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<title>If Everybody’s Going to Join NATO, Then Why Have the United
Nations? The Twenty-Ninth Newsletter (2023)</title>
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style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">If
Everybody’s Going to
Join NATO, Then Why Have
the United Nations? The
Twenty-Ninth Newsletter
(2023)</span></span></span></strong>
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<span
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neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">
<div id="attachment_83368"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83368"
class="wp-image-83368
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Bassim-Al-Shaker-Iraq-Symphony-of-Death-1-2019..jpg"
alt="Bassim Al Shaker
(Iraq), Symphony of Death
1, 2019."
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Bassim-Al-Shaker-Iraq-Symphony-of-Death-1-2019..jpg
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768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
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100%;padding-bottom:
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none;text-decoration:
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<p
id="caption-attachment-83368"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
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16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Bassim
Al Shaker (Iraq), <i>Symphony
of Death 1</i>, 2019.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0d826158c8&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) held its
annual summit on 11–12 July
in Vilnius, Lithuania. The
communiqué released after
the first day’s proceedings
claimed that ‘NATO is a
defensive alliance’, a
statement that encapsulates
why many struggle to grasp
its true essence. A look at
the latest <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=47fe439dbf&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">military
spending figures</a>
shows, to the contrary, that
NATO countries, and
countries closely allied to
NATO, account for nearly
three-quarters of the total
annual global expenditure on
weapons. Many of these
countries possess
state-of-the-art weapons
systems, which are
qualitatively more
destructive than those held
by the militaries of most
non-NATO countries. Over the
past quarter century, NATO
has used its military might
to destroy several states,
such as Afghanistan (2001)
and Libya (2011), shattering
societies with the raw
muscle of its aggressive
alliance, and end the status
of Yugoslavia (1999) as a
unified state. It is
difficult, given this
record, to sustain the view
that NATO is a ‘defensive
alliance’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Currently,
NATO has thirty-one member
states, the most recent
addition being <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=a6ffbe62b5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Finland</a>,
which joined in April 2023.
Its membership has more than
doubled since its twelve
founding members, all
countries in Europe and
North America that had been
part of the war against the
Axis powers, signed its
founding treaty (the
Washington Treaty or the
North Atlantic Treaty) on 4
April 1949. It is telling
that one of these original
members – Portugal –
remained under a fascist
dictatorship at the time,
known as Estado Novo (in
place from 1933 until 1974).</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Article
10 of this <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ebf6e0e254&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">treaty</a>
declares that NATO members –
‘by unanimous agreement’ –
can ‘invite any other
European state’ to join the
military alliance. Based on
that principle, NATO
welcomed Greece and Turkey
(1952), West Germany (1955),
and Spain (1982), expanding
its membership at the time
to include sixteen
countries. The
disintegration of the USSR
and communist states in
Eastern Europe – the
purported threat that
compelled the need for NATO
to begin with – did not put
an end to the need for the
alliance. Instead, NATO’s
increasing membership has
doubled down on its ambition
to use its military power,
through Article 5, to subdue
anyone who challenges the
‘Atlantic Alliance’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
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100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
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width="840" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-83378"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Nino
Morbedadze (Georgia), <i>Strolling
Couple</i>, 2017.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
‘Atlantic Alliance’, a
phrase that is part of
NATO’s name, was part of a
wider network of military
treaties secured by the US
against the USSR and, after
October 1949, against the
People’s Republic of China.
This network included the
Manila Pact of September
1954, which created the
Southeast Asian Treaty
Organisation (SEATO), and
the Baghdad Pact of February
1955, which created the
Central Treaty Organisation
(CENTO). Turkey and Pakistan
signed a military <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c49986d5ce&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">agreement</a>
in April 1954 which brought
them together in an alliance
against the USSR and
anchored this network
through NATO’s southernmost
member (Turkey) and SEATO’s
westernmost member
(Pakistan). The US signed a
military deal with each of
the members of CENTO and
SEATO and ensured that it
had a seat at the table in
these structures.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">At
the Asian-African Conference
held in Bandung, Indonesia
in April 1955, India’s Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
reacted strongly to the
creation of these military
alliances, which exported
tensions between the US and
the USSR across Asia. The
concept of NATO, he <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5c4fee6f6c&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>,
‘has extended itself in two
ways’: first, NATO ‘has gone
far away from the Atlantic
and has reached other oceans
and seas’ and second, ‘NATO
today is one of the most
powerful protectors of
colonialism’. As an example,
Nehru pointed to Goa, which
was still held by fascist
Portugal and whose grip had
been validated by NATO
members – an act, Nehru
said, of ‘gross
impertinence’. This
characterisation of NATO as
a global belligerent and
defender of colonialism
remains intact, with some
modifications.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_83388"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83388"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-83388
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Slobodan-Trajkovic-Yugoslavia-The-Flag-1983..jpg"
alt="Slobodan Trajković
(Yugoslavia), The Flag,
1983."
