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New Roman',serif;" valign="top"><a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/overthrows-president-castillo-/sr5dbx/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
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Oligarchy Overthrows President Castillo </b></a></td>
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valign="top"><b>By Manolo De Los Santos</b>
<div>
<br>
June 6, 2021, was a day which shocked many in
Peru’s oligarchy. Pedro Castillo Terrones, a
rural schoolteacher who had never before been
elected to office, won the second round of the
presidential election with just over 50.13% of
the vote. More than 8.8 million people voted
for Castillo’s program of profound social
reforms and the promise of a new constitution
against the far-right’s candidate, Keiko
Fujimori. In a dramatic turn of events, the
historical agenda of neoliberalism and
repression, passed down by former Peruvian
dictator Alberto Fujimori to his daughter
Keiko, was rejected at the polls.<br>
<br>
From that day on, still in disbelief, the
Peruvian oligarchy declared war on Castillo.
They made the next 18 months for the new
president a period of great hostility as they
sought to destabilize his government with a
multi-pronged attack that included significant
use of lawfare. With a call to “throw out
communism,” plans were made by the oligarchy’s
leading business group, the National Society
of Industries, to make the country
ungovernable under Castillo.<br>
<br>
In October 2021, recordings were <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/astillo-vacancia-presidencial-/sr5dc1/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">released</a> that
revealed that since June 2021, this group of
industrialists, along with other members of
Peru’s elite and leaders of the right-wing
opposition parties, had been planning a series
of actions including financing protests and
strikes. Groups of former <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-extremistas-y-apoyo-politico/sr5dc4/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">military</a>
personnel, allied with far-right politicians
like Fujimori, began to openly call for the
violent overthrow of Castillo, threatening
government officials and left-leaning
journalists.<br>
<br>
The right-wing in Congress also joined in
these plans and attempted to impeach Castillo
on two occasions during his first year in
office. “Since my inauguration as president,
the political sector has not accepted the
electoral victory that the Peruvian people
gave us,” Castillo <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/atest-attacks-from-opposition-/sr5dc7/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">said in March</a>
2022. “I understand the power of Congress to
exercise oversight and political control,
however, these mechanisms cannot be exercised
by mediating the abuse of the right,
proscribed in the constitution, ignoring the
popular will expressed at the polls,” he
stressed. It turns out that several of these
lawmakers, with support from a right-wing
German foundation, had also been <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-al-presidente-pedro-castillo-/sr5dcb/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">meeting</a> regarding
how to modify the constitution to quickly
remove Castillo from office.<br>
<br>
The oligarchic rulers of Peru could never
accept that a rural schoolteacher and peasant
leader could be brought into office by
millions of poor, Black, and Indigenous people
who saw their hope for a better future in
Castillo. However, in the face of these
attacks, Castillo became more and more
distanced from his political base. Castillo
formed four different cabinets to appease the
business sectors, each time conceding to
right-wing demands to remove leftist ministers
who challenged the status quo. He <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/Libre-Party-20220630-0017-html/sr5dcf/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">broke</a> with his
party Peru Libre when openly challenged by its
leaders. He <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/battled-president-alleges-coup/sr5dcj/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">sought</a> help from
the already discredited
Organization of American States in looking for
political solutions instead of mobilizing the
country’s major peasant and Indigenous
movements. By the end, Castillo was fighting
alone, without support from the masses or the
Peruvian left parties.<br>
<br>
The final crisis for Castillo broke out on
December 7, 2022. Weakened by months of
corruption allegations, left infighting, and
multiple attempts to criminalize him, Castillo
was finally overthrown and imprisoned. He was
replaced by his vice president, Dina Boluarte,
who was sworn in after Congress impeached
Castillo with 101 votes in favor, six against,
and ten abstentions.<br>
<br>
The vote came hours after he announced on
television to the country that Castillo was
dissolving Congress. He did so preemptively,
three hours before the start of the
congressional session in which a motion to
dismiss him for “permanent moral incapacity”
was to be debated and voted on due to
allegations of corruption that are under
investigation. Castillo also announced the
start of an “exceptional emergency government”
and the convening of a Constituent Assembly
within nine months. He said that until the
Constituent Assembly was installed, he would
rule by decree. In his last message as
president, he also decreed a curfew to begin
at 10 o’clock that night. The curfew, as well
as his other measures, was never applied.
Hours later, Castillo was overthrown.<br>
<br>
Boluarte was sworn in by Congress as Castillo
was detained at a police station. A few
demonstrations broke out in the capital Lima,
but nowhere near large enough to reverse the
coup which was nearly a year and a half in the
making, the latest in Latin America’s long
history of violence against radical
transformations.<br>
<br>
The coup against Pedro Castillo is a major
setback for the current wave of progressive
governments in Latin America and the people’s
movements that elected them. This coup and the
arrest of Castillo are stark reminders that
the ruling elites of Latin America will not
concede any power without a bitter fight to
the end. And now that the dust has settled,
the only winners are the Peruvian oligarchy
and their friends in Washington.<br>
<br>
<em><b>Manolo De Los Santos</b> is the
co-executive director of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dcm/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">People’s Forum</a>
and is a researcher at <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dcq/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social Research</a>. He
co-edited, most recently, <i>Viviremos:
Venezuela vs. Hybrid War</i> (<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/catalog-product-view-id-22050/sr5dct/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">LeftWord Books</a>/<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/iremos-venezuela-vs-hybrid-war/sr5dcx/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">1804 Books</a>,
2020) and <i>Comrade of the Revolution:
Selected Speeches of Fidel Castro</i> (<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/catalog-product-view-id-22524/sr5dd1/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
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moz-do-not-send="true">1804 Books</a>,
2021). He is a co-coordinator of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dd7/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
moz-do-not-send="true">People’s Summit for
Democracy</a>.</em><br>
<br>
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