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<a class="gmail-domain gmail-reader-domain" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03470-x">nature.com</a>
<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">Cuba’s bet on home-grown COVID vaccines is paying off</h1>
<div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">Sara Reardon - November 22, 2021</div></div>
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<p><img alt="A nurse vaccinates an elderly woman against COVID-19 with Cuban vaccine Abdala in Havana, Cuba." src="https://media.nature.com/lw800/magazine-assets/d41586-021-03470-x/d41586-021-03470-x_19875658.jpg" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="452" height="301"></p>
<p><span>A health-care worker vaccinates a woman with the Abdala jab in August.</span><span>Credit: Yamil Lage/AFP via Getty</span></p>
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<p>When the COVID-19 pandemic began, Cuba decided not to wait
on the rest of the world to develop vaccines. The United States’
60-year-old economic embargo against the country, which prevents US-made
products from being exported there, would make it difficult for Cuba to
acquire vaccines and therapies, researchers and officials knew. “It was
best, for protecting our population, to be independent,” says Vicente
Vérez Bencomo, director-general of the Finlay Institute of Vaccines in
Havana.</p><p>So the Finlay Institute and Cuba’s other state-run biotechnology centres <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01126-4">started developing their own COVID-19 vaccines</a>
in the hope that at least one of them would be effective. Their bet
seems to be paying off: in a 6 November preprint published on medRxiv<sup><a>1</a></sup>,
Vérez Bencomo and his colleagues report that one of the institute’s
vaccines, Soberana 02, is more than 90% effective in protecting against
symptomatic COVID-19 infection when used in combination with a related
vaccine. Importantly, the combination seems to be effective against the
highly transmissible Delta variant of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which
has caused surges in hospitalizations and death across the world and now
accounts for nearly all COVID-19 cases in Cuba.</p><p>As of 18
November, 89% of Cuba’s population — including children as young as 2 —
has received at least one dose of Soberana 02 or another Cuban vaccine
called Abdala, which is produced at the Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology (CIGB) in Havana. The centre <a href="http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/articulo/vacuna-abdala-100-eficacia-ante-la-enfermedad-severa-y-la-muerte-en-su-ensayo-fase-iii">reported in July</a>
that Abdala, a three-dose vaccine, was more than 92% effective in phase
III trials that included more than 48,000 participants, but the full
results have not yet been published.</p><p>Cuba’s regulatory agency
authorized Abdala and Soberana 02 shots for use in adults in July and
August respectively, and health-care workers began immunizing children
with both vaccines a few months later. The country has begun exporting
the two home-grown vaccines to Venezuela, Vietnam, Iran and Nicaragua.
And it has asked the World Health Organization to approve its vaccines —
an important step towards making them available throughout the
developing world.</p><h2>Major strides</h2><p>In developing Soberana 02,
Vérez Bencomo’s group drew on its existing ‘conjugate’ vaccine
technology. Finlay’s conjugate vaccines take a protein or a sugar from a
bacterium or virus and chemically link it to a harmless fragment of a
neurotoxin protein from the tetanus bacterium. The combination elicits a
stronger immune response than either component alone. Conjugate
vaccines against meningitis and typhoid are used around the world, and
Cuba has been immunizing children with a vaccine of this type for years.</p><p>Vérez
Bencomo’s team adapted conjugate-vaccine technology to tackle COVID-19
by linking the tetanus-toxin protein to a portion, known as the receptor
binding domain (RBD), of SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein (the spike protein
helps the virus to enter cells). After more than 14,000 people received
two doses of the vaccine in a phase III trial, recipients’ risk of
symptomatic COVID-19 was reduced by 71%, compared with that of a placebo
group of the same size — an efficacy similar to jabs made by Johnson
& Johnson (J&J) in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and AstraZeneca in
Cambridge, UK.</p>
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<p><img alt="Health workers wait in a hallway for a dose of the Soberana-02 COVID-19 vaccine, during Phase III trials, in Havana, Cuba." src="https://media.nature.com/lw800/magazine-assets/d41586-021-03470-x/d41586-021-03470-x_19875660.jpg" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="452" height="301"></p>
<p><span>Health-care workers participating in a phase III trial wait to receive a Soberana 02 shot in March.</span><span>Credit: Ramon Espinosa/Reuters</span></p>
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<p>To improve on this protection, the Finlay team also gave
participants a third shot. The researchers had previously tested a jab
called Soberana Plus on people already sick from COVID-19 and found that
it improved their immune response<sup><a>2</a></sup>.
