<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body style="height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;width:
100%;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;background-color: #FAFAFA;">
<div class="moz-forward-container">
<center>
<table id="bodyTable" style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;height: 100%;margin: 0;padding: 0;width:
100%;background-color: #FAFAFA;" width="100%" height="100%"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td id="bodyCell" style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;height: 100%;margin:
0;padding: 10px;width: 100%;border-top: 0;" valign="top"
align="center">
<table class="templateContainer" style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;border:
0;max-width: 600px !important;" width="100%"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td id="templatePreheader" style="background:
#FAFAFA none no-repeat
center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;background-color: #FAFAFA;background-image:
none;background-repeat:
no-repeat;background-position:
center;background-size: cover;border-top:
0;border-bottom: 0;padding-top:
9px;padding-bottom: 9px;" valign="top">
<table class="mcnTextBlock" style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody class="mcnTextBlockOuter">
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextBlockInner"
style="padding-top:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="top">
<table style="max-width: 100%;min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnTextContentContainer"
width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextContent"
style="padding: 0px 18px
9px;text-align:
center;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;word-break:
break-word;color:
#656565;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
12px;line-height: 150%;"
valign="top"><span
style="font-family:helvetica
neue,helvetica,arial,verdana,sans-serif"><a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ebec09347e&e=d206d0a40d"
target="_blank"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#656565;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#ba2025">View
this email in your browser</span></a></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]--> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td id="templateHeader" style="background: #FFFFFF
none no-repeat
center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;background-color: #FFFFFF;background-image:
none;background-repeat:
no-repeat;background-position:
center;background-size: cover;border-top:
0;border-bottom: 0;padding-top:
9px;padding-bottom: 0;" valign="top">
<table class="mcnTextBlock" style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody class="mcnTextBlockOuter">
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextBlockInner"
style="padding-top:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="top">
<!--[if mso]>
<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100%;">
<tr>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td valign="top" width="NaN" style="width:NaNpx;">
<![endif]-->
<table style="max-width: 100%;min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnTextContentContainer"
width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextContent"
style="padding-top:
0;padding-right:
18px;padding-bottom:
9px;padding-left:
18px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;word-break:
break-word;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"
valign="top"> <strong><span
style="font-size:20px"><span
style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">NATO
Destroyed Libya in 2011;
Storm Daniel Came to
Sweep Up the Remains:
The Thirty-Eighth
Newsletter</span></span></span></strong>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]--> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td id="templateBody" style="background: #FFFFFF
none no-repeat
center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;background-color: #FFFFFF;background-image:
none;background-repeat:
no-repeat;background-position:
center;background-size: cover;border-top:
0;border-bottom: 2px solid #EAEAEA;padding-top:
0;padding-bottom: 9px;" valign="top">
<table class="mcnTextBlock" style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody class="mcnTextBlockOuter">
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextBlockInner"
style="padding-top:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="top">
<!--[if mso]>
<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100%;">
<tr>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td valign="top" width="NaN" style="width:NaNpx;">
<![endif]-->
<table style="max-width: 100%;min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnTextContentContainer"
width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mcnTextContent"
style="padding: 0px 18px
9px;font-family:
"Lato",
"Helvetica Neue",
Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;word-break:
break-word;color:
#202020;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"
valign="top"> <br>
<span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica
neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">
<div id="attachment_85970"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85970"
class="wp-image-85970
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Shefa-Salem-Libya-Drown-on-Dry-Land-2019..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Shefa-Salem-Libya-Drown-on-Dry-Land-2019..jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Shefa-Salem-Libya-Drown-on-Dry-Land-2019.-300x216.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Shefa-Salem-Libya-Drown-on-Dry-Land-2019.-768x553.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-85970"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><a
style="color:
#ba2025;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=32150c27ef&e=d206d0a40d"
moz-do-not-send="true">Shefa
Salem al-Baraesi</a>
(Libya), <i>Drown on
Dry Land</i>, 2019.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=89ca014696&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Three
days before the Abu Mansur
and Al Bilad dams collapsed
in Wadi Derna, Libya, on the
night of September 10, the
poet Mustafa al-Trabelsi
participated in a discussion
at the Derna House of
Culture about the neglect of
basic infrastructure in his
city. At the meeting,
al-Trabelsi warned about the
poor condition of the dams.
