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valign="top"> <strong><span
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style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">In
Africa They Say,
‘France, Get Out!’: The
Nineteenth Newsletter
(2024)</span></span></span></strong>
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Ousmane Lougué
(Burkina Faso), <i>Papa
Roger</i>, 2020.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=cf1cb5bae7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">On
2 October 1958, Guinea
declared its independence
from France. Guinea’s
President Ahmed Sékou Touré
clashed against France’s
President Charles De Gaulle,
who tried to strong arm
Touré into abandoning the
project for independence.
Touré said of De Gaulle’s
threats, ‘Guinea prefers
poverty in freedom to riches
in slavery’. In 1960, the
French government launched a
covert operation called
Operation Persil to
undermine Guinea and
overthrow Touré. The
operation was named after a
laundry detergent, used to
wash away dirt. This
provides a clear window into
the French attitude toward
Touré’s government. France’s
weapons shipment to
opposition groups in Guinea
was interdicted in Senegal,
whose President Mamadou Dia
complained to the French
government. France would not
tolerate African
independence, but the people
of Africa would not tolerate
French dominion.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">That
fervour for African
sovereignty remains intact.
‘France, get out’ was the
slogan then and remains the
slogan now, from Senegal to
Niger. To better understand
recent developments in this
struggle, the rest of this
newsletter features a
briefing from <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ce2a04d34e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">No
Cold War</a> and the <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=05c4a9e71c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">West
Africa Peoples’
Organisation</a> on the
manifestation of that
sentiment in the Sahel.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><img
decoding="async"
class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-102270 img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Briefing13_Card_EN-e1715210521110.png"
alt=""
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="840" border="0"></p>
</div>
<h3
style="margin: 2em 0;display: block;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;">Briefing
13: The Sahel Seeks
Sovereignty.</h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
call ‘<i>La</i> <i>France
degage!’ </i>(‘France,
get out!’), against the
ongoing legacy of French
colonialism in the region,
has long echoed across West
Africa. In recent years,
this call has reached a new
pitch of intensity, from the
2018 grassroots movements in
Senegal and newly elected
President Bassirou Diomaye
Faye’s campaign promise to <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=436cc0ef08&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">unshackle</a>
his country from the
neocolonial monetary system
of the CFA franc to the
popularly supported <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0d62526ec1&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">military
coups</a> in Mali, Burkina
Faso, and Niger and the
ejection of French military
forces from these countries
between 2021 and 2023.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
military-led governments of
the central Sahelian states
(Mali, Burkina Faso, and
Niger) have taken steps to
wrestle their sovereignty
from Western monopolies –
such as reviewing mining
codes and contracts and
expelling foreign militaries
– and to establish new
regional cooperation
platforms. On 16 September
2023, the governments of
Burkina Faso, Mali, and
Niger signed the <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=bf8b0a057c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Liptako-Gourma
Charter</a>, a mutual
defence pact that
established the Alliance of
Sahel States. This
trilateral partnership is a
response to the threats of
military intervention and
economic sanctions that have
been levied against Niger by
the Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS)
following the July 2023
popular coup that took place
in the country.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">A
few months after reaching
this defence cooperation
agreement, the three
countries withdrew from the
ECOWAS regional bloc. Some
political commentators have
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=49536eb3b2&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">claimed</a>
that these events – combined
with the ejection of French
military forces from the
region – ‘spell trouble’ for
regional social security,
economic development,
political stability, and
regional integration. What
is behind the tidal wave
sweeping through the Sahel,
and what does it mean for
the region?</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_102148"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-102148" decoding="async"
class="wp-image-102148 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Suncrea-Mali-Racines-2016-1.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Suncrea-Mali-Racines-2016-1.jpg 950w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Suncrea-Mali-Racines-2016-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Suncrea-Mali-Racines-2016-1-768x615.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-102148" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Suncréa
(Mali), <i>Racines </i>(‘Roots’),
2016.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3
style="margin: 2em 0;display: block;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;">The
Legacy of French Colonialism</h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Anti-imperialist
sentiment has been brewing
in the Sahel for years. To
look at the case of Niger,
which is emblematic of the
wave of resistance in the
region, during the July 2023
coup, the people took to the
streets against the French
colonial hangover that has
facilitated rampant,
structural corruption and
disenfranchised large
sectors of the population.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Much
of this corruption has taken
place in Niger’s mining
sector, which represents one
of the world’s largest
high-grade uranium deposits.
