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href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/austs-the-land-and-the-people-/qhlmjg/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><b>Chile’s
Lithium Provides Profit to the Billionaires
But Exhausts the Land and the People</b></a></td>
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valign="top"><b>By Vijay Prashad and Taroa
Zúñiga Silva</b>
<div><br>
The Atacama salt flat in northern Chile, which
stretches 1,200 square miles, is the largest
source of lithium in the world. We are
standing on a bluff, looking over <i>la gran
fosa</i>, the great pit that sits at the
southern end of the flat, which is shielded
from public view. It is where the major
Chilean corporations have set up shop to
extract lithium and export it—largely
unprocessed—into the global market. “Do you
know whose son-in-law is the lithium king of
Chile?” asks Loreto, who took us to the salt
flat to view these white sands from a vantage
point. His response is not so shocking; it is
<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/es-3-5-billion-fortune-at-risk/qhlmjk/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Julio Ponce Lerou</a>,
who is the largest stakeholder in the lithium
mining company Sociedad Química y Minera de
Chile (<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/en-/qhlmjn/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">SQM</a>) and the
former son-in-law of the late military
dictator Augusto Pinochet (who ruled Chile
from 1973 to 1990).<br>
<br>
SQM and <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/businesses-lithium/qhlmjr/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Albemarle</a>, the
two major Chilean mining companies, dominate
the Atacama salt flat. It is impossible to get
a permit to visit the southern end of the
flats, where the large corporations have set
up their operations. The companies extract the
lithium by pumping brine from beneath the salt
flat and then <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-with-climate-change-concerns-/qhlmjv/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">letting</a> it
evaporate for months before carrying out the
extraction. “SQM steals our water to extract
lithium,” <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/3B3n-o-maldiciC3B3n-a-43569558/qhlmjy/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> the former
president of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/3cJdboh/qhlmk2/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Council of Indigenous
Peoples of Atacameño</a>, Ana Ramos, in
2018, according to Deutsche Welle. The
concentrate left behind after evaporation is
turned into lithium carbonate and lithium
hydroxide, which are then exported, and form
key raw materials used in the production of
lithium-ion batteries. About a third of the
world’s lithium comes from Chile. According to
Goldman Sachs, “<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/watch-v-gkMN8CN9OBY/qhlmk5/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">lithium is the new
gasoline</a>.”<br>
<br>
<b>What Necessity Does</b><br>
<br>
Ownership over the salt flat is <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/a-nueva-constitucion-resolvera/qhlmk8/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">contested</a> among
the state, Chile’s Indigenous communities, and
private entities. But, as one member of the
Lickanantay community—the Indigenous people
who call the Atacama salt flat their home—told
us, most of the owners of the land do not live
in the area any longer. Juan, who raises
horses and whose family were herders, tells us
that people “live off the rents from the land.
They do not care what happens to the area.”
However, Juan knows that these rents are
minuscule. “What they pay us as they mine our
land is practically a tip,” he says. “It is
nothing compared to what they earn. But it is
still a lot of money.” For most Lickanantay
people, Juan says, “lithium is not an issue
because
although it is known to damage the
environment, it is providing [us with] money.”
“Necessity drives people to do a lot of
things,” he adds.<br>
<br>
The <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2071-1050-13-20-11274-htm/qhlmkc/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">negative</a>
environmental impacts of mining lithium have
been widely studied by scientists and observed
by tourist guides in Chile. Angelo, a guide,
tells us that he worries about the water
supplies getting polluted due to mining
activities and the impact it has on the
Atacama Desert animals, including the pink
flamingos. “Every once in a while, we see a
dead pink flamingo,” he says. Cristina Inés
Dorador, who participated in writing Chile’s
new proposed <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/new-constitutional-convention-/qhlmkg/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">constitution</a>, is
a scientist with a PhD in natural sciences who
has <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/doi-10-1098-rspb-2021-2388/qhlmkk/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">published</a> about
the decline of the pink flamingo population in
the salt flat. However, Dorador has also <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/es-3-5-billion-fortune-at-risk/qhlmjk/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> that new
technologies could be used to prevent the
widespread negative environmental impact.
Ingrid Garcés Millas, who has a PhD in earth
sciences from the University of Zaragoza and
is a researcher at the University of
Antofagasta, <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-por-ingrid-garces-millas-html/qhlmkn/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">pointed out</a> that
the currently used of lithium extraction has
led to the deterioration of the “ways of life
of [the] Andean peoples” in an
article for Le Monde Diplomatique. An example
she provided was that while the underground
water supply is used by the lithium industry,
the “communities are supplied [with water] by
cistern trucks.”<br>
<br>
According to a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-of-the-energy-transition-pdf/qhlmkr/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">report</a> by
MiningWatch Canada and the Environmental
Justice Atlas, “to produce one ton of lithium
in the salt flats in Atacama (Chile), 2,000
tons of water are evaporated, causing
significant harm to both the availability of
water and the quality of underground fresh
water reserves.”<br>
<br>
Meanwhile, there is no pressing debate in the
Atacama region over the extraction of lithium.
