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href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/overthrows-president-castillo-/sr5dbx/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                          target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><b>Peru’s
                            Oligarchy Overthrows President Castillo </b></a></td>
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                        valign="top"><b>By Manolo De Los Santos</b>
                        <div>
                          <br>
                          June 6, 2021, was a day which shocked many in
                          Peru’s oligarchy. Pedro Castillo Terrones, a
                          rural schoolteacher who had never before been
                          elected to office, won the second round of the
                          presidential election with just over 50.13% of
                          the vote. More than 8.8 million people voted
                          for Castillo’s program of profound social
                          reforms and the promise of a new constitution
                          against the far-right’s candidate, Keiko
                          Fujimori. In a dramatic turn of events, the
                          historical agenda of neoliberalism and
                          repression, passed down by former Peruvian
                          dictator Alberto Fujimori to his daughter
                          Keiko, was rejected at the polls.<br>
                          <br>
                          From that day on, still in disbelief, the
                          Peruvian oligarchy declared war on Castillo.
                          They made the next 18 months for the new
                          president a period of great hostility as they
                          sought to destabilize his government with a
                          multi-pronged attack that included significant
                          use of lawfare. With a call to “throw out
                          communism,” plans were made by the oligarchy’s
                          leading business group, the National Society
                          of Industries, to make the country
                          ungovernable under Castillo.<br>
                          <br>
                          In October 2021, recordings were <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/astillo-vacancia-presidencial-/sr5dc1/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">released</a> that
                          revealed that since June 2021, this group of
                          industrialists, along with other members of
                          Peru’s elite and leaders of the right-wing
                          opposition parties, had been planning a series
                          of actions including financing protests and
                          strikes. Groups of former <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-extremistas-y-apoyo-politico/sr5dc4/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">military</a>
                          personnel, allied with far-right politicians
                          like Fujimori, began to openly call for the
                          violent overthrow of Castillo, threatening
                          government officials and left-leaning
                          journalists.<br>
                          <br>
                          The right-wing in Congress also joined in
                          these plans and attempted to impeach Castillo
                          on two occasions during his first year in
                          office. “Since my inauguration as president,
                          the political sector has not accepted the
                          electoral victory that the Peruvian people
                          gave us,” Castillo <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/atest-attacks-from-opposition-/sr5dc7/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">said in March</a>
                          2022. “I understand the power of Congress to
                          exercise oversight and political control,
                          however, these mechanisms cannot be exercised
                          by mediating the abuse of the right,
                          proscribed in the constitution, ignoring the
                          popular will expressed at the polls,” he
                          stressed. It turns out that several of these
                          lawmakers, with support from a right-wing
                          German foundation, had also been <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-al-presidente-pedro-castillo-/sr5dcb/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">meeting</a> regarding
                          how to modify the constitution to quickly
                          remove Castillo from office.<br>
                          <br>
                          The oligarchic rulers of Peru could never
                          accept that a rural schoolteacher and peasant
                          leader could be brought into office by
                          millions of poor, Black, and Indigenous people
                          who saw their hope for a better future in
                          Castillo. However, in the face of these
                          attacks, Castillo became more and more
                          distanced from his political base. Castillo
                          formed four different cabinets to appease the
                          business sectors, each time conceding to
                          right-wing demands to remove leftist ministers
                          who challenged the status quo. He <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/Libre-Party-20220630-0017-html/sr5dcf/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">broke</a> with his
                          party Peru Libre when openly challenged by its
                          leaders. He <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/battled-president-alleges-coup/sr5dcj/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">sought</a> help from
                          the already discredited
                          Organization of American States in looking for
                          political solutions instead of mobilizing the
                          country’s major peasant and Indigenous
                          movements. By the end, Castillo was fighting
                          alone, without support from the masses or the
                          Peruvian left parties.<br>
                          <br>
                          The final crisis for Castillo broke out on
                          December 7, 2022. Weakened by months of
                          corruption allegations, left infighting, and
                          multiple attempts to criminalize him, Castillo
                          was finally overthrown and imprisoned. He was
                          replaced by his vice president, Dina Boluarte,
                          who was sworn in after Congress impeached
                          Castillo with 101 votes in favor, six against,
                          and ten abstentions.<br>
                          <br>
                          The vote came hours after he announced on
                          television to the country that Castillo was
                          dissolving Congress. He did so preemptively,
                          three hours before the start of the
                          congressional session in which a motion to
                          dismiss him for “permanent moral incapacity”
                          was to be debated and voted on due to
                          allegations of corruption that are under
                          investigation. Castillo also announced the
                          start of an “exceptional emergency government”
                          and the convening of a Constituent Assembly
                          within nine months. He said that until the
                          Constituent Assembly was installed, he would
                          rule by decree. In his last message as
                          president, he also decreed a curfew to begin
                          at 10 o’clock that night. The curfew, as well
                          as his other measures, was never applied.
                          Hours later, Castillo was overthrown.<br>
                          <br>
                          Boluarte was sworn in by Congress as Castillo
                          was detained at a police station. A few
                          demonstrations broke out in the capital Lima,
                          but nowhere near large enough to reverse the
                          coup which was nearly a year and a half in the
                          making, the latest in Latin America’s long
                          history of violence against radical
                          transformations.<br>
                          <br>
                          The coup against Pedro Castillo is a major
                          setback for the current wave of progressive
                          governments in Latin America and the people’s
                          movements that elected them. This coup and the
                          arrest of Castillo are stark reminders that
                          the ruling elites of Latin America will not
                          concede any power without a bitter fight to
                          the end. And now that the dust has settled,
                          the only winners are the Peruvian oligarchy
                          and their friends in Washington.<br>
                          <br>
                          <em><b>Manolo De Los Santos</b> is the
                            co-executive director of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dcm/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">People’s Forum</a>
                            and is a researcher at <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dcq/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
                              Institute for Social Research</a>. He
                            co-edited, most recently, <i>Viviremos:
                              Venezuela vs. Hybrid War</i> (<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/catalog-product-view-id-22050/sr5dct/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">LeftWord Books</a>/<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/iremos-venezuela-vs-hybrid-war/sr5dcx/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">1804 Books</a>,
                            2020) and <i>Comrade of the Revolution:
                              Selected Speeches of Fidel Castro</i> (<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/catalog-product-view-id-22524/sr5dd1/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">LeftWord Books</a>/<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ected-speeches-of-fidel-castro/sr5dd4/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">1804 Books</a>,
                            2021). He is a co-coordinator of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-12-08/sr5dd7/1211494935?h=OO01xW0PmuLsMNC-8O2Umxg08lh-Um0CZL8lsZuJpkY"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">People’s Summit for
                              Democracy</a>.</em><br>
                          <br>
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