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<title>What if There Had Been No Coup in Chile in 1973?: The
Thirty-Sixth Newsletter (2023)</title>
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valign="top"> <strong><span
style="font-size:20px"><span
style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">What
if There Had Been No
Coup in Chile in 1973?:
The Thirty-Sixth
Newsletter (2023)</span></span></span></strong>
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<span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica
neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">
<div id="attachment_84703"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-84703"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-84703
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3.jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3-300x124.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3-768x318.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-84703"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Gracia
Barrios (Chile),<i>
Multitud III</i>
(‘Multitude III’), 1972.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=2e82854bbb&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Imagine
this scenario. On 11
September 1973, the
reactionary sections of the
Chilean army, led by General
Augusto Pinochet and given a
green light by the US
government, did not leave
their barracks. President
Salvador Allende, who led
the Popular Unity
government, went to his
office in La Moneda in
Santiago to <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f7c579be60&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">announce</a>
a plebiscite on his
government and to ask for
the resignation of several
senior generals. Then,
Allende continued his fight
to bring down inflation and
to realise his government’s
programme to advance the
socialist agenda in Chile.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Until
the moment when the Chilean
Army descended upon La
Moneda in 1973, Allende and
the Popular Unity government
were in a pitched fight to
defend Chile’s sovereignty,
particularly over its copper
resources and its land as
they sought to raise
sufficient funds to
eradicate hunger and
illiteracy and to produce
innovative means to deliver
health care and housing. In
the Popular Unity <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=57bc70425f&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">programme</a>
(1970), the Allende
government founded its
charter:</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
social aspirations of the
Chilean people are
legitimate and possible to
satisfy. They want, for
example, dignified housing
without readjustments that
exhaust their income;
schools and universities for
their children; sufficient
wages; an end once and for
all to high prices; stable
work; timely medical
attention; public lighting;
sewers; potable water; paved
streets and sidewalks; a
just and operable social
security system without
privileges and without
starvation-level pensions;
telephones; police;
children’s playgrounds;
recreation areas; and
popular vacationing and sea
resorts.</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
satisfaction of these just
desires of the people –
which, in truth, are rights
that society must recognise
– will be a preoccupation of
high priority for the
popular government.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Realising
the ‘just desires of the
people’ – a laudable
objective – was possible
amidst the public’s optimism
for the Popular Unity
government. Allende’s
administration adopted a
model that decentralised the
government and mobilised the
people to attain their own
‘just desires’. Had this
model not been interrupted,
the depositors in the
government’s social security
institutions would have
remained on directive
councils with oversight of
these funds. Organisations
of slum dwellers would have
continued to inspect the
operations of the housing
department tasked with
building quality housing for
the working class. Old
democratic structures would
have continued to strengthen
as the government used new
technologies (such as <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=f823bf2a19&e=d206d0a40d"
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#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Project
Cybersyn</a>) to create a
distributed decision system.
‘It is not only about these
examples’, the programme
noted, ‘but about a new
understanding in which the
people participate in state
institutions in a real and
efficient way’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
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style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-84724"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Roberto
Matta (Chile), <i>Hagámosnos
la guerrilla interior
para parir un hombre
nuevo</i> (‘Let’s
Fight the Guerilla War
Within Ourselves to Give
Birth to a New Man’),
1970.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">As
Chile’s people, led by the
Popular Unity government,
took control over their
economic and political lives
and worked hard to improve
their social and cultural
worlds, they sent a flare
into the sky announcing the
great possibilities of
socialism. Their advances
mirrored those that had been
attained in several other
projects, such as in Cuba,
and boosted the confidence
of people across the Third
World to test their own
possibilities. The
eradication of poverty and
the creation of housing for
every family was an
inspiration for Latin
America. Had the Popular
Unity project not been cut
short, it very well might
have encouraged other left
projects to demand the
satisfaction of just desires
in a world where it was
possible to attain them. No
longer would we live in a
world of scarcity, which
impedes the realisation of
these desires. No Chicago
Boys would have arrived with
their noxious neoliberal
agenda to experiment in the
laboratory of a military
regime. Popular
mobilisations would have
exposed the illegitimate
desire of the capitalist
class to impose austerity on
the people in the name of
economic growth. As
Allende’s government
expanded its agenda, driven
by a decentralised
government and by popular
mobilisation, the ‘just
desires’ of the people might
have eclipsed the narrow
greed of capitalism.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">If
there had been no coup in
Chile, there might not have
been coups in Peru (1975)
and Argentina (1976).
