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<title>For the Third Day, Israel Bombards Residential Properties
Across the Gaza Strip</title>
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<p dir="RTL" style="direction:
ltr;text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><strong>For
the Third Day, Israel
Bombards Residential
Properties Across the Gaza
Strip</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><strong>Reporting
Period:</strong></p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><strong>(12:00
pm Tuesday, 9 May 2023 –
12:00 pm Thursday, 11 May
2023)</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">The
ongoing Israeli military
offensive on the Gaza Strip,
so-called “Operation Arrow and
Shield”, which <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=3ea515c51f&e=08c14cf485"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">started</a>
on 9 May 2023, has resulted in
the killing of 25
Palestinians, including six
children and four women, and
the injury of 76 Palestinians,
including 24 children and 13
women, according to the
Palestinian Ministry of
Health, as of 12:00 pm, 11 May
2023. The Government Media
Office in Gaza has reported
the total destruction of five
buildings, including 19
residential units, and the
partial destruction of 314
residential units, 28 of which
are uninhabitable and 286 of
which are partially damaged.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">The
Gazan agricultural and fishing
sectors have ground to a halt
since Israel’s latest
offensive started on the Gaza
Strip. Fishermen have been
unable to enter the sea due to
the aggression, while
significant damage has been
caused to agricultural lands
that were bombed. Further,
Israel’s continued closure of
the “Kerem Abu Salem”
commercial crossing, which is
located in the far southeast
of the Gaza Strip, is
preventing the movement of
goods and the entry of medical
supplies and fuel necessary to
ensure the continued operation
of the power plant. Al-Haq
warns that this may have
serious repercussions on the
health system and the lives of
thousands of patients.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">For
the third day in a row, the
Israeli occupying forces (IOF)
have continued to close the
Gaza Strip crossings.
According to the Ministry of
Health, the continued closure
of the Beit Hanoun-“Erez”
crossing, located in the
northern Gaza Strip, has
prevented 432 patients, most
of whom are oncology patients,
in addition to 27 critical
cases, who do not receive
treatment in the hospitals in
Gaza, from travelling for
their treatments to hospitals
in the West Bank, including
Jerusalem, and Israel. For the
past 18 months, Israel has
denied the entry of diagnostic
medical devices, and
obstructed the entry of
medicines into the Gaza Strip.
The continued denial of the
entry of foodstuffs,
medicines, and medical
equipment into the hospitals
of the Gaza Strip, resulting
in the unparalleled suffering
of two million Palestinians
held under a 16-year military
closure, amounts to acts of
collective punishment and
inhumane acts of apartheid, in
contravention of international
law.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">1.
North Gaza Governorate</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 9:40 pm on
Wednesday, 10 May 2023, an
Israeli warplane targeted the
house of Mohammad Sa’adi Salem
Al-Masri, 67, located in
Al-Shaimaa Street in the town
of Beit Lahiya in the northern
Gaza Strip, with two missiles.
The targeted house is part of
a two-storey residential
building, which is 436 square
metres and contains four
housing units, inhabited by
four families, numbering 16
individuals, including four
women and eight children. The
targeted house was completely
destroyed, and a number of
neighbouring homes and the
headquarters of the Beit
Lahiya Development Association
were partially damaged. No
injuries were reported.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">The
owner of the house explained
to Al-Haq that two of his
neighbours had received calls
from the Israeli intelligence
at around 9:00 pm on the same
day, from an unknown number.
The caller informed them to
evacuate the house of Mohammad
Sa’adi Al-Masri and the
neighbouring houses in
preparation for its bombing.
At approximately 9:30 in the
evening, a reconnaissance
plane targeted the house with
a reconnaissance missile,
known as a “warning missile”.
Then, a warplane targeted the
house with one missile,
levelling the house to the
ground.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">2.
