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<p dir="RTL"
style="direction: ltr;text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><strong>Israeli
Plans to Pump Seawater into
Alleged Tunnels under Gaza
Could Render it
Uninhabitable and Destroy
Historical Cultural Heritage
Sites<br>
<br>
<em>To read this report on
our website, click <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=750b9cd521&e=08c14cf485"
target="_blank"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">here.</a></em></strong></p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Since
7 October 2023, Israel has
waged a <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=f44cba3dde&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">genocidal
campaign</a> against the
Palestinian people in the Gaza
Strip, preceded by explicit <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=5ceeca3aac&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">statements
of intent by Israeli
political and military
officials</a> – a critical
constitutive and distinctive
element of the crime of
genocide. A key feature of
Israel’s ongoing military
aggression against 2.3 million
Palestinians in Gaza is the
escalated weaponisation of
water, among other necessities
vital for the survival of the
population. Israel declared
total warfare on Gaza’s
civilian population, including
by <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=78755bf58a&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">announcing</a>
a complete siege on Gaza, and
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=809cb0577c&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">employing</a>
starvation and thirst as a
method of warfare.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Referring
to Palestinians in Gaza as
“human animals”, Israeli
Defence Minister, Yoav Gallant
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=647007f619&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">stated</a>
on 9 October 2023, “[w]e are
imposing a complete siege on
Gaza. There will be no
electricity, no food, no
water, no fuel. Everything is
closed”. In a similar vein,
May Golan, the Minister for
the Advancement of the Status
of Women of Israel, also <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=534ae6d21c&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">stated</a>,
on 7 October 2023, that “[a]ll
of Gaza’s infrastructures must
be destroyed to its foundation
and their electricity cut off
immediately”, adding that,
“[t]he war is not against
Hamas but against the state of
Gaza”. The former head of the
Israeli National Security
Council, Giora Eiland, <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=4ebe9e2be7&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">stated</a>,
“Israel should not allow any
economic assistance. The
people should be told that
they have two choices; to stay
and to starve, or to leave”.
Eiland goes further by
outlining a contingency plan
in the case that the
Israeli-imposed energy
shortage in Gaza did not
prevent Palestinians from
accessing desalinated water
sourced from wells in Gaza. He
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=2364a5e4f2&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>:
“If the energy shortage in
Gaza makes it so that they
stop pumping out water, that’s
good. Otherwise, we have to
attack these water treatment
plants to create a situation
of thirst and hunger and I
would say, signal an
unprecedented economic and
humanitarian crisis”.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">As
the military offensive
approaches its 11-week mark,
Israeli officials have acted
on these genocidal statements
with impunity and blanket
support from several Third
States, including the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=88dea07247&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">United
S</a><a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=39925a9db3&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">tates</a>
(US); creating a humanitarian
crisis in Gaza that
international humanitarian
organisations have labelled ‘<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=18d4af860c&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">unprecedented</a>’.
Widespread and systematic
attacks against Gaza’s
civilian population and
infrastructure have resulted
in the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=10bd82578b&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">killing</a>
of at least 19,453 people, 70%
of whom are children and
women; the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=42161a8d65&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">destruction
or damage</a> of over 60% of
all Gaza’s housing units; and
the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=e3b3b8cfad&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">displacement</a>
of around 1.9 million
Palestinians, nearly 85% of
the population.
Simultaneously, targeted
attacks on hospitals and the
blocking of fuel and
electricity have crippled the
healthcare system in Gaza, <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=566598fceb&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">rendering</a>
only eight out of 36 hospitals
functional.</p>
<ol>
<li
style="text-align: justify;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">Background
to the alarming health
issues</li>
</ol>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Israeli
actions have indeed caused <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=8b8675c1f3&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">widespread
hunger</a> and thirst
throughout the entire Strip,
as advocated for by Eiland. To
exacerbate an already
disastrous humanitarian
situation caused by the
16-year-long closure, bombing,
total siege and widespread
famine, the World Health
Organization (WHO) has <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=976fdc2723&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">warned</a>
that, eventually, disease
could kill more people than
Israel’s indiscriminate
bombardment of the Gaza Strip
if the health system is not
repaired. Displaced people,
crowded together without clean
water or sanitation, are
fertile ground for disease.
