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valign="top"> <strong><span
style="font-size:20px"><span
style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">For
Forty Years, Brazil’s
Landless Workers Have
Fought to Build
Humanity: The Sixteenth
Newsletter (2024)</span></span></span></strong>
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by <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e1d3b6bfa5&e=d206d0a40d"
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moz-do-not-send="true">Vienno.</a></small></p>
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<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=230ddd0be7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Brazilian
landless workers, who live
on settlements and
encampments of the Landless
Workers’ Movement (MST),
gathered roughly 13 tonnes
of food to send to
Palestinians in Gaza between
October and December 2023.
MST cooperatives across the
country participated in the
solidarity campaign, which
included milk from
Cooperoeste in Santa
Catarina, rice from Terra
Livre Cooperative, the
Cooperative of Settled
Workers of the Porto Alegre
Region (Cootap), and
Cooperav in Rio Grande do
Sul, and corn flour from
Terra Conquistada in Ceará.
The aid was sent to the
Palestinian Agricultural
Workers’ Union through the
Brazilian Air Force. ‘The
Palestinian people, like all
the peoples fighting for
their sovereignty, need the
solidarity actions of other
peoples’, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8c2e091856&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
Jane Cabral of the MST
national leadership. Indeed,
the world must follow the
example of Brazil’s landless
workers.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Collecting
food has only been one
aspect of the MST’s
solidarity action with the
Palestinian people. The
other equally important
aspect has been about
building a consensus in
Brazil regarding Israel’s
genocide in Gaza. Over the
past several decades, the
right-wing evangelical <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f479dee1df&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">movement</a>
in Latin America has
promoted a pro-Israeli
political agenda in Brazil
and elsewhere. This movement
defends Israel in the hope
that it will destroy the
al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem
and build the <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=67c94ebf67&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">‘Third
Temple’</a>. Under this
view, the temple will open
the door to the return of
Christ, and all
non-Christians, including
Jews, will be subjected to
eternal damnation.
Evangelical pastors in Latin
America – many of them
funded by US-based Christian
Zionist groups such as
Christians United for Israel
– have spread this deeply
hateful, anti-human view.
This is an important reason
why right-wing leaders in
the region, including former
Brazilian President Jair
Bolsonaro and current
Argentinian President Javier
Milei, are staunch defenders
of Israel and the Zionist
project. As such, the MST’s
mass drive to collect food
for Gaza was also a campaign
to contest the growth of
Christian Zionism in Brazil,
advocate for the rights of
the Palestinian people, and
deepen education about and
ties with the Palestinian
struggle amongst its base.</p>
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class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-101509" decoding="async"
class="wp-image-101509 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/02_Juliana-2.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/02_Juliana-2.jpg 552w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/02_Juliana-2-212x300.jpg 212w"
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moz-do-not-send="true"
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<p
id="caption-attachment-101509" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Artwork
by <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=eb0b399911&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Judy Duarte</a>.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
MST, with its nearly two
million members, is the
largest socio-political
movement in Latin America
and one of the largest
peasant movements in the
world. Since it was born
forty years ago, in 1984,
the MST has grown steadily
because of its unique
approach to building and
maintaining its base among
landless workers. Our latest
dossier, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f19334988a&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><i>The
Political Organisation
of Brazil’s Landless
Workers’ Movement (MST)</i></a>,
examines the theoretical
orientation that has enabled
the MST to build this
remarkable organisation on
the terrain of Brazil’s
wretched social hierarchies,
which are rooted in the
legacy of Portuguese
colonialism, genocide,
slavery, and US-backed
military dictatorships. The
art for the dossier, which
is also featured in this
newsletter, was created for
the ‘<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=533ca53fa6&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Forty
Years of the MST</a>’ call
for art organised by the
MST, Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research, ALBA Movements,
and the International
Peoples’ Assembly. The
second monthly bulletin from
Tricontinental: Institute
for Social Research’s art
department will focus on
that exhibition; you can
subscribe to it <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f44cb70fd8&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">here</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
MST has three goals: to
fight for land, to fight for
agrarian reform, and to
transform society. Based on
Brazil’s 1988 Constitution,
the MST organises landless
workers to seize
unproductive land and build
settlements (<i>assentamentos</i>)
and squatters’ encampments (<i>acampamentos</i>).
At present, nearly half a
million families live on
such settlements and have
gained legal tenure of the
land, where they have built
1,900 peasant associations,
185 cooperatives, and 120
MST-owned agro-industrial
sites, with an additional
65,000 families living on
encampments and fighting for
legal recognition. It is
these institutions that
produce the goods sent to
Palestine. Despite the
unequal balance of forces in
Brazil, where the capitalist
class enforces its rule over
the economy and the
countryside through
domination of the state, the
MST has been able to build
its strength over the years
and currently operates in
twenty-four of the country’s
twenty-six states. This
strength is a product of the
MST’s mass base and its
organisational methods. As
the dossier explains, a
crucial aspect of the MST’s
organisational theory is the
idea that the <i>assentados</i>,
the residents of the
agrarian reform settlements,
must always be <i>in motion</i>.