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Slobodan-Trajkovic-Yugoslavia-The-Flag-1983..jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Slobodan-Trajkovic-Yugoslavia-The-Flag-1983.-300x239.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Slobodan-Trajkovic-Yugoslavia-The-Flag-1983.-768x611.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-83388"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Slobodan
Trajković (Yugoslavia),
<i>The Flag</i>, 1983.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">SEATO
was disbanded in 1977,
partly due to the defeat of
the US in Vietnam, and CENTO
was shuttered in 1979,
precisely due to the Iranian
Revolution that year. US
military strategy shifted
its focus from wielding
these kinds of pacts to
establishing a direct
military presence with the
founding of US Central
Command in 1983 and the
revitalisation of the US
Pacific Command that same
year. The US expanded the
power of its own global
military footprint,
including its ability to
strike anywhere on the
planet due to its structure
of military bases and armed
flotillas (which were no
longer restricted once the
1930 Second London Naval
Treaty expired in 1939).
Although NATO has always had
global ambitions, the
alliance was given material
reality through the US
military’s force projection
and its creation of new
structures that further tied
allied states into its orbit
(with programmes such as
‘Partnership for Peace’, set
up in 1994, and concepts
such as ‘global NATO
partner’ and ‘non-NATO
ally’, as exemplified by
Japan and South Korea). In
its 1991 <i>Strategic
Concept</i>, NATO <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8899b8d3f9&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">wrote</a>
that it would ‘contribute to
global stability and peace
by providing forces for
United Nations missions’,
which was realised with
deadly force in Yugoslavia
(1999), Afghanistan (2003),
and Libya (2011).</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">By
the Riga Summit (2006), NATO
was <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0973969df7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">confident</a>
that it operated ‘from
Afghanistan to the Balkans
and from the Mediterranean
Sea to Darfur’. Nehru’s
focus on colonialism might
seem anachronistic now, but
in fact, NATO has become an
instrument to blunt the
global majority’s desire for
sovereignty and dignity, two
key anti-colonial concepts.
Any popular project that
exerts these two concepts
finds itself at the end of a
NATO weapons system.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_83398"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83398"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-83398
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Shefa-Salem-al-Baraesi-Dance-of-War-2020.-e1689784469335.jpg"
alt="Shefa Salem
al-Baraesi (Libya), Kaska,
Dance of War, 2020."
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Shefa-Salem-al-Baraesi-Dance-of-War-2020.-e1689784469335.jpg
840w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Shefa-Salem-al-Baraesi-Dance-of-War-2020.-e1689784469335-300x295.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Shefa-Salem-al-Baraesi-Dance-of-War-2020.-e1689784469335-768x754.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
840px) 100vw, 840px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="840" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-83398"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Shefa
Salem al-Baraesi
(Libya), <i>Kaska,
Dance of War</i>,
2020.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
collapse of the USSR and the
Eastern European communist
state system transformed
Europe’s reality. NATO
quickly ignored the
‘ironclad guarantees’ <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=93ae4d97ee&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">offered</a>
by US Secretary of State
James Baker to Soviet
Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze in Moscow on 9
February 1990 that NATO’s
‘forces would not move
eastward’ of the German
border. Several states that
bordered the NATO zone
suffered greatly in the
immediate period after the
fall of the Berlin Wall,
with economies in the
doldrums as privatisation
eclipsed the possibility for
their populations to live
with dignity. Many states in
Eastern Europe, desperate to
enter the European Union
(EU), which at least
promised access to the
common market, understood
that entry into NATO was the
price of admission. In 1999,
Czechia, Hungary, and Poland
joined NATO, followed in
2004 by the Baltic states
(Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania), Bulgaria,
Romania, Slovenia, and
Slovakia. Eager for
investments and markets, by
2004 many of these countries
waltzed into the Atlantic
Alliance of NATO and the EU.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">NATO
continued to expand,
absorbing Albania and
Croatia in 2009, Montenegro
in 2017, and North Macedonia
in 2020. However, the
breakdown of some US banks,
the waning attraction of the
US as the market of last
resort, and the entry of the
Atlantic world into a
relentless economic
depression after 2007
changed the context. No
longer were Atlantic states
reliable as investors or as
markets. After 2008,
infrastructure investment in
the EU <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c92a25fd2b&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">declined</a>
by 75% due to reduced public
spending, and the European
Investment Bank <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=d64aefe5d5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">warned</a>
that government investment
would hit a twenty-five-year
low.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_83408"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-83408"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-83408
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ArtLords-The-Unseen-Afghanistan-2021..jpg"
alt="ArtLords (including
Kabir Mokamel, Abdul Hakim
Maqsodi, Meher Agha
Sultani, Omaid Sharifi,
Yama Farhard, Negina
Azimi, Enayat Hikmat,
Zahid Amini, Ali Hashimi,
Mohammad Razeq Meherpour,
Abdul Razaq Hashemi, and
Nadima Rustam), The Unseen
Afghanistan, 2021."
