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<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">Palestinians deserve reparations for Britain's colonial crimes</h1>
<div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">Joseph Massad - October 29, 2021<br></div>
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<div class="gmail-moz-reader-content gmail-reader-show-element"><div id="gmail-readability-page-1" class="gmail-page"><div><p>Palestinian billionaire Munib Masri recently <a href="https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD/" target="_blank">announced</a> his intention to sue the British government over its issuance of the 1917 <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/balfour-declaration-enduring-colonial-criminality" target="_blank">Balfour Declaration</a> and the crimes it committed during its colonial occupation of <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/countries/palestine" target="_blank">Palestine</a>, declaring his hope that the fairness of the British legal system would finally force the British to apologise.</p>
<p>This was not the first such attempt: in 2017, the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/palestinian-authority-uk-balfour-declaration-israel-sue-israel-zionism-refuse-apologise-lawsuit-a7702866.html" target="_blank">Palestinian Authority</a>
threatened to sue Britain if it did not apologise for the declaration.
In response, the government issued a statement saying it was “<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/palestinian-authority-uk-balfour-declaration-israel-sue-israel-zionism-refuse-apologise-lawsuit-a7702866.html" target="_blank">proud</a>” of Britain’s role in the creation of Israel. </p>
<p>But is an apology really what Palestinians need from Britain, which
conquered and occupied Palestine for three decades, during which it
opened the country to Jewish colonists, leading to the theft of the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/4/10/how-britain-destroyed-the-palestinian-homeland" target="_blank">Palestinian homeland</a>?
What about the atrocities that Britain committed against the
Palestinian people during this period, especially during their great
revolt of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/The-Arab-Revolt" target="_blank">1936-39</a>? Should Palestinians not demand reparations? </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Would not the money of Palestinian billionaires be better spent in
pursuit of reparations for the Palestinian people, rather than a
meaningless apology?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-22790037" target="_blank">Kenyans</a> did so recently and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/23/mau-mau-rebellion-kenyan-victims-compensation-claim" target="_blank">continue</a> to
pursue their demands for reparations for the horrifying and cruel
oppression and torture to which Britain subjected the Mau Mau
revolutionaries in the 1950s. Would not the money of Palestinian
billionaires be better spent in pursuit of reparations for the
Palestinian people, rather than a meaningless apology?</p>
<p>Britain’s horrific suppression of the Palestinian revolt was of a
different order than its repression of Palestinian resistance in the
1920s and the first half of the 1930s. The Palestinian media at the
time, along with Palestinian historians and revolutionaries, documented
many of these atrocities, as did the British and international press of
the period.</p>
<p>One of its earliest and most egregious acts of wanton destruction was the British military’s <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">blowing up</a> in June 1936 of significant parts of the old city in downtown Jaffa, which was then the major Palestinian commercial and <a href="https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/palestineremix/lost-cities-of-palestine.html#/10" target="_blank">cultural centre</a>,
to make room for military vehicles and to prevent revolutionaries from
hiding in its narrow alleys. The British also destroyed parts of the
rural town of Jenin in October 1938 in pursuit of putting down the
revolt.</p>
<p>British repression also included <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">banning</a> Palestinian nationalist songs, flags and anti-colonial processions; censoring or closing newspapers; and <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/britains-pacification-of-palestine/screwing-down-the-population/4BA647D9F193F08107F47DF7F2F22611" target="_blank">deporting foreign journalists</a> covering the atrocities. </p>
<h3>Severe torture</h3>
<p>In Nazareth in 1937, Palestinian militants assassinated the district commissioner for Galilee, <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/lewis-andrews" target="_blank">Lewis Andrews</a>,
and his British bodyguard. Andrews, an Australian Protestant Zionist
who had supported Jewish colonisation of the Galilee, was deeply loathed
by Palestinians. The assassins were apprehended by the British, who <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">arrested</a> hundreds of Palestinians in the process and subjected them to severe torture, including <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">sexual violence</a> and rape against women and men.</p>
<p>Another <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Australian</a> who
worked for the mandate reportedly went out in Jerusalem with revolver
in hand, shooting all Palestinians in sight in revenge for the death of
his compatriot. The British <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">covered up</a> his murder spree and sent him back to the Australian settler-colony. </p>
<p>Palestinian political prisoner <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Desiring_Arabs/TMnMC1vlxVMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=subhi" target="_blank">Subhi</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Desiring_Arabs/TMnMC1vlxVMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=subhi" target="_blank">al-Khadra</a>
described such torture in this August 1938 account: “The types of
torture employed are varied. They include beatings with fists and
[stomping] with boots … as well as using canes for beating and flogging
to death … They also included the starving of dogs and then provoking
them and pushing them to devour his flesh … [Another form of torture
included the soldiers] sodomizing them, as it seems that this was done
to a number of people.”</p>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Desiring_Arabs/TMnMC1vlxVMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=subhi" target="_blank">Khadra</a>
added that the torture methods were motivated by “vengeance and a
