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<h1 style="display:block;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(32,32,32);font-family:Helvetica;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left">Special Focus: Al-Haq Condemns Israel’s Targeting of Health Facilities and Workers in the Gaza Strip</h1>
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<div>02، Jun 2021</div>
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<div><strong>Introduction</strong><br>
The Gaza Strip has been suffering from 14 years of a brutal and inhumane
Israeli-imposed military land and sea closure, which has left its
health system with an inadequate health infrastructure, dearth of
medicine, lack of service capacity and electricity and fuel
deficiencies, amounting to an illegal <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=8c442b7b7a&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">collective punishment</a> of
the civilian population. In 2018, the World Health Organization
documented that Gaza had only 23 primary health centers providing for
emergency medical services, for a total population of 1,899,291.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=16df9bb4db&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref1" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[1]</a> The
coronavirus pandemic is exacerbating the already concerning
humanitarian situation of the health sector in the Gaza Strip, now on
the verge of collapse due to shortage of medical materials,
oxygen-generating machines and ventilators, as well as intensive care
beds.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=a004404be7&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref2" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[2]</a><br>
The targeting of health facilities and health workers has been a
recurring pattern of Israel’s attacks on the Gaza Strip. Already during
Israel’s 2014 military offensive on the Gaza Strip (‘Operation
Protective Edge’), the occupying forces damaged 17 of 32 hospitals, as
well as 45 primary health centers, causing respectively 6 out of the 17
of them to close during the active hostilities.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=941c4e697b&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref3" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[3]</a> At
the time, Al-Haq reported the direct targeting of health facilities, in
particular the Al-Rahma Association for the Disabled, and nine
hospitals, killing 6 civilians and injuring more than 70.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=da15e6d0e1&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref4" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[4]</a> Continuing
its policy of targeting healthcare facilities Al-Haq documented
substantial damage to healthcare facilities, including coronavirus
testing centers and health administrative buildings, and the injury of
dozens of health workers, during Israel’s 10-21 May military offensive
on the Gaza Strip.<br>
<img src="https://mcusercontent.com/10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68/images/ab626b90-f9e0-4cf2-3785-75701f74112a.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none medium; text-decoration: none;" width="465" height="348"><br>
<em>An ambulance was damaged in the bombing of Al-Batnji and Al-Badawi buildings, northern Gaza © Al-Haq, 20 May 2021 </em><br>
<br>
<strong>Indiscriminate Attacks on an Ambulance Post and Health Facilities, including a Vaccination Center, Throughout the Offensive </strong><br>
Throughout the hostilities, healthcare facilities, in addition to road
infrastructure essential to its proper functioning, have been
indiscriminately impacted. On 11 May 2021, the Israeli Occupying Forces
(IOF) severely damaged two health clinics north of Gaza City, the
Indonesian Hospital and Hala al-Shawa Health Center, forcing paramedics
to evacuate and causing the health center to stop services completely.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=3a13122598&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref5" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[5]</a> The administrative unit of the Indonesian hospital rattled and its ceilings collapsed as a result of the explosion.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=13ba7f74cc&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref6" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[6]</a> On
the same day, IOF targeted and attacked the 10-storey Al-Jawhara Tower,
Dabit Junction, Al-Rimal neighborhood in the center of Gaza City,
containing a number of health clinics.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=c9048916ce&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref7" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[7]</a><br>
Also on 11 May 2021, the IOF targeted empty land adjacent to the Hala
Jamil Al Shawa care center, Beit Lahia, severely damaging the building.
