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valign="top"> <strong><span
style="font-size:20px"><span
style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">A New
Mood in the World Will
Put an End to the Global
Monroe Doctrine: The
Forty-Seventh Newsletter
(2023)</span></span></span></strong>
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<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
fetchpriority="high"
class="wp-image-90008 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tagreed-Darghouth-Lebanon-The-Tree-Within-A-Palestinian-Olive-Tree-2018.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tagreed-Darghouth-Lebanon-The-Tree-Within-A-Palestinian-Olive-Tree-2018.jpg 709w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Tagreed-Darghouth-Lebanon-The-Tree-Within-A-Palestinian-Olive-Tree-2018-224x300.jpg 224w"
sizes="(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
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<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Tagreed
Darghouth (Lebanon),
from the series <i>The
Tree Within, a
Palestinian Olive Tree</i>,
2018.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b08fbd24d5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Every
day since 7 October has felt
like an International Day of
Solidarity with the
Palestinian People, with
hundreds of thousands <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=00dfdf0f71&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">gather</a>ing in
Istanbul, a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c5f65445af&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">million</a> in
Jakarta, and then yet
another million across <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7a935b8273&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Africa</a> and
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=11190548d0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Latin
America</a> to demand an
end to the brutal attack
being carried out by Israel
(with the collusion of the
United States). It is
impossible to keep up with
the scale and frequency of
the protests, which are in
turn pushing political
parties and governments to
clarify their stances on
Israel’s attack on
Palestine. These mass
demonstrations have
generated three kinds of
outcomes:</p>
<ol>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">They
have drawn a new
generation not only into
pro-Palestine activity,
but into anti-war – if not
anti-imperialist –
consciousness.</li>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">They
have drawn in a new
section of activists,
particularly trade
unionists, who have been
inspired to stop the
shipment of goods to and
from Israel (including in
places such as <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=121648a8d5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Europe</a>
and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e2afa61800&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">India</a>,
where the governments have
supported Israel’s
attacks).</li>
<li
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">They
have generated a political
process to challenge the
hypocrisy of the
Western-led ‘<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=38f7d1ea67&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">rules-based
international order</a>’
to demand that the
International Criminal
Court indict Israeli Prime
Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu and other senior
Israeli government
officials.</li>
</ol>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">No
war in recent years – not
even the ‘<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b103ce6105&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">shock
and awe</a>’ campaign used
by the United States against
Iraq in 2003 – has been as
ruthless in its use of
force. Most horrifying is
the reality that civilians,
penned in by the Israeli
occupation, have no escape
from the heavy bombardment.
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5625617da0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Nearly
half</a> (at least <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=858a16dfb7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">5,800</a>)
of the more than 14,000
civilians that have been
murdered are <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c7f5d041f0&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">children</a>.
No amount of Israeli
propaganda has been able to
convince billions of people
around the world that this
violence is a righteous
rejoinder for the 7 October
attack. Visuals from Gaza
show the disproportionate
and asymmetrical nature of
Israel’s violence over the
past seventy-five years.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
class="wp-image-90018 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Vincent-De-Pio-Philippines-Back-to-the-Future-2012.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Vincent-De-Pio-Philippines-Back-to-the-Future-2012.jpg 600w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Vincent-De-Pio-Philippines-Back-to-the-Future-2012-250x300.jpg 250w"
sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="600" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Vincent
De Pio (Philippines), <i>Back
to the Future</i>,
2012.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">A
new mood has taken root
amongst billions of people
in the Global South and been
mirrored by millions in the
Global North who no longer
take the attitudes of US
leaders and their Western
allies at face value. A new
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f06e30f12f&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">study</a>
by the European Council of
Foreign Relations shows that
‘much of the rest of the
world wants the war in
Ukraine to stop as soon as
possible, even if it means
Kyiv losing territory. And
very few people – even in
Europe – would take
Washington’s side if a war
erupted between the US and
China over Taiwan’. The
council suggests that this
is due to the ‘loss of faith
in the West to order the
world’. More precisely, most
of the world is no longer
willing to be bullied by the
