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<a class="gmail-domain gmail-reader-domain" href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2023/02/16/forgotten-an-african-american-soldier-turned-rebel-leader-in-the-philippines/">counterpunch.org</a>
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<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">Forgotten: an African American Soldier Turned Rebel Leader in the Philippines</h1>
<div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">Jonathan Melrod - February 16, 2023<br></div>
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<div id="gmail-attachment_274303" class="gmail-wp-caption"><p><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-274303" src="https://www.counterpunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/24th_Infantry.jpg" alt="" class="gmail-moz-reader-block-img" style="margin-right: 0px;" width="397" height="298"></p><p id="gmail-caption-attachment-274303" class="gmail-wp-caption-text"><font size="1">The 24th U.S. Infantry (primarily made up of African-American soldiers) at drill in Camp Walker, Cebu, 1902 – Public Domain</font></p></div>
<p>You won’t find this story anywhere else for Black History Month, but
you should! By the mid-1900’s, a “Buffalo Soldier” named David Fagen was
virtually a household name, particularly in the African American
community. Fagen’s story makes myth of the false contention that African
Americans offered little resistance to institutionalized racism from
the Civil War until the end of WWII.</p>
<p>Was Fagen a hero or “a mad dog”? The answer is rooted in whether you
believe that fighting against U.S. colonialism/imperialism in 1899, in
this case the U.S. war of Philippine conquest, is righteous and worthy
of giving rise to a true hero, martyr and courageous Buffalo Soldier,
who deserted the U.S. side and joined the Philippine Revolutionary Army.
The PRA was fighting to establish their own independent republic after
the Spanish were kicked out.</p>
<p>In diaries and letters, Black soldiers posted in the Philippines.
recounted how racism was endemic in the U.S. military, describing the
racist abuses suffered by both African Americans and Filipinos.</p>
<p>Fagen was a native of Tampa, Florida, the youngest of 6 children of
former slaves. He grew up where Jim Crow racial segregation laws
prevailed. With the specter of lynching, race riots and the chain gang
looming over Tampa’s Blacks, Fagen “lived in dread at all times.”
Searching for any escape from Jim Crow, Fagen enlisted in 1898, being
assigned to the 24<sup>th</sup> Infantry Regiment, a unit of so-called Buffalo Soldiers.</p>
<p>Expansionist USA, intent on developing a global commercial empire,
dispatched 6000 African American soldiers, including 2100 of the famed
Buffalo Soldiers, to the Philippines islands per President McKinley’s
assessment that the racial inferiority of Filipinos justified denying
them sovereignty and engaging in a bloody war of conquest. Fagen, now on
the battlefield, detested his white commanding officer Lt. Moss, a West
Point graduate. Moss and Fagen clashed repeatedly, with Moss eventually
fining Fagen more than a month’s pay and sentencing him to 30 days of
hard labor. Life was immutably altered when Fagen, after just a few
months of battling Filipino rebels, turned his back on the U.S. army and
joined Filipino revolutionaries who were actually fighting against
American invaders.</p>
<p>At the time, there was a fierce debate in African American
communities on their role in these foreign wars. Many saw the invasion
of the Philippines as a ‘race war’, through which white settlers would
inevitably repeat in Asia the wave of enslavement and genocide that had
been inflicted on Native Americans and Black slaves. Contrary to
enlistment promises, African American soldiers in the Philippines were
relegated to second-class status. Officers often ordered them to carry
out ‘dirty jobs’ that no white soldiers wanted to do. They were also
forced to serve as expendable “shock” troops on the frontlines, where
lives were most at risk, while white commanders stayed back at a safe
distance from the Filipino rebels. Filipino insurgents put up posters
and distributed flyers with messages encouraging ‘colored’ soldiers to
join their cause, appealing to their common suffering at the hands of
white Americans.</p>
<p>Historians studying the Philippine-American War estimate that at as
many as 15 Buffalo Soldiers decided that their place, rather than
helping to suppress the Filipinos’ struggle for independence, was in
joining them in revolution. The supposed ‘deserters’ of the 24<sup>th</sup>
infantry proved one thing: systemic racism and oppression by white
Americans was enough to forge alliances across vast national and ethnic
lines.</p>
<p>This may have been the very reason Fagen turned his back on the U.S.
army, for a new life as a Filipino guerrilla. One night, Corporal Fagen
snuck out of his barracks and met with a Philippine ‘insurrecto’
officer, who had arranged Fagen’s escape. The rebel agent had a horse
waiting for Fagen outside the garrison, and together, they disappeared
into the jungles.</p>
<p>Fagen was never captured or killed. Out of respect and tribute for
his role as guerrilla leader, his Filipino compatriots addressed him as
El General, although he was a Captain. Despite the wide respect and
honor in which he was held by his fellow anti-imperialist insurgents,
the U.S. army branded Fagen a deserter and traitor and expunged all
memory of him from the annals of history. His racist white U.S. General,
Frederick Funston, described Fagen as a “bandit pure and simple, and
entitled to the same treatment as a mad dog”.</p>
<p>In this writer’s estimation, Fagen was anything but a ‘mad dog’, but a
courageous resistance fighter who chose the right side in a battle
against U.S. aggression and imperialism. I conclude with the
aspirational belief, circulated by many, that Fagen fell in love with a
Filipina woman and ran away to the mountains to live a peaceful life
with her.</p>
<p>Long live the memory of David Fagen.</p>
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<em>Jonathan Melrod is author of Fighting Times: Organizing
on the Front Lines of the Class War (PM Press). He is married to Maria
Isabel Lopez, Filipina actress and political activist. Together they are
involved in the human rights struggle in the Philippines and the
on-going defense of indigenous people’s ancestral lands from incursions
by the Philippine army at the behest of foreign mining and logging
companies.</em>
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