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New Roman',serif;" valign="top"><a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-of-painful-neoliberal-policy-/m69y5z/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><b>Chile
Is at the Political Crossroads: Social
Renewal or Decades of Painful Neoliberal
Policy</b></a></td>
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<b>By Vijay Prashad and Taroa Zúñiga Silva</b>
<div>
<br>
“If [Augusto] Pinochet were alive, he would
vote for me,” <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-vivo-votaria-por-mi-20171109-/m69y62/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> José Antonio
Kast in 2017, during the Chilean presidential
election when he ran as an independent
candidate. This was an especially provocative
statement made by him out of the many he has
made over the years—he had also <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/s-los-chilenos-les-falta-dios-/m69y64/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> that
“Chileans need God,” during his campaign in
2017, while proposing religious teachers in
all public schools in Chile.<br>
<br>
Kast, who is now a member of Chile’s
right-wing Republican Party, is in the running
in the 2021 presidential election in Chile as
a candidate for the party. The first round of
voting for the election <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/zed-showdown-nears-2021-12-14-/m69y66/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">took place</a> on
November 21.<br>
<br>
Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006), to whom Kast was
referring in his 2017 statement, was a
military dictator in Chile from 1973 to 1990.
A few days after Pinochet led the U.S.-backed
coup on September 11, 1973, that overthrew the
popularly elected government of President
Salvador Allende, he <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2p84b8u8/m69y68/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>, “From time
to time, democracy must bathe in blood, so
that it can remain a democracy.” Kast, who
came fourth in the first round of the 2017
presidential election, supported the eventual
winner and now-outgoing President Sebastián
Píñera, who is a billionaire. This year, Kast
has <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/idential-election-first-round-/m69y6b/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">won</a> the most
votes in the first round of the presidential
election and sits just behind the left
candidate Gabriel Boric in <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/chile-izquierdista-boric-kast-/m69y6d/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">opinion polls</a> for
the second round of voting, which is expected
to take place on December 19. This year, Kast
did not assert that Pinochet would vote for
him. He knows that he would.<br>
<br>
<b>The Heir to Pinochet</b><br>
<br>
Kast’s <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-del-clan-de-los-kast-en-chile/m69y6g/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">parents</a> fled
Germany in the aftermath of World War II
because Kast’s father—Michael Kast
Schindele—was a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-miembro-del-partido-nazi-html/m69y6j/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">member</a> of the
Nazi party under Adolf Hitler. They arrived in
Chile in 1950, where they built a family
business and raised nine children (Kast was
born in 1966). The Kast family has a deep
history of being involved with the far-right.
José’s brother Miguel Kast was <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/le-pinochet-jose-antonio-kast-/m69y6l/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">one</a> of the many
“young economists trained by Milton Friedman”
(known as the “<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-economic-freedoms-awful-toll-/m69y6n/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Chicago Boys</a>”)
who launched a “neoliberal experiment” in
Chile <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/le-pinochet-jose-antonio-kast-/m69y6l/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">under</a> Pinochet
“that saw social spending slashed and wealth
funneled upward to the very rich,” according
to the Intercept. Pinochet might be a dictator
for many in Chile, but for the Kast family, he
was a heroic leader, which is why it is with
no sense of embarrassment that José Antonio
Kast said that the dead dictator would vote
for him.<br>
<br>
In fact, the 30 years of Pinochet’s
dictatorship are not looked upon with a sense
of shame or embarrassment by a large section
of the Chilean population. When Pinochet was
removed from power in 1990, a series of cases
appeared in Chilean courts to bring Pinochet
and others to justice for various human rights
violations carried out under his regime,
including <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/pinochet-era-crimes-a-45599050/m69y6s/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">kidnapping and
murders</a>. None of the more than 300 <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ld-2006-dec-11-chile-pinochet4/m69y6v/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">cases</a> that
implicated Pinochet directly, which were filed
by his death—including the assassination of
Carlos Prats, a former Chilean Army commander
who was an “<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/orld-americas-30argentina-html/m69y6x/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">outspoken</a>
opponent” of Pinochet, and other
assassinations <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/3u7m8pnf/m69y6z/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">carried out</a> under
Operation Condor—came to any conclusive end.