Khan Yunis Governorate </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 5:15 pm on
Tuesday, 9 May 2023, an
Israeli drone targeted a
civilian car, east of
Al-Qarara town, hundreds of
metres away from the perimeter
fence, northeast of the city
of Khan Yunis, in the southern
Gaza Strip. According to
initial information collected
by Al-Haq’s field researcher,
the targeting resulted in the
complete destruction and
burning of the car, killing
two who were inside the car,
Wa’el Mohammad Sabri Al-Agha,
34, and Sa’ed Jawad Abd
Farawneh, 28, and wounding two
others at the scene. They were
all transferred to Nasser
Governmental Hospital in Khan
Yunis, where the Ministry of
Health in Gaza announced the
deaths. The bodies of the
deceased were charred and
remained unidentified for
about three hours, before
confirmation by their
families. Following the
attack, the Israeli occupying
authorities <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=847818428a&e=08c14cf485"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">claimed
</a>that they had targeted a
Palestinian cell of anti-tank
launchers belonging to Al-Quds
Brigades. Nonetheless, it
remains unclear if the two
targeted and killed
Palestinians were directly
participating in hostilities
at the time of the attack </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 11:30 am on
Wednesday, 10 May 2023, an
Israeli drone targeted
Palestinians while they were
in agricultural fields in the
town of Abasan Al-Kabira, east
of Khan Yunis, in the southern
Gaza Strip. The injured were
transferred to the European
Gaza Hospital in Khan Yunis,
where their injuries were
described as critical, and
doctors’ attempts failed to
resuscitate them. At
approximately 1:00 pm, the
Ministry of Health in Gaza
announced the death of
Mohammad Yousef Saleh Abu
Ta’ima, 23 (one day before his
24th birthday). Later the same
day, at approximately 4:00 pm,
the death of Alaa Maher Yassin
Abu Ta’ima, 28, was announced.
Both had been residents of the
town of Abasan Al-Kabira, east
of Khan Yunis. While Abu Ali
Mustafa Brigades, the military
wing of the Popular Front for
the Liberation of Palestine,
announced that Mohammad and
Alaa were among its members,
it remains unclear if they
were directly participating in
hostilities at the time of the
attack.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 1:19 a.m., on
Thursday, 11 May 2023, Israeli
warplanes launched three
missiles, suddenly and without
prior warning, resulting in
the killing of of leader of
the Al-Quds Brigades, Ali
Hassan Mouhammad Ghali, 50, a
leader of the Al-Quds
Brigades, the military wing of
the Islamic Jihad movement.
The missiles targeted
Apartment No. H1, on the fifth
floor of a five-storey
residential building
containing 20 apartments,
located in Hamad Residential
City in Khan Yunis, in an area
densely populated with
civilians. The apartment was
completely destroyed, and
extensive damage was caused to
the neighbouring apartments
and buildings. Three dead
bodies were recovered from the
scene, Ali Hassan Mouhammad
Ghali, 50, his brother Mahmoud
Hassan Mouhammad Ghali, 34,
and nephew Mahmoud Walid
Mouhammad Abdel-Gawad, 26.
Another seven Palestinians who
sustained minor and moderate
injuries were injured due to
the attack, including a child
and three women, one of whom
is pregnant, and were
transported from the nearby
apartments and buildings. The
injured include:</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Maysa Muhammad Fawzi Abu Musa,
32, in moderate condition, and
pregnant;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Rania Yahya Muhammad Hamid,
32, in moderate condition;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Nima Nahed Ibrahim Ayyash, 25,
in minor injuries;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Maya Wissam Mahmoud Al-Hindi,
10, in minor injuries;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Wissam Mahmoud Ahmed Al-Hindi,
42, in minor injuries;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Abdul Karim Jamal Fayeq
Al-Nakhala, 18, in minor
injuries;</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">o
Abdullah Jamal Fayeq
Al-Nakhala, 26, in moderate
condition.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">From
the remains of rocket
fragments found at the scene,
it is likely that the military
planes bombed the apartment
with three GBU-39 rocket
bombs.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">3.
