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<title>Where Flowers Find No Peace Enough to Grow: The
Thirty-Eighth Newsletter (2021)</title>
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valign="top"> <strong><span
style="font-size:20px"><span
style="color:#ba2025"><span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">Where
Flowers Find No Peace
Enough to Grow: The
Thirty-Eighth Newsletter
(2021)</span></span></span></strong>
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#202020;font-size:
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150%;text-align: left;"
valign="top"> <br>
<span
style="font-family:lato,helvetica
neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif">
<div id="attachment_50998"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50998"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-50998
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/George-Pamba-South-Africa-New-Brighton-Port-Elizabeth-1977.-2.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/George-Pamba-South-Africa-New-Brighton-Port-Elizabeth-1977.-2.jpg
900w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/George-Pamba-South-Africa-New-Brighton-Port-Elizabeth-1977.-2-300x201.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/George-Pamba-South-Africa-New-Brighton-Port-Elizabeth-1977.-2-768x515.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
900px) 100vw, 900px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="900" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-50998"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Milwa
Mnyaluza ‘George’ Pemba
(South Africa), <i>New
Brighton, Port
Elizabeth</i>, 1977.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Dear
friends,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Greetings
from the desk of the <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8a4c567cad&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Tricontinental:
Institute of Social
Research</a>.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">On
13 July 2021, the United
Nations Human Rights Council
(UNHRC) <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=3cac468863&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">adopted</a>
a landmark resolution on the
prevalence of racism and for
the creation of an
independent mechanism made
up of three experts to
investigate the root cause
of deeply embedded racism
and intolerance. The Group
of African States pushed for
this resolution, which had
emerged out of global anger
over the murder of George
Floyd by the Minneapolis
police on 25 May 2020. The <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=061adf924d&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">discussions</a>
in the UNHRC considered the
problems of police brutality
and went back to the
formation of our modern
system in the crucible of
slavery and colonialism. A
number of Western countries
– such as the United States
and the United Kingdom – <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=44d884245e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">hesitated</a>
over both the assessment of
the past and the question of
reparations; these
governments were able to
remove the requirement to
investigate systematic
racism in US law
enforcement.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Recognition
of the enormity of the cost
of enslavement and
colonialism is a basic
demand of the majority of
the world’s population.
Calculations of these costs
range from <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=ae750fe3ff&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">$777
trillion</a> for the
trans-Atlantic slave trade
to <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b243e19e10&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">$45
trillion</a> for British
colonialism in India; these
are partial, but still
formidable, calculations.
The total cost of the
191,900 tonnes of gold ever
mined at the current cost of
$46.5 million per ton is
merely $9 trillion – far
less than the total bill for
enslavement and colonialism.
No wonder that few
governments are willing to
entertain the question of
reparations for the
survivors of enslavement and
colonialism. Yet, too often
concealed from any
meaningful discussion on
reparations is the fact that
colonial regimes were paid
massive sums to compensate
the loss of their source of
income. The French owners of
enslaved people in Haiti <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=749682fda6&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">collected</a>
an estimated $28 billion
from the revolutionary
Haitian government, a sum
that was not paid off till
1947, to compensate them for
the property – namely human
beings – that was reclaimed
during the Revolution.
Similarly, Britain paid off
the English owners of human
beings <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=61360ca399&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">enormous</a>
sums of money following the
1833 Slavery Abolition Act;
according to the Treasury,
the completion of these
payments by British
taxpayers was made in 2015.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
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class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50987"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-50987
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Cyprian-Mpho-Shilakoe-South-Africa-Lets-wait-until-they-come-1970..jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Cyprian-Mpho-Shilakoe-South-Africa-Lets-wait-until-they-come-1970..jpg
675w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Cyprian-Mpho-Shilakoe-South-Africa-Lets-wait-until-they-come-1970.-239x300.jpg
239w" sizes="(max-width:
675px) 100vw, 675px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="675" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-50987"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Cyprian
Mpho Shilakoe (South
Africa), <i>Let’s Wait
Until They Come</i>,
1970.</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
denial of humanity to more
than half the world’s
population remains part of
the broad framework of our
world system. Even now, in
2021, the life of an Afghan
civilian is made to be so
much less than the life of a
US soldier. When 20,000 or
more people died because a
US-owned factory exploded in
Bhopal (India) in 1984, H.
Michael Utidjian, the
medical director for
American Cyanamid, <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=75324f59f7&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">expressed</a>
grief but asked that it be
put into context. What is
the context? ‘Indians’, he
said, do not have the ‘North
American philosophy of the
importance of human life’.