So they gave Soberana Plus, which is based on the RBD protein alone, to
another set of 14,000 participants who had already received two
Soberana 02 doses — and discovered that the third dose raised overall
efficacy to 92.4%.</p><p>Vérez Bencomo says the Finlay Institute can
produce 10 million Soberana 02 doses per month. To further test the
vaccine, he and his colleagues have partnered with the Pasteur Institute
in Tehran to run a similar, 24,000-person trial in Iran and expect to
publish those results soon.</p><p>CIGB’s Abdala vaccine is also making
major strides. As with Soberana 02, the technology behind it is adapted
from an existing vaccine — one for hepatitis B — that Cuba developed and
has used for many years. The researchers engineered yeast cells to
produce a part of the RBD different from that used in Soberana 02, and
then purified the protein for use in Abdala. CIGB researcher Merardo
Pujol Ferrer says that 24 million doses have been administered to 8
million people in Cuba, giving the researchers a large data set with
which to track safety and efficacy. He says the team plans to publish
its data later this month.</p><h2>An expanding toolbox</h2><p>Protein-based vaccines like Soberana 02 and Abdala <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03025-0">might have some advantages over other vaccine types</a>,
says Craig Laferrière, head of vaccine development at Novateur Ventures
in Toronto, Canada, who has been comparing the safety and efficacy of
COVID-19 jabs. Unlike the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines produced by
Pfizer, based in New York City, and Moderna, based in Cambridge,
Masschusetts, protein vaccines do not need to be kept at extremely low
temperatures, making them easier to deliver to remote areas.</p><p>And
they could have fewer side effects than AstraZeneca’s and J&J’s
vaccines, which use an adenovirus to deliver the gene for a different
portion of the RBD into cells and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00940-0">have been linked to blood clots</a>.
Although Finlay’s medRxiv manuscript (which is not peer reviewed) does
not contain extensive clinical data, Laferrière expects Soberana 02’s
side effects will be minimal, because fewer than 1% of participants in
the phase III trial developed a fever. Veréz-Bencomo says further data
will be published soon.</p><p>But Laferrière adds that there are
drawbacks to the approach, too. Protein-based vaccines are made using
various types of cells to synthesize gobs of protein. Soberana 02 is
produced in hamster ovary cells, which is more time-consuming than some
other methods for making this type of vaccine. And evidence suggests<sup><a>3</a></sup>
that conjugate vaccines using tetanus-toxin protein are less effective
in people who have already received another vaccine of this type, such
as the childhood meningitis vaccine.</p><p>Vérez Bencomo says he has
confidence in the vaccine’s safety, largely because conjugate-vaccine
technology has been used for decades without major problems. Having
worked with it to create vaccines for use in children, the Finlay team
also knew enough about dosing and side effects to leap into paediatric
trials of Soberana 02, which began in June. Nearly 2 million children in
Cuba have been vaccinated so far, and Vérez Bencomo says that
unpublished data suggest the vaccine is safe and effective.</p><p>“I
think it’ll be a useful addition for the globe,” says John Grabenstein,
president of the vaccine consultancy Vaccine Dynamics in Easton,
Maryland. “Everybody’s using a different tool out of the toolbox, and
they pretty much are all working.” He says that the Soberana 02 data
look solid, but it will take time to determine how long immunity
conferred by the vaccine will last.</p><p>In the meantime, Cuba is
pushing ahead with its COVID-19 vaccine-development strategy. Finlay’s
Soberana 01, which links the spike protein to a sugar from a
meningitis-causing bacterium rather than the tetanus-toxin protein, and
CIGB’s Mambisa, a nasal vaccine that contains the same RBD fragment as
is used in Abdala, are still in clinical trials.</p>
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