As he <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ddf1045e73&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">wrote</a>
on Facebook that same day,
over the past decade his
beloved city has been
‘exposed to whipping and
bombing, and then it was
enclosed by a wall that had
no door, leaving it shrouded
in fear and depression’.
Then, Storm Daniel picked up
off the Mediterranean coast,
dragged itself into Libya,
and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=53113fc6fe&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">broke</a>
the dams. CCTV camera <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=788f460a75&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">footage</a>
in the city’s Maghar
neighbourhood showed the
rapid advance of the
floodwaters, powerful enough
to destroy buildings and
crush lives. A reported 70%
of infrastructure and 95% of
educational institutions
have been <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=90a0d0957e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">damaged</a>
in the flood-affected areas.
As of Wednesday 20
September, an <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=bed5b21c74&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">estimated</a>
4,000 to 11,000 people have
died in the flood – among
them the poet Mustafa
al-Trabelsi, whose warnings
over the years went unheeded
– and another 10,000 are
missing.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Hisham
Chkiouat, the aviation
minister of Libya’s
Government of National
Stability (based in Sirte),
visited Derna in the wake of
the flood and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b12c673332&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">told</a>
the BBC, ‘I was shocked by
what I saw. It’s like a
tsunami. A massive
neighbourhood has been
destroyed. There is a large
number of victims, which is
increasing each hour’. The
Mediterranean Sea ate up
this ancient city with roots
in the Hellenistic period
(326 BCE to 30 BCE). Hussein
Swaydan, head of Derna’s
Roads and Bridges Authority,
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5abe38f6d1&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
that the total area with
‘severe damage’ amounts to
three million square metres.
‘The situation in this
city’, he said, ‘is more
than catastrophic’. Dr
Margaret Harris of the World
Health Organisation (WHO) <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=511c478c87&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
that the flood was of ‘epic
proportions’. ‘There’s not
been a storm like this in
the region in living
memory’, she said, ‘so it’s
a great shock’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Howls
of anguish across Libya
morphed into anger at the
devastation, which are now
developing into demands for
an investigation. But who
will conduct this
investigation: the
Tripoli-based Government of
National Unity, headed by
Prime Minister Abdul Hamid
Dbeibeh and officially
recognised by the United
Nations (UN), or the
Government of National
Stability, headed by Prime
Minister Osama Hamada in
Sirte? These two rival
governments – which have
been at war with each other
for many years – have
paralysed the politics of
the country, whose state
institutions were fatally
damaged by North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (NATO)
bombardment in 2011.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_85980"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85980"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-85980
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Soad-Abdel-Rassoul-Egypt-My-Last-Meal-2019..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Soad-Abdel-Rassoul-Egypt-My-Last-Meal-2019..jpg
800w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Soad-Abdel-Rassoul-Egypt-My-Last-Meal-2019.-300x169.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Soad-Abdel-Rassoul-Egypt-My-Last-Meal-2019.-768x432.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
800px) 100vw, 800px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="800" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-85980"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Soad
Abdel Rassoul (Egypt), <i>My
Last Meal</i>, 2019.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
divided state and its
damaged institutions have
been unable to properly
provide for Libya’s
population of nearly seven
million in the oil-rich but
now totally devastated
country. Before the recent
tragedy, the UN was already
providing humanitarian aid
for at least 300,000
Libyans, but, as a
consequence of the floods,
they <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e1ba8ff8a8&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">estimate</a>
that at least 884,000 more
people will require
assistance. This number is
certain to rise to at least
1.8 million. The WHO’s Dr
Harris <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7645049868&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">reports</a>
that some hospitals have
been ‘wiped out’ and that
vital medical supplies,
including trauma kits and
body bags, are needed. ‘The
humanitarian needs are huge
and much more beyond the
abilities of the Libyan Red
Crescent, and even beyond
the abilities of the
Government’, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0df811b582&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
Tamar Ramadan, head of the
International Federation of
the Red Cross and Red
Crescent
Societies delegation in
Libya.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
emphasis on the state’s
limitations is not to be
minimised. Similarly, the
World Meteorological
Organisation’s
Secretary-General Petteri
Taalas <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=a7ba570c10&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">pointed
out</a> that although
there was an unprecedented
level of rainfall (414.1 mm
in 24 hours, as recorded by
one station), the collapse
of state institutions
contributed to the
catastrophe. Taalas observed
that Libya’s National
Meteorological Centre has
‘major gaps in its observing
systems. Its IT systems are
not functioning well and
there are chronic staff
shortages. The National
Meteorological Centre is
trying to function, but its
ability to do so is limited.