Most people seem to have accepted that lithium
mining is here to stay. Among the activists,
there are disagreements over how to approach
the question of lithium. More radical
activists believe that lithium should not be
extracted, while others debate about who
should benefit from the wealth generated by
the mining of lithium. Still others, such as
Angelo and Loreto, believe that Chile’s
willingness to export the unprocessed lithium
denies the country the possibility of
exploring the benefits that might come from
processing the metal within the country.<br>
<br>
<b>Natural Commons</b><br>
<br>
Before the presidential election in Chile in
November 2021, we went to see Giorgio Jackson,
now one of the closest advisers to Chile’s
President Gabriel Boric. He <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-dawn-of-a-new-political-era-/qhlmkv/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">told</a> us then that
Chile’s new government would look at the
possibility of the nationalization of key
resources, such as copper and lithium. This no
longer seems to be on the government’s agenda,
despite the expectation that the high prices
for copper and lithium would pay for the
much-needed pension reforms and the
modernization of the country’s infrastructure.<br>
<br>
The idea of nationalization was floated around
the constitutional convention but did not find
its way into the text of the proposed
constitution, which will be put to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-final-vote-sept-4-2022-07-04-/qhlmky/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">vote</a> on September
4. Instead, the proposed constitution builds
on Article 19 of the 1980 <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/tos-10221-1-60446-3-132632-pdf/qhlml2/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">constitution</a>,
which provides for “the right to live in an
environment free from contamination.” The new
<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-Definitivo-CPR-2022-Tapas-pdf/qhlml5/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">constitution</a> is
expected to lay out the natural commons under
which the state “has a special duty of
custody,
in order to ensure the rights of nature and
the interest of present and future
generations.”<br>
<br>
In the waning days of the government of former
President Sebastián Piñera, Chile’s Mining
Ministry <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ti-million-dollar-lithium-html/qhlml8/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">awarded</a> two
companies—BYD Chile SpA and Servicios y
Operaciones Mineras del Norte S.A.—extraction
rights for 80,000 tons of lithium each for 20
years. An appeals court in Copiapó heard a
petition from the governor of Copiapó, Miguel
Vargas, and from various Indigenous
communities. In January 2022, the court <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ti-million-dollar-lithium-html/qhlml8/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">suspended</a> the
deal; that suspension was <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/citacion-del-litio-en-atacama-/qhlmlc/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">upheld</a> in June by
the Supreme Court. This does not imply that
Chile will roll back the exploitation of
lithium by the major corporations, but it does
suggest that a new appetite is developing
against the widespread exploitation of natural
resources in the country.<br>
<br>
Until 2016, Chile <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-PPT20Litio20agosto202020-pdf/qhlmlg/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">produced</a> 37
percent of the global market share of lithium,
making the country the world’s largest
producer of the metal. When Chile’s government
increased royalty rates on the miners, several
of them curtailed production and some
increased their stake in Argentina (SQM, for
instance, entered a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2016-03-20160330-sqm-html/qhlmlk/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">joint venture</a>
with Lithium Americas Corporation to work on a
project in Argentina). Chile is <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/of-clean-energy-task-xj4y7vzkg/qhlmln/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">behind</a> Australia
in terms of lithium production in the world
market
presently, <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-PPT20Litio20agosto202020-pdf/qhlmlg/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">falling</a> from 37
percent in 2016 to 29 percent in 2019 (with an
expectation that Chile’s share will fall
further to 17 percent by 2030).<br>
<br>
Juan’s observation that “necessity drives
people to do a lot of things” captures the
mood among the Atacameños. The needs of the
people of the region seem to only come after
the needs of the large corporations. Relatives
of the old dictators accumulate wealth off of
the land, while the owners of the land—out of
necessity—sell their land for a <i>propina</i>,
a tip.<br>
<br>
<em><b>Vijay Prashad</b> is an Indian
historian, editor and journalist. He is a
writing fellow and chief correspondent at
Globetrotter. He is an editor of <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-08-01/qhlmlr/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">LeftWord Books</a>
and the director of <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-08-01/qhlmlv/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social Research</a>. He is a
senior non-resident fellow at <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/y2hdjcpo/qhlmly/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Chongyang Institute
for Financial Studies</a>, Renmin
University of China. He has written more
than 20 books, including</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/1595583424--tag-alternorg08-20/qhlmm2/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">The
Darker Nations</a> <em>and</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/1781681589--tag-alternorg08-20/qhlmm5/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">The Poorer Nations</a>.
<em>His latest books are</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-1869-struggle-makes-us-human/qhlmm8/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Struggle Makes Us
Human: Learning from Movements for Socialism</a>
<em>and (with Noam Chomsky)</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/books-withdrawal/qhlmmc/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">The Withdrawal: Iraq,
Libya, Afghanistan, and the Fragility of
U.S. Power</a>.<br>
<br>
<em><b>Taroa Zúñiga Silva</b> is a writing
fellow and the Spanish media coordinator for
Globetrotter. She is the co-editor with
Giordana García Sojo of</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ce-de-la-guerra-del-siglo-xxi-/qhlmmg/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Venezuela, Vórtice de
la Guerra del Siglo XXI</a> <em>(2020). She
is a member of the coordinating committee of
<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-08-01/qhlmmk/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Argos:
International Observatory on Migration and
Human Rights</a> and is a member of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2022-08-01/qhlmmn/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Mecha Cooperativa</a>,
a project of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ecl2021/qhlmmr/1112534476?h=dj4I2UbMA-1fp0YxOaS5hoE-RLEuI5o7YcMfnAjfFZc"
moz-do-not-send="true">Ejército
Comunicacional de Liberación</a>.</em></div>
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