Rafah Governorate</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 3:00 pm, on
Wednesday, 10 May 2023, an
Israeli drone targeted two
Palestinians while they were
in an open agricultural land
in the town of Al-Shouka, east
of Rafah, in the southern Gaza
Strip. The two killed, Ayman
Karam Hussein Saidam, 26, and
Alamuddin Samir Tawfiq Abdel
Aziz, 23, both of whom are
from Rafah, were transferred
to Martyr Abu Yousef Al-Najjar
Hospital in Rafah. While Abu
Ali Mustafa Brigades announced
that Ayman and Alamuddin were
among its members, it remains
unclear if they were directly
participating in hostilities
at the time of the attack.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 8:50 pm, on
Wednesday, 10 May 2023,
Israeli reconnaissance planes
fired a missile at a
three-storey residential
belonging to Ziad Mousa Ahmed
Al-Agha, 54, built on an area
of 160 square metres on three
dunums of land. The house is
inhabited by four families
consisting of 19 members,
including four women and ten
children. The building is
located east of Al-Qarara
town, northeast of Khan Yunis,
about a kilometre away from
the perimeter fence. About ten
minutes later, Israeli F16
warplanes bombed the house
with two missiles, which led
to its complete destruction,
without causing any
casualties. The IOF called one
of the neighbours and asked
him to confirm the evacuation
of the house and the
neighbouring houses. The
family had evacuated the house
since the start of the
escalation in the Gaza Strip,
at dawn on Tuesday, 9 May
2023, due to its proximity to
the border area. Notably, the
house had previously been
bombed during the Israeli
aggression on the Gaza Strip
in 2014, which had resulted in
severe damage to the house.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">At
approximately 1:50 am on
Thursday, 11 May 2023, Israeli
warplanes bombed an old,
uninhabited (abandoned) house
in Bani Suhaila, east of Khan
Yunis, which led to its
complete destruction, without
causing any casualties.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Legal
Analysis</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">1.
Direct Participation in
Hostilities</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Israel
premises its undifferentiated
targeting of members of the
Palestinian resistance, even
when not engaged in military
actions, on the doctrine of
continuous combat function
(CCF), a notion derived from
the<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=0e777f5991&e=08c14cf485"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">
ICRC’s Interpretive Guidance
on the Notion of Direct
Participation in Hostilities</a>.
The notion, which is not
legally binding, expands the
concept of who is a combatant,
outside of the parties to the
conflict, and those directly
participating in hostilities,
to include those individuals
who are members of an armed
group and “recruited, trained
and equipped by such a group
to continuously and directly
participate in hostilities on
its behalf”. These individuals
are considered “to assume a
continuous combat function
even before he or she first
carries out a hostile act”.
The Israeli High Court of
Justice, similarly provides
that members of armed groups
who carry out “a chain of
hostilities, with short
periods of rest between them”,
will lose their immunity from
attack when carrying out
hostile acts, and during the
breaks in between.<sup>[1]</sup>
The application of CCF further
raises preliminary issues
around the classification of
the conflict, given that CCF
only applies in
non-international armed
conflicts (NIAC). Notably, the
Palestinian territory held
under belligerent occupation
is one of an international
armed conflict. </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">The
report of the Independent
International Commission of
Inquiry on the protests in the
Occupied Palestinian Territory
in 2018, warned against the
application of CCF, stating
that: “CCF does not appear in
IHL treaties and the concept
remains unsettled when
assessed as custom. In such
circumstances, the Commission
has taken the view that it
must choose, particularly with
humanitarian law, the
interpretation accepted by a
significant majority of the
international community. Legal
approaches accepted by only a
small group of countries are
not necessarily wrong, but are
best not applied by a
Commission until there is
further acceptance by the
international community”.<sup>[3]</sup>
Given the absence of any
treaty or customary law basis
for CCF, the only legitimate
targeting is of those who are
at the time, directly
participating in hostilities.