For instance, in 2014, prior
to the coup, then Nigerien
President Mahamadou Issoufou
lowered taxes on mining
activities that directly <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=4bd34fedea&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">benefited</a>
French monopolies, receiving
indirect pay outs in return.
Meanwhile, the French
military in Niger operated
as the gendarme for mining
companies and against those
seeking to migrate to
Europe.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Société
des Mines de l’Aïr (Somaïr),
a purported ‘joint venture’
between Niger and France in
the uranium industry, is yet
another example of the
continued French influence
in the region and on the
continent. While France’s
Atomic Energy Commission and
two French companies <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3ef9c4789b&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">own</a>
85% of the company, Niger’s
government owns a mere 15%.
While close to half of
Niger’s population <a
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moz-do-not-send="true">lives</a>
below the poverty line and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=67cb5509e5&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">90%</a>
lives without electricity,
as of 2013 uranium from
Niger <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ce7edae4ab&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">powers</a>
one in three lightbulbs in
France. It should come as no
surprise that, shortly after
the 2023 coup, Nigerien
citizens seized the French
embassy and military base in
the capital of Niamey.
France withdrew its troops
soon after.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_102169"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-102169" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="size-full wp-image-102169 img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Amy-Sow-Mauritania-Energie-durable-2015.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Amy-Sow-Mauritania-Energie-durable-2015.jpg 912w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Amy-Sow-Mauritania-Energie-durable-2015-300x296.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Amy-Sow-Mauritania-Energie-durable-2015-768x758.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="912" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-102169" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Amy
Sow (Mauritania), <i>Énergie
durable </i>(‘Sustainable
Energy’), 2015.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3
style="margin: 2em 0;display: block;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;">Sovereignty,
Security, and Terrorism</h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">On
16 March 2024, the Nigerien
government revoked a
decade-old military
agreement with the United
States, just two days after
a US delegation met with
local authorities to raise
concerns over the nation’s
partnerships with Russia and
Iran. In a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8a36fbfef0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">public
statement</a>, the
government of Niger
‘forcefully condemne[d] the
condescending attitude,
accompanied by the threat of
retaliation, from the head
of the US delegation towards
the government and people of
Niger’. The statement added
that ‘Niger regrets the
intention of the US
delegation to deny the
sovereign Nigerien people
the right to choose their
partners and the types of
partnerships that are
capable of truly helping
them fight terrorism at a
time when the United States
of America has unilaterally
decided to suspend all
cooperation’. The government
also cited the following as
reasons for revoking the
agreement with the US: the
cost it has inflicted upon
Nigerien taxpayers, the lack
of communication around
domestic operations and US
military base activities,
unauthorised aircraft
movements, and the
ineffectiveness of its
so-called counter-terrorism
work.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
US has established the
single largest foreign
military presence on the
African continent, beginning
with the 2002 Pan-Sahel
Initiative and followed by
the creation of the US
Africa Command (AFRICOM) in
2007, which set up a
significant network of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7b638528c1&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">US
military bases</a> across
the Sahel (of which there
are nine in Niger alone as
well as two in Mali and one
in Burkina Faso). In 2007,
US State Department adviser
J. Peter Pham <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=762309c0c0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">defined</a>
AFRICOM’s strategic
objective to US House of
Representatives Committee on
Foreign Affairs as follows:</p>
<blockquote
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">It
is unlikely that any
amount of public relations
work will fully quench
anti-imperialist concerns
that AFRICOM is
fundamentally an attempt
to erect a bulwark in
Africa against
trans-national terrorism
and China’s appetite for
Africa’s oil, minerals,
and timber… The proposed
structure of AFRICOM,
consisting of four or five
relatively small bases
with no force deployments,
means that these will be
largely invisible even in
their host countries and
societies.</p>
</blockquote>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In
the aftermath of the North
Atlantic Treaty
Organisation’s (NATO) war on
Libya led by France and the
US, the Sahel region has
been embroiled in conflicts,
many of them driven by
emerging forms of jihadist
armed activities, piracy,
and smuggling. France and
the US have used these
conflicts as a pretext to
increase their military
interventions across the
region. In 2014, France set
up the G5 Sahel (a military
arrangement that included
Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali,
Mauritania, and Niger) and
expanded or opened new
military bases in Gao,
(Mali), N’Djamena (Chad),
Niamey (Niger), and
Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).