To Utidjian and so many
others, their lives are
disposable, as disposable as
the lives of the 1.6 million
Africans who die <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5d598543ef&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">annually</a>
of preventable lower
respiratory tract illnesses
and diarrhoea.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Almost
all of the deaths by
diarrhoea are <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=4050cfd43f&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">caused</a>
by poor hygiene and
sanitation as well as unsafe
water, problems that can be
fixed by producing better
infrastructure. Six populous
countries – Congo, Gambia,
Ghana, Kenya, Sierra Leone,
and Zambia – spend <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=62948f85f2&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">more</a>
to service their debt than
on health and education
combined. This is yet more
hideous evidence of the
disregard for people who
fought to end colonialism
but who remain seen by the
powerful – despite their
surface liberalism – as
lesser and weaker.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_50957"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50957"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-50957
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/01_Njwaxa-Leatherwork-Factory.jpeg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/01_Njwaxa-Leatherwork-Factory.jpeg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/01_Njwaxa-Leatherwork-Factory-300x267.jpeg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/01_Njwaxa-Leatherwork-Factory-768x682.jpeg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-50957"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">The
site where the Njwaxa
Leatherwork Factory was
once located in Njwaxa
village near Middledrift
in the Eastern Cape
(Steve Biko Foundation).</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">One
of the reasons why the
Johannesburg (South Africa)
office of Tricontinental:
Institute for Social
Research has spent
considerable energy
excavating the histories of
struggle is to put on the
record the Black-led
struggle for freedom in
southern Africa. They have
gone back in time to the
tell us about the history of
the Industrial &
Commercial Workers’ Union
(ICU) from 1919 to 1931, the
ancestor of the modern trade
union movement in South
Africa (<a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=9634b8a7d6&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier
no. 20</a>, September
2019). They have told us
about the development of
contemporary South African
politics (<a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b2c68651ab&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier
no. 31</a>, August 2020)
and about the contemporary
shack dwellers movement –
Abahlali baseMjondolo – and
its grip on the imagination
of the country’s poor (<a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=95c1a02d6d&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier
no. 11</a>, December
2018). These have been
accompanied by dossiers on
the impact of powerful
social theorists of African
insurgencies and pedagogies
of the poor offered through
the work of Frantz Fanon (<a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=b2c59b13f5&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier
no. 26</a>, March 2020)
and Paulo Freire (<a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=8b49f4709e&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">dossier
no. 34</a>, November
2020), whose centenary we
celebrate this year. Each of
these texts are working to
build an archive of Black
struggle against regimes of
disparagement.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=01b981dba1&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">Dossier
no. 44</a> (September
2021) is called <i>Black
Community Programmes: The
Practical Manifestations
of Black Consciousness
Philosophy</i>. These
Black Community Programmes
(BCP) ran from 1972 to 1977,
each one founded and led by
Black South Africans, each
one developed to advance the
cause of the Black
community, and each one shut
down by the apartheid
regime. The BCP included
projects of community
welfare, Black art, Black
theology, and decolonised
education. A key area of the
BCP was to develop the
consciously neglected health
of Black South Africans.
Projects such as the
Zanempilo Community Health
Centre (Eastern Cape) and
Solempilo (Durban, KZN)
carried the objectives
reflected in their names: <i>zanempilo</i>
meaning ‘the one bringing
health’ and <i>solempilo</i>
meaning ‘eye of health’.
Both were shut down by the
apartheid regime when it
banned all Black
Consciousness groups in
October 1977.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_50967"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50967"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-50967
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2_Steve-Biko.jpeg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2_Steve-Biko.jpeg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2_Steve-Biko-300x207.jpeg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2_Steve-Biko-768x530.jpeg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-50967"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Steve
Biko (fourth from the
right, wearing a cap) at
the University of Natal
Medical School
Non-European Section in
Durban, 5 April 1969
(Lindiwe Edith Gumede
Baloyi).</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">The
BCP emerged out of the
context of intense popular
resistance to the racist
apartheid regime in South
Africa, resistance that was
not demoralised by the
banning of the African
National Congress and the
Pan-Africanist Congress, but
which thundered into the
formation of the South
African Students’
Organisation (SASO) in 1968.
SASO was led by Steve Biko
(1946-1977), who shaped the
philosophy of Black
Consciousness and who was
murdered in the brutal cells
of the racist government.