The center is devoted to mother and child health services, including
children’s vaccinations. The Ministry of Health announced that the
center has to be put completely out of service.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=2d206a5ae3&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref8" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[8]</a> <br>
On 11 and 12 May 2021, Israeli warplanes bombed empty land in Izbt Abd
Rabbo, causing damage to the Palestine Red Crescent Society ambulance
station, located at the Izbt Abd Rabbo roundabout. <br>
<br>
<strong>16 May 2021: Crippling Al-Shifaa Hospital’s Main Road Artery and Killing of Two Paramedics </strong><br>
On the night of 16 May 2021, the IOF targeted and completely destroyed,
with at least 50 missiles and without prior warning, several residential
buildings of Al-Rimal neighborhood, Gaza City<a name="_Hlk72847676" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">,</a><a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=b3cff1537d&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref9" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline"><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> causing
the death of 30 civilians, including 11 children. The headquarters of
Doctors Without Borders were also destroyed in the bombardment.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=7d8ed4b0b7&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref10" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline"><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> The bombing resulted in the killing of 30 civilians, including 11 children and 9 women.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1318a94315&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref11" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline"><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> Two
doctors were killed in the strike: Doctor Ayman Tawfiq Abu Auf, 50,
serving as Director of Internal Medicine, and Doctor Moeen Ahmed Hassan
al-Aloul, 67, a specialist in neurosurgery.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=80d9fc0112&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref12" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline"><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> The
bombardment caused severe damage to Al-Wehda street, the main road
leading to Al-Shifaa hospital, the largest medical facility in Gaza. It
also impaired the Churches Union junction, severely damaging the main
roads leading to Al-Wehda street, blocking the road connection between
Abu Talal junction and Dabit junction.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=bb779c820d&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref13" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline"><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> The
missiles created a massive crater destroying the entire road. The
crater has prevented ambulances from leaving or reaching the hospital,
prevented patients’ movement to and from the hospital, and prevented the
wounded from accessing emergency health care services. <br>
<img alt="" src="https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/resize/1200/800/2021/06/02/amb2-1622614673.png" style="border: 0px none; outline: currentcolor none medium; text-decoration: none; margin-right: 0px;" width="465" height="348"><br>
<em>Al-Wehda Street, leading to Al-Shifaa hospital © Al-Haq, May 2021</em><br>
<strong>17 May 2021: Targeting of Palestinian Health Ministry Buildings and of the Only Coronavirus Test Center</strong><br>
At approximately 6:45 pm on 17 May 2021, Israeli warplanes targeted,
without prior warning, the last three floors of the Ghazi Shawa
six-floor building, located opposite to the Rimal Martyrs Center, known
as Al-Rimal Clinic, and to the administrative building of the
Palestinian Ministry of Health, in the middle of Al-Wehda Street,
Al-Rimal neighborhood, Gaza City.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=16090c1303&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref14" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[14]</a> The
Ghazi Shawa building notably contained the Dakhhani laboratory, the
Basma Clinic for medicine and dental implants, as well as a number of
doctors’ clinics. <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=c731f7ab71&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref15" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[15]</a> The bombardment killed two civilians, including <strong>Rafif Murshed Kamel Abu Dyer, 10,</strong>and his uncle, <strong>Ziad Kamel Abdullah Abu Dayer, 54,</strong> and injured 10 others.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=28f2e7b0fe&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref16" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[16]</a> The
shelling extensively damaged the Al-Rimal Clinic and the administrative
building of the Ministry of Health in Gaza, shattering a large number
of windows, doors and offices, and some health rooms, leaving the
building courtyard replete with rubble and broken glass.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=80a11c4b6b&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref17" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[17]</a> <br>
<img alt="" src="https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/resize/1200/800/2021/06/02/amb3-1622614691.png" style="border: 0px none; outline: currentcolor none medium; text-decoration: none; margin-right: 0px;" width="465" height="348"><br>
<em>Ministry of Health Building © Al-Haq, May 2021</em><br>
During a press conference, the Under Secretary of the Ministry of
Health, Dr. Youssef Abu Al-Rish, denounced the devastating effect the
shelling had on the delivery of coronavirus-related health care. The
bombing injured 103 medical staff members working in the central
laboratory, in telemedicine, and medical services. The central
laboratory, the only functioning coronavirus test center in the Gaza
Strip, was forced to close, the Ministry of Health ceased its direct
contact service, and a number of doctors stopped providing medical
consultations to patients.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=9342194e6d&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref18" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[18]</a><br>
<strong>Legal Analysis: Sweeping Violations of General Principles of
IHL, in addition to the Protected Status of Health Workers and Health
Facilities </strong><br>
<em>Violations of the General Customary Principles of Distinction,
Proportionality and Prohibition of Indiscriminate Attack against
Civilians and Civilian Facilities </em><br>
As civilians and civilian objects, paramedics, health workers, health
centers and health ministry buildings are protected under the customary
principles of distinction, proportionality, and the prohibition of
indiscriminate attack.