West (as South Africa’s
Foreign Minister Naledi
Pandor <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3aa7f4d9e4&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">put
it</a>). Over the last 200
years, the US government’s
Monroe Doctrine has been
instrumental in justifying
this type of bullying. To
better understand the
significance of this key
policy in upholding US
dominance over the world
order, the rest of this
newsletter features briefing
no. 11 from <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=93b53de992&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">No
Cold War</a>, <i>It Is
Time to Bury the Monroe
Doctrine</i>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><strong><img
decoding="async"
class="aligncenter wp-image-90070 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Briefing11_Card_EN-e1700672609143.png"
alt=""
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="840" border="0"></strong></p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In
1823, James Monroe, then
president of the United
States, told the US Congress
that his government would
stand against European
interference in the
Americas. What Monroe meant
was that Washington would,
from then on, treat Latin
America and the Caribbean as
its ‘backyard’, grounded by
a policy known as the Monroe
Doctrine.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Over
the past 200 years, the US
has operated in the Americas
along this grain,
exemplified by the more than
100 military <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3bea7db035&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">interventions</a>
against countries in the
region. Since the fall of
the Soviet Union in 1991,
the US and its Global North
allies have attempted to
expand this policy into a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c0eaad5e75&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Global
Monroe Doctrine</a>, most
destructively in Western
Asia.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-90028 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stivenson-Magliore-Haiti-Divided-Spirit-1989.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stivenson-Magliore-Haiti-Divided-Spirit-1989.jpg 950w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stivenson-Magliore-Haiti-Divided-Spirit-1989-300x224.jpg 300w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stivenson-Magliore-Haiti-Divided-Spirit-1989-768x574.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Stivenson
Magloire (Haiti), <i>Divided
Spirit</i>, 1989.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<h3
style="display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><b>The
Violence of the Monroe
Doctrine</b></span></h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Two
decades before Monroe’s
proclamation, the world’s
first anti-colonial
revolution took place in
Haiti. The 1804 Haitian
Revolution posed a serious
threat to the plantation
economies of the Americas,
which relied upon enslaved
labour from Africa, and so
the US led a process to
suffocate it and prevent it
from spreading. Through US
military interventions
across Latin America and the
Caribbean, the Monroe
Doctrine prevented the rise
of national
self-determination and
defended plantation slavery
and the power of the
oligarchies.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Nonetheless,
the spirit and promise of
the Haitian Revolution could
not be extinguished, and in
1959 it was reignited by the
Cuban Revolution, which in
turn inspired revolutionary
struggles across the world
and, most importantly, in
the so-called backyard of
the United States. Once
again, the US initiated a
cycle of violence to destroy
Cuba’s revolutionary
example, prevent it from
inspiring others, and
overthrow any government in
the region that tried to
exercise its sovereignty.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Together,
US and Latin American
oligarchies launched several
campaigns, such as <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=46fa0d28ba&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Operation
Condor</a>, to violently
suppress the left through
assassinations,
incarcerations, torture, and
regime change. These efforts
culminated in a series of
coups against left-wing
forces in the Dominican
Republic (1965), <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=1dcfceeefa&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Chile</a>
(1973), Uruguay (1973),
Argentina (1976), and El
Salvador (1980). The
military governments that
were subsequently installed
quashed the sovereignty
agenda and imposed a
neoliberal project in its
place. Latin America and the
Caribbean became fertile
ground for economic policies
that benefitted US-led
transnational monopolies.
Washington co-opted large
sections of the region’s
bourgeoisie, selling them
the illusion that national
development would come
alongside the growth of US
power.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-90038 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Oswaldo-Vigas-Venezuela-Duende-Rojo-1979.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Oswaldo-Vigas-Venezuela-Duende-Rojo-1979.jpg 640w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Oswaldo-Vigas-Venezuela-Duende-Rojo-1979-224x300.jpg 224w"
sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="640" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Oswaldo
Vigas (Venezuela), <i>Duende
Rojo </i>(‘Red Elf’),
1979.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<h3
style="display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><b>Progressive
Waves</b></span></h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Despite
this repression, waves of
popular movements continued
to shape the region’s
political culture. During
the 1980s and 1990s, these
movements toppled the
military dictatorships put
in place by Operation Condor
and then inaugurated a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7cbd01c959&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">cycle</a>
of progressive governments
inspired by the Cuban and
Nicaraguan revolutions and
propelled forward by the
electoral victory of Hugo
Chávez in Venezuela in 1998.