Civilians would only lose
protection from attack, “<a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=74c918c1aa&e=08c14cf485"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">for
the duration of each
specific act</a> amounting
to direct participation in
hostilities. This includes any
preparations and geographical
deployments or withdrawals
constituting an integral part
of a specific hostile act”.
From the preliminary field
reports, there is no evidence
that those targeted were
carrying out acts amounting to
direct participation in
hostilities, at the time of
the attacks.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">2.
Knock on the Roof, Precautions</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">In
the conduct of military
operations, Article 57 of
Additional Protocol I,
requires that parties, “take
all feasible precautions in
the choice of means and
methods of attack with a view
to avoiding, and in any event
to minimizing, incidental loss
of civilian life, injury to
civilians and damage to
civilian objects”. Further,
the aforementioned Article
specifically warns that “[n]o
provision in this article may
be construed as authorizing
any attacks against the
civilian population, civilians
or civilian objects.”
Employing the use of a bomb to
“knock” on the roof, or a
reconnaissance missile as a
form of communication, like a
knock on a door, may amount to
“[a]cts or threats of violence
the primary purpose of which
is to spread terror among the
civilian population” and
accordingly “are prohibited”
under Article 51 of Additional
Protocol I.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Critically,
reconnaissance missiles that
are employed to deliver “knock
on the roof” warnings are far
from benign, and in many cases
are capable of penetrating
several floors in high rise
buildings. There are numerous
documented cases of persons
being <a
href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=7a9d2fc819&e=08c14cf485"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
style="mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">killed</a>
in missile attacks from “knock
on the roof” warnings. It is
worth mentioning that due to
this type of bombardment the
residents of the house, and
neighbouring houses, evacuate
them to be bombed and
completely destroyed by
fighter jets. In some cases,
this happens after hours and
mostly the residents of the
house, and even the residents
of neighbouring houses are not
be able to go back to the
houses out of fear of another
bombardment, until there is a
cease-fire. In this case the
residential building
containing four residential
units was completely
destroyed. Crucially the
principle of distinction in
armed conflict is sacrosanct
and Israel must distinguish
between civilian objects which
do not constitute legitimate
military objectives in
targeting.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">3.
Superfluous Injury and
Unnecessary Suffering</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">From
preliminary field reports, the
drone attack on a car, which
caused the total destruction
of the car, and the burning of
the two occupants beyond
recognition, may be indicative
of a deployment of weapons,
projectiles and material and
methods of warfare of a nature
to cause superfluous injury or
unnecessary suffering, acts
which are specifically
prohibited under Article 35 of
Additional Protocol 1.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Further,
collateral civilian damage
arising from military
operations must not be
excessive in relation to the
direct and concrete military
advantage anticipated from
such operations. Notably, the
attacks were directed at
densely populated compactly
built residential areas,
resulting in the total damage
of 19 residential units, and
the partial destruction of 314
residential units, and may be
indicative of a response
disproportionately destroying
civilian objects. More
specifically, the bombing and
complete destruction of the
residential building of Ziad
Mousa Ahmed Al-Agha, 54, home
to four families, amounted to
a direct attack on a civilian
object and may amount to a
breach of the principle of
distinction.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">4.
Collective Punishment of
Palestinian Population</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Article
43 of the Hague Regulations,
reflective of customary
international law, requires
that the Occupying Power
restore and ensure, as far as
possible, public order and
civil life in the occupied
territory. This places an onus
on the occupant exercising de
facto control, to ensure the
welfare of the occupied
population, including by
ensuring that Palestinians
enjoy a fuel supply and
electricity services. As
Occupying Power, Israel also
has specific obligations “to
the fullest extent of the
means available to it and
without any adverse
distinction”, to ensure
“supplies essential to the
survival of the civilian
population of the occupied
territory”.<sup>[4]</sup> This
includes the ensuring the
entry of critical medical
supplies into the Gaza Strip.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Article
55 of the Fourth Geneva
Conventions obliges the
Occupying Power, “to the
fullest extent of the means
available to it” the duty of
ensuring “the food and medical
supplies of the population”.