Biko’s ideas of Black
Consciousness were
capacious. He had a deep
sense that Black dignity had
to be affirmed and that
Black leadership had to be
developed in order for a
true future equality to be
established. Black South
Africans did not want
freedom to be gifted to
them; they had to seize it,
nurture it, and build it
further.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<div id="attachment_50977"
class="wp-caption
aligncenter"><img
aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50977"
loading="lazy"
class="wp-image-50977
size-full img-responsive
mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/3_Charlotte-Maxeke-Street.jpeg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/3_Charlotte-Maxeke-Street.jpeg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/3_Charlotte-Maxeke-Street-300x173.jpeg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/3_Charlotte-Maxeke-Street-768x442.jpeg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0">
<p
id="caption-attachment-50977"
class="wp-caption-text"
style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><span
style="color: #ba2025;">Charlotte
Maxeke Street (formerly
Beatrice Street) in
Durban, 2021 (Nomfundo
Xolo).</span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Biko
defined Black Consciousness
precisely as an ideology
that:</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">seeks
to give positivity in the
outlook of the black people
to their problems. It works
on the knowledge that ‘white
hatred’ is negative, though
understandable, and leads to
precipitate and shot-gun
methods which may be
disastrous for black and
white [people] alike. It
seeks to channel the pent-up
forces of the angry black
masses to meaningful and
directional opposition
basing its entire struggle
on realities of the
situation. It wants to
ensure a singularity of
purpose in the minds of the
black people and to make
possible total involvement
of the masses in a struggle
essentially theirs.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">This
is neither Afro-pessimism
nor futile despair for
people of African descent,
nor is it a declaration of
Black separatism. Rather,
this is the most profound
synthesis of a politics of
human dignity and a politics
of socialism.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"><img
loading="lazy"
class="aligncenter
wp-image-51014 size-full
img-responsive mcRssImage"
src="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210922_Mafika-Pascal-Gwala.jpg"
alt=""
srcset="https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210922_Mafika-Pascal-Gwala.jpg
950w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210922_Mafika-Pascal-Gwala-300x300.jpg
300w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210922_Mafika-Pascal-Gwala-150x150.jpg
150w,
https://thetricontinental.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210922_Mafika-Pascal-Gwala-768x768.jpg
768w" sizes="(max-width:
950px) 100vw, 950px"
style="max-width:
100%;width:
100%;padding-bottom:
0;display:
inline;vertical-align:
bottom;border: 0;height:
auto;outline:
none;text-decoration:
none;-ms-interpolation-mode:
bicubic;"
moz-do-not-send="true"
width="950" border="0"></p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">In
2006, journalist Niren Tolsi
spoke to the poet Mafika
Pascal Gwala (1946-2014) and
asked him about the meaning
of Black Consciousness in
his life. ‘We didn’t take
Black Consciousness as a
kind of Bible’, Gwala <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=5b8f079e4d&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true">said</a>
to Tolsi. ‘It was just a
trend, which was a necessary
one because it meant
bringing in what the white
opposition [to apartheid]
couldn’t bring into the
struggle. So much was
brought into the struggle
through Black
Consciousness’. The Black
Consciousness movement –
alongside South African
Communism (as documented in
Tom Lodge’s monumental new
book <a
href="https://leftword.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=6a79324d3b4acfde1e7e546c6&id=e163a46a07&e=d206d0a40d"
style="mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:
100%;color:
#007C89;font-weight:
normal;text-decoration:
underline;"
moz-do-not-send="true"><i>Red
Road to Freedom</i></a>,
2021) and the trade union
movement that emerged from
the Durban strikes in 1973 –
certainly brought the masses
into the anti-apartheid
struggle in a way that the
white opposition could not;
but it also brought in the
sensibility of worth, of
being worthy of human life,
of making the struggle for
freedom something precise
and worthwhile for the
dignity of existence rather
than an abstraction.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">That
search for dignity defines
the poetry of Gwala, whose
Soweto poems sizzle with the
desire for freedom:</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Our
history will be written<br>
at the factory gates<br>
at the unemployment offices<br>
in the scorched queues of<br>
dying mouths</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Our
history shall be our joys<br>
our sorrows<br>
our anguish<br>
scrawled in dirty Third
Class toilets</p>
<p style="padding-left:
40px;margin: 10px 0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Our
history will be the
distorted figures<br>
and bitter slogans<br>
decorating our ghetto walls<br>
where flowers find no peace
enough to grow.</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
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100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
Helvetica;font-size:
16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 10px
0;padding:
0;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:
100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;">Warmly,</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
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100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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150%;text-align: left;">Vijay</p>
<p style="margin: 10px
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100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-family:
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16px;line-height:
150%;text-align: left;"> </p>
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