Alarmingly, staph infections,
chickenpox, rashes, urinary
tract infections, meningitis,
mumps, scabies, measles and
food poisoning are all
reportedly <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=e110389b2e&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">rising</a>,
according to the Ministry of
Health in Gaza. The WHO is
particularly <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=416dc1a995&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">concerned</a>
about bloody diarrhoea,
jaundice and respiratory
infections.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">While
a trickle of aid, including
food, water and medicine, has
entered Gaza, such aid remains
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=e43412734d&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">insufficient
and inadequate</a>, as well
as ineffective without the
necessary fuel for collection
and distribution, water
purification and pumping, as <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=d9affd787b&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">warned</a>
by the Secretary-General of
the United Nations (UN),
Antonio Guterres. Against this
backdrop, the abovementioned
death toll is likely to
further increase, considering
the number of Palestinians
reported missing and presumed
to be trapped or dead under
the rubble, injured
Palestinians who might succumb
to their wounds, and
Palestinians who might die as
a result of hunger, thirst, or
disease. The deliberate and <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=124b126ac8&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">persistent
denial</a> of access to
medical and rescue teams in
areas where the Israeli
occupying forces (IOF) are
deployed, coupled with the
absence of adequate medical
care, is also poised to
increase the number of
Palestinians killed.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">This
latest instance of
weaponisation of Palestinian
water, among other vital
necessities in the Gaza Strip,
is a continuation of
decades-long systematic <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=170bb810b5&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">denial</a>
of Palestinians’ right to
water through Israel’s
apartheid regime. In Gaza, the
water crisis <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=74dd0a5df1&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">reached</a>
a critical juncture in 2007,
when Israel imposed its land,
air, and sea blockade and
closure, which amounts to
illegal collective punishment.
The closure has, inter alia,
severely restricted the entry
of Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene Infrastructure (WASH)
items essential for the
development and maintenance of
water and sanitation
infrastructure. Since then,
this has only been exacerbated
and compounded by six
large-scale Israeli military
aggressions which have
directly and indirectly
destroyed crucial WASH
infrastructure, in violation
of international humanitarian
law (“IHL”). Notably, prior to
7 October 2023, the sole water
resource in Gaza was already
severely overexploited and
heavily polluted by
agrochemicals and wastewater
infiltration, <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=a3293c1a41&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">rendering</a>
97% of Gaza’s water unfit for
human consumption.</p>
<ol start="2">
<li
style="text-align: justify;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">Legal
analysis</li>
</ol>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">2.1.
Applicable law</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">The
Genocide Convention provides
that, when “committed with
intent to destroy, in whole or
in part, a national, ethnical,
racial or religious group”,<a
href="#_ftn1"
name="_ftnref1" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[1]</a>
“[d]eliberately inflicting on
the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole
or in part” comprises acts of
genocide.<a href="#_ftn2"
name="_ftnref2" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[2]</a>
The Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court
(“ICC”) reproduces this
definition and its list of
underlying crimes.<a
href="#_ftn3"
name="_ftnref3" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[3]</a>
According to the Elements of
Crime accompanying the Rome
Statute, “conditions of life”
include, inter alia, the
“deprivation of resources
indispensable for survival,
such as food and medical
services, or systematic
expulsion from homes”.<a
href="#_ftn4"
name="_ftnref4" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[4]</a>
Under the case law of the
International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY), these
further include “the creation
of circumstances that would
lead to a slow death, such as
lack of proper housing,
clothing and hygiene”.<a
href="#_ftn5"
name="_ftnref5" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[5]</a>
Israel’s deliberate
deprivation of essential
supplies necessary for the
survival of the population of
Gaza due to the imposed siege,
coupled with the admissions of
intent by Israeli officials,
amounts to a <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=65547b63ac&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">genocidal</a>
act.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Furthermore,
employing starvation and
thirst as a method of warfare
is absolutely prohibited under
IHL.<a href="#_ftn6"
name="_ftnref6" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[6]</a>
The blocking of basic
supplies necessary for the
survival of the population,
including food and clean
water, amounts to a war crime.<a
href="#_ftn7"
name="_ftnref7" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[7]</a>
In addition, the core IHL
principle of <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1a323daf15&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">proportionality</a>
prohibits “[l]aunching an
attack which may be expected
to cause incidental loss of
civilian life, injury to
civilians, damage to civilian
objects, or a combination
thereof, which would be
excessive in relation to the
concrete and direct military
advantage anticipated”.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">2.2.