In July 2002, meanwhile, the Chilean Supreme
Court closed the prosecution of Pinochet in
the cases involving the “<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/udge-juan-guzman-tapia-tribute/m69y72/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Caravan of Death</a>”—which
was “an elite death squad” that executed
“dozens of former mayors, police chiefs, labor
leaders and other local officials” in
Chile—stating that Pinochet was “mentally
unfit due to dementia.” Using universal
jurisdiction, the
Spanish Supreme Court prosecutor Carlos
Castresana tried to open a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/acional-1165964406-850215-html/m69y74/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">separate</a> road
within the Spanish judicial system in July
1996, leading to Pinochet’s arrest in London
in 1998. But the “Pinochet case” was <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/acional-1165964406-850215-html/m69y74/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">scuttled</a> when the
then heads of government of Britain (Tony
Blair), Chile (Eduardo Frei), and Spain (José
María Aznar) colluded to shield Pinochet by
sending him home to Santiago. The impunity for
Pinochet marked Chilean politics for years to
come, since it meant that no one needed to be
embarrassed to claim his lineage despite the
atrocities he was accused of.<br>
<br>
Kast denies that Pinochet was a dictator. He
pointed to the Constitution of 1980 and <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/et-hubo-2021-11-12-233024-html/m69y76/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> that this
document “contained the entire transition to
democracy.” Between 1973 and 1980, before the
constitution was introduced, Chile was not a
dictatorship, Kast argued, because the
government of Pinochet willingly produced a
“democratic” constitution (which remains in
force today, and is being <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-dawn-of-a-new-political-era-/m69y78/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">rewritten</a> by a
Constitutional Convention that will close its
work after the new president has been
elected). Kast, without embarrassment, claims
that Pinochet—who personified every attribute
of the late 20th century’s
dictators—is ironically a guardian of Chilean
democracy.<br>
<br>
<b>Contempt for Human Rights</b><br>
<br>
Kast has demonstrated a contempt for human
rights. During a presidential debate in
October 2021, Kast <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/un-mes-de-la-crucial-eleccion-/m69y7b/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">proposed</a> the
closure of the human rights institution in
Chile, the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/indh-/m69y7d/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">National Institute of
Human Rights</a> (INDH), saying: “We have
suggested that there has to be a
reformulation, and to make a reformulation…
[of the INDH. W]e believe that the current one
(INDH) [has to be closed] because it is
clearly not fulfilling its aims.” The reason
Kast made these comments is that the INDH,
which recently <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/icial-aprobo-su-informe-final-/m69y7g/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">investigated</a> the
human rights violations by the Chilean police
against the anti-government demonstrators—who
have been protesting for more than two years
now—concluded that there had been “a breach of
the protection of human rights” during these
protests. “The Carabineros [Chilean Police],”
Kast <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ile-derechos-humanos-20210922-/m69y7j/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> during the
presidential debate, “is a great institution
that does not violate human rights.” Chile has
been witnessing a massive political upsurge
that began in 2019 and has remained in place
up until now as part of a broad
dissatisfaction with the plummeting economic
conditions and with police violence that
has come in response to the peaceful protests.
As a consequence of the kind of political
discourse Kast has been indulging in and the
propaganda being spread by the hard-right, <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/abineros-que-en-ese-instituto-/m69y7l/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">surveys</a> now show
that more people in Chile trust the police
more than the INDH.<br>
<br>
Total alignment with the police and the army
defines Kast’s politics. That is why he
pledged to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ast-status-1364196170038464516/m69y7n/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">remove</a> Chile from
the UN Human Rights Council, which has since
2019 published <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ews-aspx-NewsID-25423-LangID-E/m69y7q/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">reports</a> that have
criticized the Chilean police for violating
basic human rights protocols in their handling
of the “mass protests” in Chile. Kast’s
contempt for the UN Human Rights Council
reflects his general position on such
international cooperation. In February 2021,
while tweeting about withdrawing from the
council, he <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ast-status-1364196170038464516/m69y7n/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>, “While the
UN attacks Chile with various policies and
false accusations, the [UN] Human Rights
Council has as members Venezuela and Cuba, the
bloodiest dictatorships in Latin America.”
Hatred for the socialist project in Venezuela
is amplified in Kast’s hatred for the
Venezuelan migrants who have had to leave
their country as a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-DisplayNews-aspx-NewsID-26747/m69y7s/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">consequence</a> of
the sanctions imposed by the United States.
