want to risk a war, I don't
                        think they would come near Beirut. But again,
                        here it's very difficult to foresee the extent
                        to which Israel is being rational here because
                        it might actually also not just be not rational,
                        it might also be extremely foolish and think
                        that if it does strike Beirut, Hezbollah would
                        kind of absorb it if it's a military target. We
                        don't know. I doubt that. I doubt that. And I
                        know the U.S., according to various reports, has
                        warned Israel not to strike Beirut or heavily
                        populated areas. So that they will most likely,
                        I think, subscribe to those kind of limits.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>There were even some
                        rumors that Israel was contemplating bombing
                        Beirut airport.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>I saw that. I don't
                        really—I think that Israelis make a lot of noise
                        and there's a lot of accounts on Twitter which
                        spread so much disinformation and they’re people
                        who are not—sometimes journalists, sometimes
                        activists or whatever, and even Israeli
                        officials. I mean, they spread so much
                        misinformation and rumors, and even Western
                        governments. For example, what they've been
                        doing recently is alerting their citizens and
                        urging them to leave Lebanon. It's not a new
                        trend. It's been going on since the start of the
                        war, but these past two days have been crazy.
                        They've started sending texts to American
                        citizens, France has joined the fray, Germany,
                        many other countries, all Western, urging them
                        to leave in a way that they haven't before. And
                        this is part and parcel of the intimidation
                        campaign. It's to put pressure on the Lebanese,
                        which in turn puts pressure on Hezbollah and
                        sort of threatens them with a huge response on
                        Israel's part. So, there is that at work as
                        well.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>How does Hezbollah view
                        this kind of insane moment in the context of
                        American politics where you have Joe Biden,
                        who's been a lifelong dedicated promoter of
                        Israel, a self-described Zionist, he's now
                        stepping down from seeking another term. You
                        likely now have Kamala Harris versus Donald
                        Trump. You have Netanyahu clearly playing his
                        own game in part based on American politics.
                        What's your best sense of how the Hezbollah
                        movement sees the US role in this, given the
                        political uncertainty of the next few months in
                        the United States?</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>I think Hezbollah,
                        especially Nasrallah, has on several occasions
                        declared that the U.S. is ultimately responsible
                        for all of this. And Hezbollah sees Israel as a
                        proxy of the U.S. Now, yes, [Israel] does have
                        some sort of room for maneuver. As a proxy, it’s
                        not entirely beholden. I don't think [Hezbollah
                        leaders] view it that way. And they do see
                        Netanyahu as having his own kind of personal
                        agenda and reasons for not always abiding by the
                        wishes of the U.S. But at the same time, they
                        don't believe the U.S. is serious enough about
                        preventing an escalation. I think they do tend
                        to believe that it's not in the U.S.’s
                        interests. And they have said as much. This is
                        not my own analysis. This is what they've said
                        publicly, that the U.S. doesn't want an all-out
                        war. However, they also don't think it's doing
                        enough to prevent one. And that's sort of the
                        contradiction here.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">In
                      terms of candidates, I think it's quite difficult.
                      There is, and if you speak to people here—it's not
                      just Hezbollah—people are generally unsure about
                      who would be the worst candidate because in one
                      sense, how much more Zionist can you get than
                      Biden? So in terms of Trump—we've seen Trump make
                      a lot of contradictory messages. There have been
                      instances where he hasn't been as conciliatory
                      towards Israel as in other cases, so it's a bit
                      confusing. However, he is also the same president
                      who assassinated [Iranian General] Qassem
                      Soleimani and [Iraqi resistance commander] Abu
                      Mahdi Al-Muhandis [in a drone strike in Baghdad on
                      January 3, 2020]. So he is not risk averse. He's
                      even irrational, some would say. And I think
                      that's very true. And so the idea of: would Kamala
                      be better than both Biden and Trump? I think there
                      is a general sense—I’m not talking about Hezbollah
                      here, but generally in Lebanon—that she might be
                      the lesser evil based on some of her statements so
                      far and some reports. But I don't think Hezbollah
                      is banking on any specific candidate in the same
                      way that Israel is banking on Trump winning.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>If Israel does commit
                        and they do want war with Hezbollah, what does
                        that look like from the Lebanese side, based on
                        the history of these conflicts and wars and
                        Hezbollah's response to Israel? If Israel does
                        send in ground forces or engages in a very
                        heavy, wider bombing campaign, what could we
                        expect Hezbollah's response to look like?</span></p>
                    <div class="pullquote"
style="border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6; border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;">
                      <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 500; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px 0; text-align: center;">From
                        all the information I've been gathering, it
                        would actually lead to the unraveling of the
                        Israeli state.</p>
                    </div>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>Well, I think the Israeli
                        intelligence is quite aware because I've read a
                        lot of these analyses in Israeli and U.S.