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ArtLords-The-Unseen-Afghanistan-2021..jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ArtLords-The-Unseen-Afghanistan-2021.-300x162.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ArtLords-The-Unseen-Afghanistan-2021.-768x415.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-83408"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">ArtLords
(including Kabir
Mokamel, Abdul Hakim
Maqsodi, Meher Agha
Sultani, Omaid Sharifi,
Yama Farhard, Negina
Azimi, Enayat Hikmat,
Zahid Amini, Ali
Hashimi, Mohammad Razeq
Meherpour, Abdul Razaq
Hashemi, and Nadima
Rustam), <i>The Unseen
Afghanistan</i>, 2021.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
arrival of Chinese
investment and the
possibility of integration
with the Chinese economy
began to reorient many
economies, particularly in
Central and Eastern Europe,
away from the Atlantic. In
2012, the first summit
between China and central
and eastern European
countries (China–CEEC
summit) was held in Warsaw
(Poland), with sixteen
countries in the region
participating. The process
eventually drew in fifteen
NATO members, including
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Czechia, Estonia, Greece,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
North Macedonia, Montenegro,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
and Slovenia (in 2021 and
2022, Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania withdrew from the
initiative). In March 2015,
six then-EU member states –
France, Germany, Italy,
Luxemburg, Sweden, and the
UK – <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=1af879e9f3&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">joined</a>
the Beijing-based Asian
Infrastructure Investment
Bank. Four years later,
Italy became the first G7
country to join the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI).
Two-thirds of EU member
states are now part of the
BRI, and the EU <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=a018fec9a3&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">concluded</a>
the Comprehensive Agreement
on Investment in 2020.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">These
manoeuvres towards China
threatened to weaken the
Atlantic Alliance, with the
US <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=a2599817ac&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">describing</a>
the country as a ‘strategic
competitor’ in its 2018 <i>National
Defense Strategy</i> – a
phrase indicative of its
shifting focus on the
so-called threat of China.
Nonetheless, as recently as
November 2019, NATO
Secretary-General Jens
Stoltenberg <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c6b6fb5a2e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
that ‘there [are] no plans,
no proposal, no intention to
move NATO into, for
instance, the South China
Sea’. However, by 2020, the
mood had changed: a mere
seven months later,
Stoltenberg <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e0c421d526&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>,
‘NATO does not see China as
the new enemy or an
adversary. But what we see
is that the rise of China is
fundamentally changing the
global balance of power’.
NATO’s response has been to
work with its partners –
including Australia, Japan,
New Zealand, and South Korea
– ‘to address… the security
consequences of the rise of
China’, Stoltenberg
continued. The talk of a <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=0a27cadacb&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">global
NATO</a> and an Asian NATO
is front and centre in these
deliberations, with
Stoltenberg <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=1011c4f647&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">stating</a>
in Vilnius that the idea of
a liaison office in Japan is
‘on the table’.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
war in Ukraine provided new
life to the Atlantic
Alliance, driving several
hesitant European countries
– such as Sweden – into its
ranks. Yet, even amongst
people living within NATO
countries there are groups
who are <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8e4ea1a432&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">sceptical</a>
of the alliance’s aims, with
the Vilnius summit marked by
<a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=306e28f949&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">anti-NATO
protests</a>. The Vilnius
Summit Communiqué underlined
Ukraine’s path into NATO and
sharpened NATO’s
self-defined universalism.
The communiqué <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=bb5489cbd3&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">declares</a>,
for instance, that China
challenges ‘our interests,
security, and values’, with
the word ‘our’ claiming to
represent not only NATO
countries but the entire <a
href="https://thetricontinental.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=c8ffb3fa7e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">international
order</a>. Slowly, NATO is
positioning itself as a
substitute for the UN,
suggesting that it – and not
the actual international
community – is the arbiter
and guardian of the world’s
‘interests, security, and
values’. This view is
contested by the vast
majority of the world’s
peoples, seven billion of
whom do not even reside in
NATO’s member countries
(whose total population is
less than one billion).
Those billions wonder why it
is that NATO wants to
supplant the United Nations.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
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100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
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Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research ·
Shadipur · New Delhi, New Delhi 110008 · India <br>
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