The Gaza Strip: an open-air
prison now threatened by
underground floodings</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Even
prior to 7 October 2023, the
conditions in the Gaza Strip
had already prompted
discussions of genocide – as
concerns had been raised by,
inter alia, <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=4b7a21adb3&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">National
Lawyers Guild</a> in 2014,
the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=6dd4241b08&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Russell
Tribunal on Palestine</a> in
2014, and the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=271b9e2ff8&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Center
for Constitutional Rights</a>
in 2016. Scholars, over the
years, have warned that the
closure and blockade of Gaza
may amount to a “<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=2f1bb863b9&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">prelude
to genocide</a>” or a “<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1c2e28648d&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">slow-motion
genocide</a>”. In 2007,
Israel imposed a land, air and
sea closure of the Gaza Strip
which further fragmented the
Palestinian people and
constitutes a prohibited
collective punishment.<a
href="#_ftn8"
name="_ftnref8" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[8]</a>
Israel’s fragmentation policy,
enacted including through the
closure, has not only
infringed upon Palestinians’
freedom of movement, but also
de-developed Gaza’s economy
and undermined all social,
economic, cultural, civil, and
political rights; ultimately
violating their collective and
inalienable right to
self-determination. As a
consequence, Gaza is <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=d2125651e3&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">crippled</a>
by high levels of poverty, aid
dependency, food insecurity,
and unemployment, which,
coupled with the collapse of
essential services such as
healthcare and water
facilities, has rendered it
unliveable, as <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=09c36ff07c&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">stressed</a>
by several UN reports. Despite
this dire reality, Israel has
further tightened and
maintained its illegal closure
and blockade of Gaza.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">In
November 2023, media reports
of Israeli plans to flood
alleged tunnels in Gaza with
seawater began circulating.
This alarming move, vehemently
cautioned against by the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=4930b563f2&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Palestinian
Water Authority</a> and
other environmental experts,
poses an imminent threat to
Gaza’s only functioning
aquifer, which is already on
the brink of collapse. If
implemented, this action could
inflict irreversible
environmental damage, leaving
a lasting impact for
generations to come and
worsening the already
described ‘uninhabitable’
situation in Gaza. While the
Israeli government has not
publicly confirmed and
acknowledged this, US
officials have independently
confirmed to media outlets
that Israel has begun
implementation of the
‘flooding strategy’.
Furthermore, an <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=e9b697f548&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">analysis</a>
of ground footage and
satellite images by Forensic
Architecture has successfully
geolocated and confirmed the
presence and existence of
water pump infrastructure
installed since the start of
Israel’s ground invasion of
Gaza. This infrastructure
operates beneath one of
Palestine’s most important
archaeological sites, situated
near the al-Shati refugee camp
on the Gaza coast.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">This
reported flooding violates the
aforementioned principle of
proportionality. Indeed, the
alleged targeting of members
of armed resistance groups, if
any, does not outweigh and
fails to justify the enduring
of such durable adverse
consequences and severe
repercussions on Gaza’s
environment, the civilian
population and essential
objects indispensable to the
survival of Palestinians in
Gaza. Targeting such <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=027a4de39e&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">objects</a>,
including “foodstuffs,
agricultural areas for the
production of foodstuffs,
crops, livestock, drinking
water installations and
supplies and irrigation
works”, further <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=740c739559&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">violates</a>
IHL, regardless of
proportionality
considerations.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Moreover,
this move, which could have
long-term environmental
implications, further
contributes to mounting
evidence that Israel is
“[d]eliberately inflicting on
the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole
or in part”, as per the
Genocide Convention. Coupled
with the destruction of over
60% of Gaza’s housing units
amid poor weather conditions
as winter looms, and the
complete siege imposed on
Gaza, this move not only
exacerbates the dire
consequences of Israel’s
ongoing military campaign but
also severely hampers the
ability of Palestinians in
Gaza to survive as a people.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">2.3.