                        intelligence reports and others, which is that
                        Hezbollah—first of all, I don't think we would
                        see what we saw in 2006. I don't think Israel
                        would even get to invade Lebanon in the same
                        way. I don't think it would be able to stage a
                        ground incursion, definitely not of that
                        magnitude. And Israel would not be in a purely
                        offensive position. Israel would be also in a
                        defensive position because Hezbollah would also
                        infiltrate and make incursions into Israel
                        proper. So, it's going to look very different,
                        just in terms of the overall strategy of the
                        war, that it will be an offensive defense on
                        Hezbollah's part. It won't just be defense.</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Secondly,
                      the fact that Hezbollah has now fully
                      conventionalized, it's no longer even a hybrid
                      force. I've spoken to military experts here, and
                      I've been curious myself to see what they think.
                      Where is [Hezbollah] on the spectrum of guerrilla
                      to conventional army? Is it sort of in the middle,
                      like in 2006? They've said, “No, it's actually a
                      fully fledged conventional force now. But
                      obviously it has these sort of capabilities of an
                      irregular armed force. It still retains them and
                      has that experience.” So we're talking here about
                      a much more sophisticated military organization
                      with well over 100,000 fighters, well over that
                      number, over 150,000 missiles and rockets. You
                      know, back in 2006, Hezbollah had just a few
                      thousand fighters, far fewer rockets, much less
                      sophisticated missiles and rockets. Basically
                      everything that Iran has, all the weapons Iran
                      has, you can be certain Hezbollah has them, too.
                      That's what we know. And that's aside from the
                      things that Hezbollah is manufacturing
                      domestically, like it's drone technology—it's
                      manufacturing its own drones now. So, we're
                      talking here about a vastly different military
                      creature than 2006.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">And,
                      again, the tactics will not just be purely
                      defensive. They will be offensive. And that's not
                      even factoring in other actors in the resistance
                      axis who are itching to join the fight and have
                      declared their intent to send hundreds of
                      thousands of fighters, such as the Houthis [from
                      Yemen], to Lebanon.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">From
                      all the information I've been gathering, it would
                      actually lead to the unraveling of the Israeli
                      state. We're not talking here about just a defeat
                      for Israel like in 2006. It would be the sort of
                      defeat that would actually lead to its demise.
                      This is why, when we talk about “the great war,”
                      which is not a matter of if, it's when, when that
                      war happens, which is an inevitability,
                      [Hezbollah] have always said that that is going to
                      be the war that will change the face of the
                      region. So, we are talking here about a scenario
                      which would definitely lead to the destruction of
                      a lot of Lebanon — no one is discounting that or
                      belittling that. But at the same time, it would
                      lead to the destruction of Israel and while it
                      would lead to the destruction of Lebanon in
                      material terms, that destruction would not lead to
                      the unraveling of the Lebanese state in the same
                      way that it would lead to the unraveling of the
                      Israeli or Zionist regime. I think that's one way
                      of looking at it.</p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Jeremy
                        Scahill: </strong><span>Short of an all-out war
                        between Israel and Lebanon, what does the future
                        of the resistance axis or the axis of resistance
                        look like? This has been an unprecedented
                        moment. You don't have Arab nation states
                        stepping in to say, ‘We’re going to defend the
                        Palestinians of Gaza and the West Bank and
                        Jerusalem militarily,’ but you do have a
                        multifaceted response that is also multinational
                        and involves both state and non-state actors.
                        What does the future look like for this
                        resistance axis?</span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><strong>Amal
                        Saad: </strong><span>Well, this is the
                        consolidation phase of the resistance axis. It
                        first emerged in Syria, I would say, like in
                        2014 especially—that was sort of its peak, 2015,
                        but it wasn't as large as it is today. It didn't
                        include Hamas, obviously, and it didn't include
                        the Houthis. Today it's a much larger axis in
                        terms of state and non-state—I don't even know
                        if we should call them non-state. They're
                        quasi-states and sometimes, you know, virtual
                        states like the Houthis are now Yemen. I think
                        it's a misnomer to call it a non-state actor.
                        This is the consolidation phase. This war has
                        been actually sort of a testing grounds for how
                        tightly knit this alliance is, weapons and
                        training, transfer of weapons, military
                        knowledge, weapons manufacturing, you name it.
                        Coordination, both tactical and strategic. It's
                        taken root here. So we can only assume that
                        level of coordination and cooperation and
                        consolidation among its ranks will only grow
                        stronger, not only, by the way, on the level of
                        political elites or the different militaries of
                        these organizations, but we're talking about the
                        popular level as well, that the massive
                        constituencies that each of these actors has is
                        almost fully behind this alliance. </span></p>
                    <p
style="color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">So
                      I think we're in for a further deepening of this
                      alliance, and we're going to start seeing how it
                      sort of significantly departs from any Western
                      alliances or any alliances we've known so far.
                      It's going to need its own model, its own
                      theoretical model, to study it and to understand
                      it. It's a new paradigm, really.</p>
                  </div>
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