The entire chain of disaster
management and governance is
disrupted’. Furthermore, he
said, ‘[t]he fragmentation
of the country’s disaster
management and disaster
response mechanisms, as well
as deteriorating
infrastructure, exacerbated
the enormity of the
challenges. The political
situation is a driver of
risk’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_85990"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85990"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-85990
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Faiza-Ramadan-Libya-The-Meeting-2011..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Faiza-Ramadan-Libya-The-Meeting-2011..jpg
601w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Faiza-Ramadan-Libya-The-Meeting-2011.-215x300.jpg
215w" sizes="(max-width:
601px) 100vw, 601px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="601" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-85990"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><a
style="color:
#ba2025;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=639d02bd58&e=d206d0a40d"
moz-do-not-send="true">Faiza
Ramadan</a> (Libya), <i>The
Meeting</i>, 2011.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Abdel
Moneim al-Arfi, a member of
the Libyan Parliament (in
the eastern section), joined
his fellow lawmakers to call
for an investigation into
the causes of the disaster.
In his statement, al-Arfi <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=05726b1ee7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">pointed</a>
to underlying problems with
the post-2011 Libyan
political class. In 2010,
the year before the NATO
war, the Libyan government
had allocated money towards
restoring the Wadi Derna
dams (both built between
1973 and 1977). This project
was supposed to be completed
by a Turkish company, but
the company left the country
during the war. The project
was never completed, and the
money allocated for it
vanished. According to
al-Arfi, in 2020 engineers
recommended that the dams be
restored since they were no
longer able to manage normal
rainfall, but these
recommendations were
shelved. Money continued to
disappear, and the work was
simply not carried out.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Impunity
has defined Libya since the
overthrow of the regime led
by Muammar al-Gaddafi
(1942–2011). In
February–March 2011,
newspapers from Gulf Arab
states began to claim that
the Libyan government’s
forces were committing
genocide against the people
of Libya. The United Nations
Security Council passed two
resolutions: <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=807003e15b&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">resolution
1970</a> (February 2011)
to condemn the violence and
establish an arms embargo on
the country and <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=402d06c24c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">resolution
1973</a> (March 2011) to
allow member states to act
‘under Chapter VII of the
United Nations Charter’,
which would enable armed
forces to establish a
ceasefire and find a
solution to the crisis. Led
by France and the United
States, NATO prevented an
African Union delegation
from following up on these
resolutions and holding
peace talks with all the
parties in Libya. Western
countries also ignored the
meeting with five African
heads of state in Addis
Ababa in March 2011 where
al-Gaddafi <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=4270eed644&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">agreed</a>
to the ceasefire, a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ee243f3f63&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">proposal</a>
he repeated during an
African Union delegation to
Tripoli in April. This was
an unnecessary war that
Western and Gulf Arab states
used to wreak vengeance upon
al-Gaddafi. The ghastly
conflict turned Libya, which
was ranked 53rd out of 169
countries on the 2010 Human
Development <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ba4c15512c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Index</a>
(the highest ranking on the
African continent), into a
country marked by poor
indicators of human
development that is now
significantly <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=4ac15cfd61&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">lower</a>
on any such list.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_86000"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-86000"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-86000
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tewa-Barnosa-Libya-War-Love-2016..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tewa-Barnosa-Libya-War-Love-2016..jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tewa-Barnosa-Libya-War-Love-2016.-300x200.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tewa-Barnosa-Libya-War-Love-2016.-768x512.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-86000"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><a
style="color:
#ba2025;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=cca8e2281b&e=d206d0a40d"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tewa
Barnosa</a> (Libya), <i>War
Love</i>, 2016.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Instead
of allowing an African
Union-led peace plan to take
place, NATO began a
bombardment of 9,600 strikes
on Libyan targets, with
special emphasis on state
institutions. Later, when
the UN asked NATO to account
for the damage it had done,
NATO’s legal advisor Peter
Olson <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=18e773c26e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">wrote</a>
that there was no need for
an investigation, since
‘NATO did not deliberately
target civilians and did not
commit war crimes in Libya’.