The Erasure of Palestinian
Culture</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">For
decades, Israel has
relentlessly sought to erase
Palestinian identity, history,
and presence, denying the
Palestinian people their
fundamental right to
self-determination. Such
attempts derive from the
Zionist settler-colonialism,
premised on the removal and
replacement of the indigenous
Palestinian people from the
land. In Gaza, these efforts
have been implemented,
including through the
16-year-long closure and
blockade of the Gaza Strip,
along with the different
Israeli military offensives
against it, which have
included the unlawful
destruction of Palestinian
cultural heritage. This is a
fundamental element that
enables Israel to further its
colonial project in Palestine
and to entrench its apartheid
regime over the Palestinian
people as a whole and their
lands, by erasing their
cultural identity as a people.
As previously <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=0f9436455e&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">warned</a>
by Al-Haq, “Israel’s
bombardments [...] aim at
gradually erasing Palestinian
cultural heritage to deny the
Palestinian people their right
to self-determination over
their cultural resources, and
by extension threatens their
existence as a people”.
Indeed, the right of peoples
to self-determination includes
the right to cultural
development.<a href="#_ftn9"
name="_ftnref9" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[9]</a></p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Israel’s
destruction of Palestinian
cultural property in its
ongoing assault on Gaza
exemplifies its decades-long <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1d2fb48cce&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">attempts</a>
to erase Palestinian presence,
history, and identity, is
indicative of genocidal
intent. In terms of intent to
commit genocide through
killings,<a href="#_ftn10"
name="_ftnref10" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[10]</a>
the International Court of
Justice (“ICJ”) has considered
that the “destruction of
historical, cultural and
religious heritage [...] may
be highly significant since it
is directed to the elimination
of all traces of the cultural
or religious presence of a
group”. Considering how
relevant is this for a finding
on genocide, it endorsed “the
observation made in the Krstic
case that “where there is
physical and biological
destruction there are often
simultaneous attacks on the
cultural and religious
property and symbols of the
targeted group as well,
attacks which may legitimately
be considered as evidence of
an intent to physically
destroy the group.””<a
href="#_ftn11"
name="_ftnref11" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[11]</a></p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Since
7 October 2023, Israel has
reportedly damaged or
destroyed several Palestinian
historical and cultural sites
and centres during its aerial
bombing campaign and ground
invasion of Gaza, in a manner
indicative of a pattern that
aligns with Israel’s
calculated campaign to erase
any sign of Palestinian
presence, whether human or
cultural. According to <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=40eea5ca43&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Heritage
for Peace</a>, 104 out of
the 325 heritage sites in the
Gaza Strip have been fully
destroyed or partially
damaged, as of 7 November
2023. In particular, it was
reported that the Israeli
military extensively damaged
the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=c2ff9c7dbc&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Al-Omari
Grand Mosque</a>, the
largest and oldest in the Gaza
Strip, and impacted the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1713c36c32&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Monastery
of Saint Hilarion at Tell
Umm Amer</a>, which is
listed on the tentative list
of World Heritage Sites, and
the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=b3344ee3fd&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Hammam
of Smara</a>, which was
constructed over 1,000 years
ago. The IOF have further
reportedly bombed various
cultural institutions,
including the <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=db7b8b43b0&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Orthodox
Cultural Centre</a>, and the
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=07873f1c63&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Rafah
Museum</a>, completely
destroying the former.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">The
Gaza coastline, well-known to
be of <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=69bce2fcea&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">major
archaeological significance</a>
in the region, was already
under existential threat from
repeated Israeli bombings and
a 16-year-long closure before
the ongoing military
aggression and genocidal
campaign. Excavations have led
to significant archaeological
discoveries including a
Roman-era city wall and
adjacent streets and
buildings, a defensive wall
(rampart) from the Iron Age –
dating to the late 7th century
B.C.E. and a fountain, houses,
an emporium and a villa from
the Greco-Roman City of
Anthedon during the
Hellenistic and Roman periods
between 332 B.C.E. and 324
C.E. It is now mostly ruined
beyond repair by the ongoing
Israeli military aggression
and ground invasion of Gaza,
according to analysis carried
out by Forensic Architecture.