In 2019, the US began <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=83c65300be&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">conducting</a>
drone strikes and aerial
surveillance across the
Sahel and the Sahara Desert
from its Air Base 201
outside Agadez (Niger) – the
largest construction effort
in US Air Force history.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
Global Terrorism Index <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0d219a113e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">found</a>
that the Sahel region was
the most impacted by
terrorism in 2023,
accounting for nearly half
of all terrorism-related
deaths and 26% of terrorist
incidents worldwide. Burkina
Faso, Mali, and Niger each
ranked among the top ten
countries most impacted by
terrorism, a fact often held
up to allege the failure of
the new military-led
governments. However, this
reality predates the coups
of 2021–2023 and instead
speaks to the impact of US
and French military
intervention. Between 2011
(the year of NATO’s war on
Libya) and 2021 (the year of
the first of the recent wave
of Sahelian coups, in Mali),
Burkina Faso, Mali, and
Niger <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=91d0e3c668&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">soared</a>
from positions 114, 40, and
50, respectively, on the
index of countries most
impacted by terrorism to 4,
7, and 8. It is clear that
the US and French ‘war on
terrorism’ has done little
to improve security in the
region and has in fact had
the opposite effect.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_102179"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-102179" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="size-full wp-image-102179 img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Niankoye-Lama-Guinea-Place-du-marche-2022.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Niankoye-Lama-Guinea-Place-du-marche-2022.jpg 930w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Niankoye-Lama-Guinea-Place-du-marche-2022-294x300.jpg 294w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Niankoye-Lama-Guinea-Place-du-marche-2022-768x785.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="930" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-102179" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Niankoye
Lama (Guinea), <i>Marché
de Zali </i>(‘Zali
Market’), 2022.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<h3
style="margin: 2em 0;display: block;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;">Seeking
New Partners and Paths</h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
people of the Sahel have
grown disillusioned not only
with the West’s military
strategies, as seen by the
increasing security
cooperation agreements with
other countries, but also
with Western economic
policies that have yielded
little social development.
Despite the region’s
abundant energy resources
(including Niger’s
aforementioned uranium
reserves), the Sahel has
some of the world’s lowest
levels of energy generation
and access, with at least <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=6dc4c3971e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">51%</a>
of the population unable to
access electricity.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Though
the Alliance of Sahel States
began as a defence pact,
political autonomy and
economic development are a
core focus. This includes,
for instance, pursuing joint
energy projects and
exploring the possibility of
establishing regional civil
nuclear power initiatives.
Burkina Faso has already
signed agreements with
Rosatom, a state-owned
Russian company, to build
new power plants while Mali
is advancing its application
of atomic energy through the
National Nuclear Programme,
overseen by the Malian
Radiation Protection Agency.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Ultimately,
the Alliance of Sahel States
represents an attempt to
uphold the demands of
sovereignty and the right to
self-determination – an
agenda that the people of
Niger, Burkina Faso, and
Mali have poured into the
streets to support.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_102199"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-102199" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-102199 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ibrahim-Chahamata-Niger-Emity-Na-Zahir-Climate-Change-2015.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ibrahim-Chahamata-Niger-Emity-Na-Zahir-Climate-Change-2015.jpg 887w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ibrahim-Chahamata-Niger-Emity-Na-Zahir-Climate-Change-2015-298x300.jpg 298w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ibrahim-Chahamata-Niger-Emity-Na-Zahir-Climate-Change-2015-150x150.jpg 150w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Ibrahim-Chahamata-Niger-Emity-Na-Zahir-Climate-Change-2015-768x774.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 887px) 100vw, 887px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="887" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-102199" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Ibrahim
Chahamata (Niger), <i>Emity
Na-Zahir</i>
(‘Climate Change’),
2015.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Events
in the Sahel are unfolding
at a rapid pace, but as the
Malian novelist Aïcha Fofana
wrote in <i>La fourmilière</i>
(‘The Anthill’) in 2006,
modernisation is tempered by
the rigidities and wisdom of
the old ways. ‘We have
always been generous’, the
griot in <i>La fourmilière
</i>says to a young man who
has many ideas about
transforming society.
Patience is necessary.
Change is coming. But it is
coming at its own pace.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
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Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research ·
Shadipur · New Delhi, NCT 110008 · India <br>
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