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<a class="gmail-domain gmail-reader-domain" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/america-quarter-wars-middle-east-africa">middleeasteye.net</a>
<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">A quarter of America's 400 wars have been in the Middle East and Africa, study finds</h1>
<div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">By Elis Gjevori - August 12, 2022</div><div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">
<p>A major new study has concluded that <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/countries/us" target="_blank">US</a>
military interventions "increasingly" target the Middle East and
Africa, making up more than a quarter of the country's campaigns
throughout its history. </p>
<p>From its founding in 1776 to 2019, the US has undertaken almost 400
military interventions, with more than a quarter occurring in the
post-Cold War period, the report also found.</p>
<p>The first major study of its kind, titled <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/NSBIKPXYGT4U3VRBTPMM/full#.YvJWbY9PcOE.twitter" target="_blank"><em>Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019</em></a>, also found the <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/topics/september-11-attacks" target="_blank">post-9/11</a> era resulted in "higher hostility levels", with US military adventures becoming "overwhelmingly commonplace".</p>
<p>"The cumulative impact of what we discovered from our data collection
effort was indeed surprising," said Sidita Kushi, an assistant
professor at Bridgewater State University in Massachusetts, and one of
the study's authors. "We hadn't expected both the quantity and quality
of US military interventions to be as large as revealed in the data,"
Kushi told Middle East Eye.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>'Currently, the United States has US special forces deployed in more countries than it does ambassadors'</p>
<p><em>- Professor Monica Duffy Toft, the Fletcher School of Tufts University</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, the US emerged as
the dominant military power globally. However, this did not translate
into a decrease in military interventions.</p>
<p>"The post-Cold War era has produced fewer great power conflicts and
instances in which to defend vital US interests, yet US military
interventions continue at high rates and higher hostilities," the report
concluded. "This militaristic pattern persists during a time of
relative peace, one of arguably fewer direct threats to the US homeland
and security."</p>
<h3>'Global War on Terror'</h3>
<p>Following the end of the Cold War, US humanitarian military
interventions were increasingly justified under the banner of human
rights.</p>
<p>During the post-9/11 US "Global War on Terror" (GWOT), it should not
be surprising that Washington chose to use military force to "solve its
problems", said Monica Duffy Toft, professor of international politics
at the Fletcher School of Tufts University, also in Massachusetts.</p>
<p>"The GWOT is, in fact, emblematic of the way in which the US came to
solve problems in this period: war," Toft, co-author of the study,
told MEE.</p>
<p>The study found that the end of the Cold War unchained US military
global ambitions. Even as US rivals reduced their military intervention,
Washington "began to escalate its hostilities", resulting in a
"widening gap between US actions relative to its opponents".</p>
<p>Today, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute puts the cost of the US military at more than <a href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time" target="_blank">$800bn annually</a>, accounting for almost 40 percent of global military spending.</p>
<p>"The US continues to dramatically prioritise funding of its
Department of Defense while limiting funding and roles for its
Department of State," said Toft, adding that "currently, the United
States has US special forces deployed in more countries than it does
ambassadors".</p>
<p>US military interventions have also become more obscure. Gone are the
days when Washington threw the full might of its army into a conflict,
as it did in <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/topics/inside-iraq" target="_blank">Iraq</a> and <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/topics/afghanistan" target="_blank">Afghanistan</a>.
Today, remote military bases, such as the $110m Agadez airfield
in Niger, conduct drone strikes away from the public eye across much of
the Sahel.</p>
<p>Earlier this year, the Biden administration expanded the US military
footprint in Africa by reversing a decision by former US President
Donald Trump to pull troops out of Somalia, thereby establishing a
permanent military base in the country.</p>
<h3>'Violence tends to beget violence'</h3>
<p>America's global military footprints "might be surprising to
Americans. Unfortunately, they are hardly surprising to the rest of the
world," Kushi told MEE, adding that "US legitimacy has seriously
suffered, largely as a result of its now decades-long
hyper-interventionist stance".</p>
<p>While for much of its history, the US looked at its use of military
force as a last resort, recent decades have upended that tradition,
warns Kushi, and with it, a "lot of respect for the United States, even
among our allies".</p>
<p>The authors are quick to note that in some instances, American power
has been a force for good, such as the US-led intervention in Kosovo,
which prevented a potential genocide. More broadly, however, the study
"serves as a warning" that continued US military interventions are
having a less than positive impact on America's national security and
the world</p>
</div><p>A swift course correction by America's elite, who have become
conditioned to seeing a military solution to so much of the country's
perceived global problems, is unlikely in the near term at least, said
Toft.</p>
<p>"Violence tends to beget violence, and even a smart return toward a
multi-factor foreign policy - a foreign policy which relies on allies'
wisdom, which engages diplomacy, trade and aid first, and force last -
can take years to bear fruit," added Toft.</p>
<p>Given that America's adversaries have also become inured to US
military interventions, they can be "forgiven for their scepticism" and
for not believing that the country's foreign policy elite could have a
change of heart. On foreign policy, at least, the Democratic and
Republican parties have mainly held a consistent line, which more or
less advanced US military interventions abroad.</p>
<p>"Given the current landscape of interventions, and inertia, we expect
to see a continuing upward trend on US interventions in both MENA and
Sub-Saharan Africa," warned Toft.</p>
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