There was no interest in the
wilful destruction of
crucial Libyan state
infrastructure, which has
never been rebuilt and whose
absence is key to
understanding the carnage in
Derna.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">NATO’s
destruction of Libya set in
motion a chain of events:
the collapse of the Libyan
state; the civil war, which
continues to this day; the
dispersal of Islamic
radicals across northern
Africa and into the Sahel
region, whose decade-long
destabilisation has resulted
in a series of coups from
Burkina Faso to <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c9c360949a&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Niger</a>.
This has subsequently
created new migration routes
toward Europe and led to the
deaths of migrants in both
the Sahara Desert and the
Mediterranean Sea as well as
an unprecedented scale of
human trafficking operations
in the region. Add to this
list of dangers not only the
deaths in Derna, and
certainly the deaths from
Storm Daniel, but also
casualties of a war from
which the Libyan people have
never recovered.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_86010"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-86010"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-86010
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Najla-Shawkat-Fitouri-Libya-Sea-Wounded-2021..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Najla-Shawkat-Fitouri-Libya-Sea-Wounded-2021..jpg
630w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Najla-Shawkat-Fitouri-Libya-Sea-Wounded-2021.-225x300.jpg
225w" sizes="(max-width:
630px) 100vw, 630px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="630" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-86010"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;"><a
style="color:
#ba2025;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ebc35f209d&e=d206d0a40d"
moz-do-not-send="true">Najla
Shawkat Fitouri</a>
(Libya), <i>Sea Wounded</i>,
2021.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Just
before the flood in Libya,
an earthquake struck
neighbouring Morocco’s High
Atlas Mountains, wiping out
villages such as Tenzirt and
killing about 3,000 people.
‘I won’t help the
earthquake’, <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=579ed37642&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">wrote</a>
the Moroccan poet Ahmad
Barakat (1960–1994); ‘I will
always carry in my mouth the
dust that destroyed the
world’. It is as if tragedy
decided to take titanic
steps along the southern rim
of the Mediterranean Sea
last week.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">A
tragic mood settled deep
within the poet Mustafa
al-Trabelsi. On 10
September, before being
swept away by the flood
waves, he <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=590b35ebbe&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">wrote</a>,
‘[w]e have only one another
in this difficult situation.
Let’s stand together until
we drown’. But that mood was
intercut with other
feelings: frustration with
the ‘twin Libyan fabric’, in
his words, with one
government in Tripoli and
the other in Sirte; the
divided populace; and the
political detritus of an
ongoing war over the broken
body of the Libyan state.
‘Who said that Libya is not
one?’, Al-Trabelsi lamented.