Kast <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ast-status-1454956349805182983/m69y7v/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">proposed</a> the
construction of a ditch on the Chilean border
with Bolivia to prevent
migrants—mostly Venezuelans—from crossing into
Chile.<br>
<br>
<b>Trump of the Southern Cone</b><br>
<br>
Many comparisons have been made between Kast
and other far-right leaders: he has been <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/k-talk-crime-focus-2021-11-16-/m69y7x/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">called</a> the
Bolsonaro of Chile, drawing similarities
between him and Brazil’s President Jair
Bolsonaro, and he also has been referred to as
Chile’s Donald Trump. Kast has ambitions to
form an “<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ler-status-1470476944689057804/m69y7z/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">anti-globalist</a>”
bloc with Bolsonaro and former U.S. President
Trump as well as Hungary’s Prime Minister
Viktor Orbán (he made these comments on a <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ler-status-1470476944689057804/m69y7z/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">show</a> where he put
on a red “Make America Great
Again” hat worn by Trump supporters). In late
November, Kast traveled to Washington, D.C.,
to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/erzo-de-jak-en-washington-d-c-/m69y82/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">meet</a> with U.S.
Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Issa Kort (the
former Chilean representative to the
Organization of American States), as well as
María Paulina Uribe (marketing manager at
PepsiCo) and Joel Velasco (vice president at
UnitedHealth Group). Kast is close to the
far-right Spanish party, Vox, and its leader <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/CAL-status-1462671406966128642/m69y84/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Santiago Abascal</a>;
Kast has also joined Abascal in the formation
of a new far-right group across Latin America
called the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/espana-abascal-kast-chile-html/m69y86/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Madrid Charter</a>.<br>
<br>
Like Abascal, Bolsonaro, and Trump, Kast is in
favor of small government when it comes to the
regulation of big business and of large
government when it comes to law and order and
family values. Kast’s deep misogyny comes out
in his promise to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/idencial-de-jose-antonio-kast-/m69y88/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">abolish</a> the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ro-ministry-women-and-gender-0/m69y8b/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Ministry of Women and
Gender Equality</a> in Chile and to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/kast-status-874681022125940736/m69y8d/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">roll back</a> the
modest provisions for <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/tatus-1103114201353121793-s-24/m69y8g/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">abortion</a>, which
is <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-is-not-far-right-2021-11-12-/m69y8j/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">partially</a> allowed
in Chile (he eventually had to <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/lo-con-desarrollo-social-shtml/m69y8l/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">rescind</a> both
promises due to the growing social consensus
for women’s rights in the country). “I do not
feel right-wing,” <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/-me-siento-de-extrema-derecha-/m69y8n/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a> Kast in May
2018 in order to appeal to the center,
although his program is entirely in accord
with the far-right.<br>
<br>
Chile faces a real choice in this presidential
election: between the far-right’s Kast and the
left’s Boric. Boric <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/e-dawn-of-a-new-political-era-/m69y78/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">says</a> that he will
reverse Chile’s habits of neoliberalism. But
the election might not be a choice between the
far-right and the left as much as it might be
an election about the failure of Chile to
prosecute those who violated the rights of
Chileans during the 30 years of Pinochet’s
rule.<br>
<br>
<em><b>Vijay Prashad</b> is an Indian
historian, editor and journalist. He is a
writing fellow and chief correspondent at <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2021-12-16/m69y8q/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Globetrotter</a>.
He is the chief editor of <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2021-12-16/m69y8s/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">LeftWord Books</a>
and the director of <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2021-12-16/m69y8v/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute for Social Research</a>. He is a
senior non-resident fellow at <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/y2hdjcpo/m69y8x/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Chongyang Institute
for Financial Studies</a>, Renmin
University of China. He has written more
than 20 books, including</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/1595583424--tag-alternorg08-20/m69y8z/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">The Darker Nations</a>
<em>and</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/1781681589--tag-alternorg08-20/m69y92/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">The Poorer Nations</a><em>.
His latest book is</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/catalog-product-view-id-21820/m69y94/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Washington Bullets</a><em>,
with an introduction by Evo Morales Ayma.</em><br>
<br>
<em><b>Taroa Zúñiga Silva</b> is a writing
fellow and the Spanish media coordinator for
Globetrotter. She is the co-editor with
Giordana García Sojo of</em> <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ce-de-la-guerra-del-siglo-xxi-/m69y96/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Venezuela, Vórtice de
la Guerra del Siglo XXI</a> <em>(2020). She
is a member of the coordinating committee of
<a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2021-12-16/m69y98/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Argos:
International Observatory on Migration and
Human Rights</a> and is a member of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/2021-12-16/m69y9b/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Mecha Cooperativa</a>,
a project of the <a
href="https://go.ind.media/e/546932/ecl2021/m69y9d/966958023?h=zfCQrOoKzlcBnuPiEgdGCE6udurdRTsMO8J_f0pnu4g"
moz-do-not-send="true">Ejército
Comunicacional de Liberación</a>.</em></div>
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