Airstrikes, ground-level
bulldozing and the current
installation of water pumps
under the site have caused the
present destruction. For
example, Anthedon, a
Hellenistic/Roman-era city,
has been subjected to over 30
craters caused by air-dropped
munitions, ranging in size
from 8 to 16 metres in
diameter. D9 bulldozers were
also used to turn the coastal
area into a military outpost,
creating earth mounds raised
three or four metres high,
likely containing damaged
archaeological remnants and
artefacts. </p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Applying
the aforementioned position
embraced by international
courts and tribunals, this
destruction of Gaza’s rich
cultural heritage, which
occurs alongside the
large-scale killing of
Palestinians, significantly
testifies to Israeli officials
and military commanders’
intent to destroy the
Palestinian people as well as
erasing their identity.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Many
of the above-mentioned legal
basis are jus cogens norms,
which designates non-derogable
rules of international law.
These include the prohibitions
of genocide, apartheid,
torture, the non-use of force
and basic principles of IHL.<a
href="#_ftn12"
name="_ftnref12" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[12]</a>
Third States must act in line
with their obligations under
the Genocide Convention,
including by unilaterally and
collectively taking all
feasible action to urgently
and definitively ensure an
immediate end to the ongoing
atrocities, and that Israel
refrains from the perpetration
of conduct prohibited under
Article II of the Convention.
Furthermore, Third States are
under the customary
obligations not to recognise
as legal the situation arising
from such breaches, not to aid
and abet in maintaining them
and to cooperate to bring this
situation to an end.<a
href="#_ftn13"
name="_ftnref13" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">[13]</a>
Furthermore, under Common
Article 1 to the Geneva
Conventions, the High
Contracting Parties must
“respect and ensure respect”
of IHL, notably by <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=d6377b518a&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">exerting</a>
“their influence, to the
degree possible, to stop
violations of international
humanitarian law”.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Israel
is deliberately inflicting
conditions of life calculated
to bring about the physical
destruction, in whole or in
part, of the Palestinian
people. Palestinians in Gaza
have been under a 16-year-long
land, air and sea blockade and
closure, enduring a
56-year-long illegal military
occupation and an apartheid
regime as part of Israel’s
settler colonial enterprise
since Al-Nakba of 1948.
Statements made by Israeli
officials, dehumanising the
Palestinian people and proudly
expressing genocidal rhetoric,
clearly substantiate their
intention to destroy the
Palestinian people. Israel’s
intent was only made clearer
by both further genocidal
statements as well as the
genocidal acts of the Israeli
military. The repercussions of
these imposed conditions will
reverberate for generations to
come and are beyond temporary.