There are seven
organisational principles
that allow the MST to drive
this motion: its <i>autonomy
</i>in relation to political
parties, churches,
governments, and other
institutions, for which
organisational <i>unity </i>is
essential; the training of
organisers both to <i>participate</i>
in building the organisation
and to be <i>disciplined</i>
with respect to the
decisions of the <i>collective
leadership</i>; the
importance of <i>study</i>;
and the necessity of <i>internationalism</i>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">The
MST does not only fight for
land; it also seeks to enact
agrarian reform and
transform society. In other
words, it seeks to change
the very nature of agrarian
capitalism and construct a
model of agroecology that
develops a balanced and
sustainable form of
agriculture – one that
harnesses nature rather than
degrades it and produces
healthy food for society at
large.</p>
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<div id="attachment_101519"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-101519" decoding="async"
class="wp-image-101519 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/03_Duda-Oliva-2.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/03_Duda-Oliva-2.jpg 552w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/03_Duda-Oliva-2-212x300.jpg 212w"
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width="552" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-101519" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Artwork
by <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3e9220df85&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Duda Oliva.</a></small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">There
are now over 2.4 billion
people in the world who are
food <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=03769e9aa0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">insecure</a>.
More and more famines are
breaking out, from Sudan to
Palestine, often related to
conflicts of different
kinds. Meanwhile, we are in
the midst of the United
Nations Decade of Family
Farming, which began in 2019
and will close in 2028. The
UN’s Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAO)
calculates that family or
small farmers <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7060f4898c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">produce</a>
a third of the world’s food
and up to <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=834ba8472c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">80%</a>
of the food in sub-Saharan
Africa and Asia. Yet these
small and family farmers do
not control the land that
they till, nor do they have
the capital to increase
their productivity. As a
consequence, many small
farmers produce food for the
market but not enough to
feed their families, leading
to an epidemic of hunger
amongst millions of small
farmers and peasants.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">As
the FAO <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=86c9db4649&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">notes</a>,
‘The majority of the 600
million farms in the world
are small. Farms of less
than one hectare account for
70% of all farms but operate
only 7% of all agricultural
land’. This great inequality
in land ownership is at the
heart of the work of the
MST, as well as
organisations around the
world such as <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=aa70ddaa20&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Mviwata</a>
in Tanzania (about whom we
will be publishing a dossier
later this year) and the <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=badd8580a0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">All
India Kisan Sabha</a> in
India (whom we wrote about
in our June 2021 dossier, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=a179ff442f&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><i>The
Farmers’ Revolt in India</i></a>).
It is for good reason that
the 16 million-member Kisan
Sabha, for instance, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5d7928c911&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">joined</a>
the Boycott, Divestment, and
Sanctions (BDS) movement
against apartheid Israel in
2017 and why Mviwata, which
represents 300,000 peasants,
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=d8bb00e131&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">condemned</a>
Israel’s genocide of
Palestinians at its annual
meeting in December 2023.
These farmers and peasants
know that their task is not
only to redistribute land,
but to transform society
across the world.</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_101529"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-101529" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-101529 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/04_Natalia-2.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/04_Natalia-2.jpg 552w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/04_Natalia-2-212x300.jpg 212w"
sizes="(max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="552" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-101529" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>Artwork
by <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3892969c8c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Natália Gregorini</a>.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In
1968, Thiago de Mello
(1926–2022), born in
Brazil’s Amazonas, was sent
into exile for his criticism
of the military
dictatorship. He went to
Chile, where he befriended
Pablo Neruda. Before long,
de Mello was again forced to
flee a military
dictatorship, chased out of
Chile because of the 1973 <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=97b03379d5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">coup</a>
against the socialist
project led by then
President Salvador Allende.
De Mello first went to
Argentina and then to
Europe. It was during this
flight, in 1975, that he
wrote his classic poem <i>Para
os que virão</i> (‘For
Those to Come’), the last
few lines about the hurt
that must be overcome by
people who come to fight for
social transformation:</p>
<blockquote
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">It
doesn’t matter if it
hurts: it’s time<br>
to move forward hand in
hand<br>
with those walking in the
same direction,<br>
even if it’s a long way
off<br>
from learning how to
conjugate<br>
the verb to love.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Above
all, it’s time<br>
to stop being just<br>
the solitary vanguard<br>
of ourselves.<br>
It’s about meeting.<br>
(The clear truth of our
mistakes burns limpid and
hard in our chests)<br>
It’s about opening the
way.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Those
who will come will be the
people,<br>
and they will know
themselves by fighting.</p>
</blockquote>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Happy
fortieth birthday to the
MST! Don’t forget to read
our dossier, here,
recommended by one of the
movement’s founders, João
Pedro Stedile:</p>
<div
class="single-post--content--media-block single-post--content--image"
style="text-align:center; margin:3em 0;">
<div id="attachment_101553"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-101553" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="size-full wp-image-101553 img-responsive mcRssImage"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JP-Screenshot-2024-04-17-at-2.44.12-PM-e1713393363406.png"
alt=""
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950">
<p
id="caption-attachment-101553" class="wp-caption-text"
style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><small>‘I
recommend the newest
dossier from
Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research about the
MST’s organising
experience, launched
during this
International Week of
Peasant Struggle’.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
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