Writing as the waters rose,
Al-Trabelsi left behind a
poem that is being read by
refugees from his city and
Libyans across the country,
reminding them that the
tragedy is not everything,
that the goodness of people
who come to each other’s aid
is the ‘promise of help’,
the hope of the future.</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
rain<br>
Exposes the drenched
streets,<br>
the cheating contractor,<br>
and the failed state.<br>
It washes everything,<br>
bird wings<br>
and cats’ fur.<br>
Reminds the poor<br>
of their fragile roofs<br>
and ragged clothes.<br>
It awakens the valleys,<br>
shakes off their yawning
dust<br>
and dry crusts.<br>
The rain<br>
a sign of goodness,<br>
a promise of help,<br>
an alarm bell.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]--> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td id="templateFooter" style="background: #FAFAFA
none no-repeat
center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;background-color: #FAFAFA;background-image:
none;background-repeat:
no-repeat;background-position:
center;background-size: cover;border-top:
0;border-bottom: 0;padding-top:
9px;padding-bottom: 9px;" valign="top">
<table class="mcnFollowBlock" style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0">
<tbody class="mcnFollowBlockOuter">
<tr>
<td style="padding:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnFollowBlockInner" valign="top"
align="center">
<table class="mcnFollowContentContainer"
style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left:
9px;padding-right:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;" align="center">
<table style="min-width:
100%;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace:
0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;"
class="mcnFollowContent"
width="100%" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding-top:
9px;padding-right:
9px;padding-left:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="top"
align="center">
<table
style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
border="0"
align="center">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="top"
align="center">
<!--[if mso]>
<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<![endif]-->
<table
style="display:
inline;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-right:
10px;padding-bottom: 9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnFollowContentItemContainer"
valign="top">
<table
class="mcnFollowContentItem"
style="border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-top:
5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="middle"
align="left">
<table
style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width="" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0"
border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
class="mcnFollowIconContent"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;"
width="24"
valign="middle"
align="center">
<a
href="www.eltricontinental.org"
target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
src="https://cdn-images.mailchimp.com/icons/social-block-v2/dark-link-48.png"
alt="Website"
style="display: block;border: 0;height: auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" class="" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="24"
height="24"></a>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<![endif]-->
<table
style="display:
inline;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-right:
10px;padding-bottom: 9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnFollowContentItemContainer"
valign="top">
<table
class="mcnFollowContentItem"
style="border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-top:
5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="middle"
align="left">
<table
style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width="" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0"
border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
class="mcnFollowIconContent"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;"
width="24"
valign="middle"
align="center">
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5aca42d213&e=d206d0a40d"
target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
src="https://cdn-images.mailchimp.com/icons/social-block-v2/dark-facebook-48.png"
alt="Facebook"
style="display: block;border: 0;height: auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" class="" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="24"
height="24"></a>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<![endif]-->
<table
style="display:
inline;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-right:
10px;padding-bottom: 9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnFollowContentItemContainer"
valign="top">
<table
class="mcnFollowContentItem"
style="border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-top:
5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="middle"
align="left">
<table
style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width="" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0"
border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
class="mcnFollowIconContent"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;"
width="24"
valign="middle"
align="center">
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f1a4e1d92c&e=d206d0a40d"
target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
src="https://cdn-images.mailchimp.com/icons/social-block-v2/dark-twitter-48.png"
alt="Twitter"
style="display: block;border: 0;height: auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" class="" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="24"
height="24"></a>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
<td align="center" valign="top">
<![endif]-->
<table
style="display:
inline;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-right:
0;padding-bottom: 9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
class="mcnFollowContentItemContainer"
valign="top">
<table
class="mcnFollowContentItem"
style="border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
width="100%"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding-top:
5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-bottom: 5px;padding-left:
9px;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"
valign="middle"
align="left">
<table
style="border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width="" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0"
border="0"
align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
class="mcnFollowIconContent"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;"
width="24"
valign="middle"
align="center">
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=79fbc38412&e=d206d0a40d"
target="_blank" style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" moz-do-not-send="true"><img
src="https://cdn-images.mailchimp.com/icons/social-block-v2/dark-instagram-48.png"
alt="Instagram" style="display: block;border: 0;height: auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" class="" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="24"
height="24"></a>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if mso]>
</td>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if mso]>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]--> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!--[if (gte mso 9)|(IE)]>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]-->
<!-- // END TEMPLATE --> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<center> <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table id="canspamBarWrapper" style="background-color:
#FFFFFF;border-top: 1px solid #E5E5E5;border-collapse:
collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace:
0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding-top: 20px;padding-bottom:
20px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" valign="top"
align="center"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<style type="text/css"></style> </center>
<img
src="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/open.php?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=cb4c049fa3&e=d206d0a40d"
alt="" moz-do-not-send="true" width="1" height="1">
</div>
</body>
</html>