In the case where such
resources are inadequate, as
has been clearly demonstrated
from the impact of the 16-year
closure of Gaza, “it should,
in particular, bring in the
necessary foodstuffs, medical
stores and other articles if
the resources of the occupied
territory are inadequate”.
There are further specific
obligations to ensure the
passage of humanitarian
supplies in areas under siege.
Article 17 of the Fourth
Geneva Convention for example
specifically requires that
parties to the conflict
conclude agreements to
facilitate the passage of
medical personnel and medical
equipment on their way to such
areas under siege.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">The
denial of movement to
civilians in receipt of
life-saving and
life-prolonging medical
treatments outside the Gaza
Strip, breaches the
inviolability of rights of the
protected occupied population,
enshrined in Article 27 of the
Fourth Geneva Convention. All
forms of collective punishment
are absolutely prohibited by
Article 50 of the 1907 Hague
Regulations, Article 33(1) of
the Fourth Geneva Convention,
and constitute a breach of
customary international
humanitarian law. The Fourth
Geneva Convention prohibits
“penalties of any kind
inflicted on persons or entire
groups of persons, in defiance
of the most elementary
principles of humanity, for
acts that these persons have
not committed.” This includes,
“economic closures on civilian
populations, cutting off of
power and water supplies,
[and] withholding of medical
supplies”.<sup>[5]</sup></p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Conclusion</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Due
to the failure of the
international community to
curb Israel’s continued
aggressions on the Gaza Strip,
due to the continued abuse of
the US veto at the UN Security
Council, it is incumbent on
Third States to take measures
to ensure respect for the
Geneva Conventions and to cut
off the economic incentives
that drive the prolonged
illegal occupation. Al-Haq
calls on Third States to adopt
legislation to ban the import
of settlement goods and
services into their
jurisdictions, for financial
institutions to divest from
settlement enterprises
including Israeli banks, and
for municipalities and
regional councils to end all
procurements from illegal
settlement enterprises. The
international community must
address the root causes
underpinning Israel’s
successive military offensives
on the Gaza Strip, as acts of
violence employed to maintain
and entrench the settler
colonial apartheid regime.
Al-Haq calls on Third States
to recognise Israel’s policies
and practices of segregating
Gaza as an isolated Bantustan
disconnected from the world,
as the inhumane acts of a
segregationist discriminatory
apartheid regime. Moreover,
Al-Haq calls on Third States
to implement meaningful and
effective measures to counter
Israel’s impunity, including
economic sanctions, arms
embargoes, severing diplomatic
ties. </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;">Al-Haq
further calls on the
International Criminal Court
to increase the budget
allocation to the Situation in
the State of Palestine, and
for the Prosecutor to
coordinate entry into the Gaza
Strip to investigate the
violations of international
humanitarian law which may
amount to grave breaches of
the Geneva Conventions, war
crimes and crimes against
humanity within the
jurisdiction of the court,
including the crimes against
humanity of apartheid and
persecution.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><sup>[1]</sup>
Israeli High Court of Justice,
The Public Committee against
Torture v. The Government of
Israel, HCJ 769/ 02, Judgment,
13 December 2006, para. 39.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><sup>[2]</sup>
ICRC’s Interpretive Guidance
on the Notion of Direct
Participation in Hostilities,
p. 24, footnote 6.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><sup>[3]</sup>
Report of the detailed
findings of the independent
international Commission of
inquiry on the protests in the
Occupied Palestinian
Territory, para 105.</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><sup>[4]</sup>
Article 69(1), Additional
Protocol 1 (1977).</p>
<p style="text-align:
justify;margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height: 150%;"><sup>[5]</sup>
Report of the Special
Rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in the
Palestinian territories
occupied since 1967, para. 26.</p>
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