<ul><li>Article
48 of the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions
stipulates that “the Parties to the conflict shall at all times
distinguish between the civilian population and combatants […]”.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=fc368f17ce&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref19" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[19]</a></li></ul><ul><li>In
addition, Article 51(4) prohibits indiscriminate attacks, that “are not
directed at a specific military objective [or] employ a method or means
of combat which cannot be directed at a specific military objective […]
and consequently, in each such case, are of a nature to strike military
objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=3c85ee8b3e&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref20" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[20]</a></li></ul><ul><li>Finally,
the principle of proportionality in attack, enshrined in Article
51(5)(b) of Additional Protocol I, prohibits attacks that would
excessively affect civilian life and cause excessive damage to civilian
objects in comparison with the concrete and direct military advantage
anticipated.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=61d52bdb52&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref21" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[21]</a></li></ul>
Accordingly, attacks may only target combatants and be directed at a
specific military objective, and must be weighed against the incidental
loss of civilian life and damage to civilian objects. As such, the
indiscriminate targeting of buildings housing medical facilities cannot
be justified by military necessity, and incidental damage to health
buildings, and the functioning of health services, especially in a
territory already on the verge of collapse, should be considered
unlawful under international law. Moreover, the targeting of the
Al-Rimal neighborhood, causing more than 30 civilian casualties,
including two paramedics, cannot be considered as proportionate to the
effective military objective sought by the Israeli Occupying Forces. <br>
The bombing and sudden closing of a number of health centers and
facilities, the disruption of essential services due to the injuries of
medical workers, and in particular, the closure of the only coronavirus
test center, have caused the discharge of patients, depriving them from
appropriate care. Bombardments have badly damaged and extensively
destroyed civilian medical properties, including equipment. Under
customary international humanitarian law, “the destruction […] of the
property of an adversary is prohibited, unless required by imperative
military necessity.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=bcf91a62e2&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref22" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[22]</a><br>
<em>Violation of the Protected Status of Medical Personnel, Medical Activities and Units </em><br>
By targeting various buildings housing health clinics, and most
particularly the Al-Rimal neighborhood and causing severe damage to
Al-Wehda main artery leading to Al-Shifaa hospital, the IOF have caused
grave delays in the delivery of medical aid, in particular the
evacuation of victims and their transfer to emergency care units, on the
top of partially crippling the functioning of the hospital itself. As a
result, the IOF have caused additional casualties and deteriorating war
injuries, in violation of multiple provisions of international
humanitarian law:
<ul><li>Violation
of the protected status of hospitals. Under Article 27 of the Hague
Regulations, “in sieges and bombardments all necessary steps must be
taken to spare, […] hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are
collected, provided they are not being used at the time for military
purposes.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=6f55cc7429&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref23" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[23]</a> It
is supplemented by Article 18 of the Fourth Geneva Convention according
to which civilian hospitals “may in no circumstances be the object of
attack, but shall at all times be respected and protected […].”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=9d2ab5a24e&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref24" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[24]</a> The
general rule is “to spare hospitals as far as is humanly
possible.”Where hospitals are located in close proximity to a military
objective, the belligerent should “take precautions to ensure that
hospitals should suffer as little as possible from the attacks and from
hostilities in general.” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=b800f23d85&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref25" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[25]</a> By
attacking main road arteries leading to Al-Shifaa hospital, the IOF
have partially crippled the functioning of the hospital itself, which
amounts to making the hospital the object of the attack in and of
itself. </li></ul>
<ul><li>Infringement
on medical crews’ access to health facilities. Under Article 15(4) of
the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, “civilian
medical personnel shall have access to any place where their services
are essential.” Mobility and access are essential conditions to the
provision of health services.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=7c0e64daac&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref26" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[26]</a> By
“where their services are essential,” it is entailed that medical
health teams should move freely between hospitals and sites where
victims are located, under medical justification.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=2a30d029e3&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref27" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[27]</a></li></ul>
On two occasions, the IOF directed an attack at an empty land in the
close vicinity of an ambulance station of the Palestinian Red Crescent,
causing severe damage to the structure. Under customary humanitarian