Without these coups, perhaps
the military dictatorships
in Bolivia, Brazil, and
Paraguay would have
withdrawn in the face of
popular agitation, inspired
by Chile’s example. Perhaps,
in this context, the close
relationship between Chile’s
Salvador Allende and Cuba’s
Fidel Castro would have
broken Washington’s illegal
blockade of revolutionary
Cuba. Perhaps the promises
made at the UN Conference on
Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) meeting in Santiago
in 1972 might have been
realised, among them the
enactment of a robust New
International Economic Order
(NIEO) in 1974 that would
have set aside the imperial
privileges of the
Dollar-Wall Street complex
and its attendant agencies,
the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank. Perhaps the just
economic order that was
being put in place in Chile
would have been expanded to
the world.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=2555c89ccf&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><strong><img
loading="lazy"
class="aligncenter
wp-image-85377
size-full
img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dossier-68-Video.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dossier-68-Video.jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dossier-68-Video-300x169.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dossier-68-Video-768x432.jpg
768w"
sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border:
0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0"></strong></a></p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">But
the coup did happen. The
military dictatorship
killed, disappeared, and
sent into exile hundreds of
thousands of people, setting
in motion a dynamic of
repression that has been
difficult for Chile to
reverse despite the return
to democracy in 1990. From
being a laboratory for
socialism, Chile – under the
tight grip of the military –
became a laboratory for
neoliberalism. Despite its
relatively small population
of roughly ten million (a
tenth of the size of
Brazil’s population), the
coup in Chile in 1973 had a
global impact. At that time,
the coup was not just seen
as a coup against the
Popular Unity government of
Salvador Allende, but as a
coup against the Third
World.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">That
is precisely the theme of
our latest <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=7704c2857f&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier</a>,
<i>The Coup Against the
Third World: Chile, 1973</i>,
produced in collaboration
with <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=656f848032&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Instituto
de Ciencias Alejandro
Lipschutz Centro de
Pensamiento e
Investigación Social y
Política</a> (ICAL). ‘The
coup against Allende’s
government’, we write, ‘took
place not only against its
own policy of the
nationalisation of copper,
but also because Allende had
offered leadership and an
example to other developing
countries that sought to
implement the NIEO
principles’. At the third
session of UNCTAD in
Santiago (1972), Allende
said that the mission of the
conference was to replace
‘an obsolete and radically
unjust economic and trade
order with an equitable one
that is based on a new
concept of man and human
dignity and to reformulate
an international division of
labour that is intolerable
for the less advanced
countries and that obstructs
their progress while
favouring only the affluent
nations’. This was exactly
the dynamic that was
derailed by the coup in
Chile as well as by other
manoeuvres of the
imperialist bloc. Instead of
promoting an order ‘based on
a new concept of man and
human dignity’, these
manoeuvres resulted in the
murder of hundreds of
thousands of people’s
advocates (among them
leftists, trade unionists,
peasant leaders,
environmental justice
campaigners, and women’s
rights activists) and
prolonged the destiny of
hunger and illiteracy, poor
housing and medical care,
and the general orientation
of a culture of despair and
toxicity.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Please
read our dossier and share
it. These dossiers –
produced once a month – are
a product of collaboration
and hard work, a synthesis
of how we, as an institute
rooted in popular movements,
see key events of our
history. The art for this
dossier comes from the
Salvador Allende Solidarity
Museum, which preserved art
from the Popular Unity
period and from the struggle
against the coup. We are
grateful to them, and to
ICAL, for our collaborations
based on solidarity and
against the neoliberal ethic
of parochial greed.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><img
loading="lazy"
class="aligncenter
wp-image-85388 size-full
img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230906_Guillermo-Teillier-scaled-e1694017221186.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230906_Guillermo-Teillier-scaled-e1694017221186.jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230906_Guillermo-Teillier-scaled-e1694017221186-300x300.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230906_Guillermo-Teillier-scaled-e1694017221186-150x150.jpg
150w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230906_Guillermo-Teillier-scaled-e1694017221186-768x768.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0"></p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Two
weeks before the fiftieth
anniversary of the coup in
Chile, Guillermo Teillier,
the president of the
Communist Party of Chile
(PC), died. At his funeral,
the party’s general
secretary Lautaro Carmona
Soto described how Teillier
– with the coup’s cordite
still in the air – went to
work in Valdivia to protect
and then build the party as
part of the broader
resistance to the coup
regime. In 1974, Teillier
was arrested in Santiago and
subsequently held and
tortured for two years in
the Academia de Guerra
Aérea. For another year and
a half, Tellier was held in
concentration camps in
Ritoque, Puchuncaví, and
Tres Álamos. Released in
1976, he went into hiding
and continued to build the
party back to its fighting
strength, joined the
following year by PC leader
Gladys Marín. This was
dangerous work, made even
more dangerous when Tellier
took over as the leader of
the party’s military
commission, which managed
the aid sent from Cuba to
Chile and oversaw the
creation and operations of
the Manuel Rodríquez
Patriotic Front (FPMR), the
PC’s armed wing. Though
attempts to assassinate
Pinochet failed, broader
work to build the movement
for democracy succeeded. It
is the bravery and sacrifice
of people such as Tellier,
Marín, and countless – and
often nameless – others,
that brought the
dictatorship of Pinochet and
the Chicago Boys to an end
in 1990.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
1973 coup in Chile destroyed
lives and suspended a
process of great promise.
Today, that promise must be
revived.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
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