Israel is inflicting grave and
long-term disadvantages to the
population’s well-being and
ability to lead a constructive
life.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;">Since
7 October 2023, Israel has
gone far beyond proper conduct
of hostilities and there is
unambiguous evidence of
Israeli officials and
military’s intent to erase and
destroy the Palestinian people
in Gaza. In particular, the
damaging and destruction of
Gaza’s cultural heritage and
potentially devastating
impacts to the environment
caused by Israel’s pumping of
seawater, only provide more
evidence of Israeli officials
and military’s genocidal
intent. Indeed, flooding the
tunnels of Gaza, with the
knowledge of the devastating
short and long-term
consequences experts have
warned of, is a deliberate
attempt to deprive resources
indispensable for the survival
of the Palestinian people in
Gaza, already suffering from
hunger and thirst due to
Israel’s full siege on Gaza,
imposed for over two months.
It also serves Israel’s
colonial project, reinforcing
its apartheid regime by
erasing Palestinian identity.
Therefore, we demand that the
international community and
Third States meet their legal
obligations and take concrete
and effective measures to
prevent the flooding of Gaza’s
tunnels and enforce an
immediate ceasefire, and push
Israel to reinstate the supply
of water, food, electricity
and fuel, as well as medical
and humanitarian aid,
necessary for the survival of
the Palestinian population in
Gaza.</p>
<hr width="33%" size="1"
align="left">
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref1"
name="_ftn1" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[1]</sup></sup></a>
Genocide Convention (1948),
Article II.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref2"
name="_ftn2" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a>
Genocide Convention (1948),
Article II(c).</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref3"
name="_ftn3" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a>
Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court
(1998), Article 6(c).</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref4"
name="_ftn4" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a>
<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=6aa420fe10&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"> </a><a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=12fe5426c0&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Elements
of Crimes</a> to Article
6(c).</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref5"
name="_ftn5" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a>
<em>Prosecutor v. Vujadin
Popovic (Judgment)</em>,
IT-05-88-T, International
Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 10
June 2010, para. 815</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref6"
name="_ftn6" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a>
Article 54 of Additional
Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva
Conventions provides the
absolute prohibition on
starvation as a method of
warfare, prohibiting parties
to the conflict “to attack,
destroy, remove or render
useless objects indispensable
to the survival of the
civilian population, such as
foodstuffs”. <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=0cb7ac699e&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Rule
53 of the ICRC Customary
International Law Database</a>
further cites the prohibition
of starvation as a customary
rule of international law.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref7"
name="_ftn7" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a>
Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court
(1998), Article 8(2)(b)(xxv)</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref8"
name="_ftn8" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a>
Fourth Geneva Convention
(1949), Article 33.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref9"
name="_ftn9" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a>
International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (1966), Common Article
1(1).</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref10"
name="_ftn10" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a>
Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court
(1998), Article 6(a).</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref11"
name="_ftn11" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a>
ICJ, <em>Bosnia and
Herzegovina v. Serbia and
Montenegro, </em>26
February 2007, para. 344
referring to International
Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”), <em>Prosecutor
v. Krstić</em>, Trial
Chamber, Judgmen<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=9285cc3952&e=08c14cf485"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">t</a>,
2 August 2001, IT-98-33-T,
para. 580.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref12"
name="_ftn12" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a>
International Law Commission
(“ICL”), Report of the Study
Group on Fragmentation of
International law:
Difficulties arising from the
Diversification and Expansion
of International Law (13 April
2006) UN Doc A/CN.4/L.682,
para. 361; <em>Military and
Paramilitary Activities in
and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States
of America),</em> Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986,
para. 190, referring to ICL,
para. 1 of the commentary of
the Commission to Article 50
of its draft Articles on the
Law of Treaties, ILC Yearbook,
1966-II, p. 247.</p>
<p
style="text-align: justify;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;"><a
href="#_ftnref13"
name="_ftn13" title=""
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a>
Article 40(1) and (2), Draft
Articles on Responsibility of
States for Internationally
Wrongful Acts, International
Law Commission (2001).</p>
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valign="top"> <em>Copyright ©
2023 Al-Haq Organization, All
rights reserved.</em><br>
<br>
<strong>Our mailing address is:</strong><br>
Al-Haq Organization<br>
54 Main Street<br>
Ramallah P6008148<br>
Palestine<br>
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