release of the most savage and barbaric of instincts and of the
concentrated spirit of hatred that these rednecks feel towards Muslims
and Arabs. They mean to torture for the sake of torture and to satisfy
their appetite for vengeance, not for the sake of an investigation nor
to expose crimes.”</p>
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<p><img src="https://www.middleeasteye.net/sites/default/files/british%20mandate%20palestine%20afp.jpg" alt="A British soldier aims a machine gun in Jerusalem during the British mandate (AFP)" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="452" height="318"></p>
A British soldier aims a machine gun in Jerusalem during the British mandate (AFP)</div>
<p>Collective punishment against Palestinian towns and villages
became uniform through the use of extrajudicial executions and mass
demolition of Palestinian homes. British historian <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Matthew Hughes</a> has documented many of these horrors in his book on Britain’s “pacification” of Palestine, noting that the use of <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">white-supremacist</a> language against revolutionaries was commonplace among soldiers and officers. Palestinian civilians were used as <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">human shields</a> to protect British soldiers on trains and military vehicles. Palestinian detainees were incarcerated in<a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank"> cages</a> under the sun, where many died of thirst and exposure. </p>
<p>The British also used <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">forced labour</a> to compel Palestinian prisoners to build roads, and imposed financial <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">penalties</a> on their families. Palestinians were placed in <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">concentration camps</a> and behind barbed wire in Jewish colonies, where the colonists would humiliate them. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Hughes</a>
reveals that “soldiers and police detained 528,000 people, for varying
periods of time from days to years, some imprisoned more than once, in
varying places, and this total - that exceeds the entire Muslim male
population of Palestine in 1938 - omits any detentions from December
1936 to August 1937. It equals 37 per cent of the entire population of
Palestine in 1938.” </p>
<h3>Repression and massacres</h3>
<p>In September 1938, the <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Royal Ulster Rifles</a>
soldiers massacred Palestinians in al-Bassa village, following the
killing of four soldiers by a land mine placed by militants outside the
village, and survivors were forced to dig a mass grave for the
victims, before the soldiers burnt al-Bassa to the ground.</p>
<p>Other <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">massacres</a> followed in the towns of Halhul and Bayt Rima. A British army officer <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">wrote</a>
in 1938 after the killing of two soldiers from the Royal Scots, which
was punished by blowing up half a Palestinian village: “Our only regrets
are that we have not been allowed to flatten the whole village ... I am
sure it’s the only way to deal with these people.”</p>
<p>The British also enlisted the help of Jewish colonists in repressing and killing Palestinians, employing massive numbers of <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Jewish police</a>. One of the more spectacular acts of collaboration was through the Special Night Squads, organised by British officer <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Orde Wingate</a> in 1938. These death squads summarily killed Palestinians; men were lined up outside in villages, and the <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">squads</a> would shoot dead every eighth man to instil terror in the rest.</p>
<div>
<p><a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/britain-has-much-apologise-palestine" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.middleeasteye.net/sites/default/files/styles/read_more/public/images-story/000_tx62h.jpg?itok=doob-RQz" alt="" width="400" height="250"></a></p><p>Britain has much to apologise for in Palestine</p>
<p><a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/britain-has-much-apologise-palestine" target="_blank">Read More »</a>
</p></div>
<p>After a Palestinian attack on Jewish colonists in Tiberias, the
Jewish death squads machine-gunned Palestinian residents of the village
of <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">Daburiyyah</a>, who had nothing to do with the attack. They <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">whipped</a> villagers and put oil-soaked earth in their mouths after militants blew up the British-owned Iraq Petroleum Company pipeline. </p>
<p>All in all, by the time the British crushed the revolt completely in 1939, up to <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">9,000</a>
Palestinians had been killed (including around 1,500 killed by
militants for allegedly collaborating with the British and the
Zionists), and <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">more than 20,000</a> were wounded. British military tribunals sentenced 110 Palestinian revolutionaries to death, and they were <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Britain_s_Pacification_of_Palestine/r1N-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Hughes,+Britain%E2%80%99s+Pacification+of+Palestine&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">hanged</a>. </p>
<p>Given this horrific British record of atrocities, would a mere
apology be sufficient? Rather than pursuing lawsuits to extract an
unlikely apology from an unrepentant colonial power such as Britain, the
proper course of action should be to demand reparations for the crimes
committed and destruction wrought by the British against the Palestinian
people. This could include lawsuits against corporations, banks and
insurance companies that were complicit in these atrocities.</p>
<p>While one might admire the octogenarian <a href="https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD/" target="_blank">Masri</a>’s
commitment and pledge “to restore my rights and the rights of my people
before I die” on this upcoming anniversary of the Balfour Declaration,
his money and efforts would be better spent to benefit the Palestinian
people by demanding reparations and financial penalties, rather than a
mere apology. </p>
<p><i>The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Middle East Eye.</i></p>
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