The US response to this
progressive upsurge was yet
again driven by the Monroe
Doctrine as it sought to
secure the interests of
private property above the
needs of the masses. This
counterrevolution has
employed three main
instruments:</p>
<ol>
<li aria-level="1"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><b>Coups.</b>
Since 2000, the US has <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f46a779fe5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">attempted</a>
to conduct ‘traditional’
military coups d’état on
at least twenty-seven
occasions, with some of
these attempts succeeding,
such as in <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e185eb2b97&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Honduras</a>
(2009), while many others
were defeated, as in <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8a2c60a5b6&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Venezuela</a>
(2002).</li>
<li aria-level="1"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><b>Hybrid
Wars. </b>In addition
to the military coup, the
US has also developed a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=aa99c0a1a9&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">series
of tactics</a> to
overwhelm countries that
are attempting to build
sovereignty, such as
information warfare, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c5002c3b40&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">lawfare</a>,
diplomatic warfare, and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=d1a92b9c17&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">electoral
interference</a>. This <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0d11f80893&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">hybrid
war</a> strategy
includes manufacturing
impeachment scandals (for
example, against
Paraguay’s Fernando Lugo
in 2012) and
‘anti-corruption’ measures
(such as against
Argentina’s Cristina
Kirchner in 2021). In
Brazil, the US worked with
the Brazilian right wing
to manipulate an
anti-corruption platform
to impeach then President
Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and
imprison former President
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
in 2018, leading to the
election of far-right Jair
Bolsonaro in 2018.</li>
<li aria-level="1"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><b>Economic
Sanctions.</b> The use
of illegal, unilateral
coercive measures –
including economic
sanctions and blockades –
are a key instrument of
the Monroe Doctrine. The
US has employed such
instruments for decades
(since 1960 in the case of
Cuba) and expanded their
use in the twenty-first
century against countries
such as <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=68cafee271&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Venezuela</a>.
The Latin American
Strategic Geopolitics
Centre (CELAG) <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e351c630c8&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">showed</a>
that US sanctions against
Venezuela led to the loss
of more than three million
jobs from 2013 to 2017
while the Centre for
Economic and Policy
Research <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=58a319ff4b&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">found</a>
that sanctions have
reduced the public’s
caloric intake and
increased disease and
mortality, killing 40,000
people in a single year
while endangering the
lives of 300,000 others.</li>
</ol>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-90048 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Maya-Weishof-Brazil-Between-talks-and-myths-2022.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Maya-Weishof-Brazil-Between-talks-and-myths-2022.jpg 828w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Maya-Weishof-Brazil-Between-talks-and-myths-2022-261x300.jpg 261w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Maya-Weishof-Brazil-Between-talks-and-myths-2022-768x881.jpg 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="828" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Maya
Weishof (Brazil), <i>Between
Talks and Myths</i>,
2022.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<h3
style="display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 20px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-height: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><b>End
the Monroe Doctrine</b></span></h3>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">US
attempts to undermine
progressive politics in
Latin America, underpinned
by the Monroe Doctrine, have
not been entirely
successful. The return of
left-wing governments to
power in Bolivia, Brazil,
and Honduras after US-backed
right-wing regimes
illustrates this failure.
Another sign is the
resilience of the Cuban and
Venezuelan revolutions. To
date, while efforts to
expand the Monroe Doctrine
around the world have caused
immense destruction, they
have failed to install
stable client regimes, as we
saw with the defeat of US
projects in Afghanistan and
Iraq. Nonetheless,
Washington remains
undeterred and has shifted
its focus to the
Asia-Pacific to confront <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=06f9aeb864&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">China</a>.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Two
hundred years ago, the
forces of Simón Bolívar
trounced the Spanish Empire
in the 1821 Battle of
Carabobo and opened a period
of independence for Latin
America. Two years later, in
1823, the US government
announced its Monroe
Doctrine. The dialectic
between Carabobo and Monroe
continues to shape our
world, the memory of Bolívar
instilled in the hope of and
struggle for a more just
society.</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_89057"
class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-89057" decoding="async"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-90058 size-full img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sheena-Rose-Barbados-Agony-2022.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sheena-Rose-Barbados-Agony-2022.jpg 732w, https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sheena-Rose-Barbados-Agony-2022-300x225.jpg 300w"
sizes="(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px"
style="max-width: 100%;width: 100%;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline;vertical-align: bottom;border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="732" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-89057" class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Sheena
Rose (Barbados), <i>Agony</i>,
2022.</span></p>
</div>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Today,
the ugliness of the war on
Gaza suffocates our
consciousness. <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f20053d71d&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #007C89;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Em
Berry</a>, a poet from
Aotearoa, New Zealand, wrote
a beautiful poem on the name
Gaza and the atrocities
being inflicted upon its
people by apartheid Israel:</p>
<p
style="padding-left: 40px;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">This
morning I learned<br>
The English word gauze<br>
(finely woven medical cloth)<br>
comes from the Arabic word
غزة or Ghazza<br>
because Gazans have been
skilled weavers for
centuries</p>
<p
style="padding-left: 40px;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">I
wondered then</p>
<p
style="padding-left: 40px;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">how
many of our wounds<br>
have been dressed<br>
because of them</p>
<p
style="padding-left: 40px;margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">and
how many of theirs<br>
have been left open<br>
because of us</p>
<p
style="margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p
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