law, directing attacks “against medical […] objects displaying the
distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with
international law” is prohibited.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=9f2255a535&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref28" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[28]</a> The
damage caused during the first bombing should have constituted
sufficient warning for the IOF to take precautions and avoid any
additional collateral damage to the Palestinian Red Crescent in the
course of the second bombing. <br>
<em>Disruption of Provision of Medical Care in the Context of the Coronavirus Pandemic</em><br>
The Israeli Occupying Forces’ attacks gravely disrupted the provision of
medical care related to the coronavirus pandemic. The only coronavirus
test center operational in the entire Gaza Strip was rendered disabled
as a consequence of the 17 May attack. As the Occupying Power of the
Gaza Strip, Israel is obligated to provide “to the fullest extent of the
means available to it […] medical supplies […],” as per Article 55 of
the Fourth Geneva Convention.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=f82a174ed9&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref29" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[29]</a> More
precisely, under Article 56 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, always “to
the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power
has the duty of ensuring and maintaining […] the medical and hospital
establishments and services […] with particular reference to the
adoption and application of the prophylactic and preventive measures
necessary to combat the spread of contagious diseases and epidemics.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=19f3217669&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref30" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[30]</a> This
notably includes “supervision of public health, education of the
general public, the distribution of medicines, the organization of
medical examinations and disinfection, the establishment of stocks of
medical supplies, the dispatch of medical teams to areas where epidemics
are raging, the isolation and accommodation in hospital of people
suffering from communicable diseases, and the opening of new hospitals
and medical centers.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=927ac384f5&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref31" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[31]</a> It
is complemented by Article 14(1) of the First Additional Protocol I
that prescribes that the Occupying Power has a “duty to ensure that the
medical needs of the civilian population […] continue to be satisfied.”<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=5d5c56cbbd&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref32" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[32]</a> By
targeting the only laboratory devoted to coronavirus testing, in
addition to injuring dozens of medical agents notably providing
coronavirus-related medical consultations, Israel is not only infringing
on its duty to support the containment of the epidemics in the Gaza
Strip, but directly contributes to the deterioration of epidemic
situation and to the spread of the disease. Due to the destruction of
main coronavirus clinics as well as the main laboratory of Al-Rimal,
coronavirus detection has dropped from 4,000 tests a day to some 1,500,
rendering the virus quasi-untraceable.<a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=a1716c601a&e=08c14cf485" name="_ftnref33" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[33]</a> <br>
<strong>Conclusion </strong><br>
In the course of Israel’s offensive on Gaza from 10 to 21 May 2021, the
occupying forces have carried out indiscriminate, systematic and
disproportionate attacks against civilians and civilian proprieties, a
great number of them including health centers, the main laboratory –
only coronavirus testing center, and two Palestinian Red Crescent
ambulance stations. Such attacks have had a heavy cost on the capacity
of health personnel to pursue essential and critical health services, in
particular in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, and will have an
enduring impact until reconstruction is achieved. <br>
The Israeli Occupying Forces’ attack against the health sector in Gaza
displays a pattern of multiple violations amounting to war crimes under
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, including:
<ul><li>Article
8(2)(a)(iv) prohibiting the “extensive destruction and appropriation of
property, not justified by military necessity and carried out
unlawfully and wantonly,”</li><li>Article
8(2)(b)(i) prohibiting the act of “intentionally directing attacks
against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians
not taking direct part in hostilities,”</li><li>Article
8(2)(b)(ii) prohibiting the act of “intentionally directing attacks
against civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military
objectives,”</li><li>Article
8(2)(b)(iii) prohibiting the act of “intentionally directing attacks
against personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles involved
in a humanitarian assistance […],”</li><li>Article
8(2)(b)(iv) prohibiting the act of “intentionally launching an attack
in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or
injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects,”</li><li>Article
8(2)(xiii) prohibiting the act of “destroying or seizing the enemy’s
property unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by
the necessities of war,”</li><li>Article
8(2)(e) prohibiting the act of “intentionally directing attacks against
buildings, material, medical units and transport, and personnel using
the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with
international law.” </li></ul>
Accordingly, Al-Haq urges the Prosecutor of the International Criminal
Court (ICC) to investigate Israel’s military attacks on critical
civilian infrastructure in the Gaza Strip, in particular the targeting
of health facilities and health personnel, from 10 to 21 May 2021. <br>
<div>
<hr width="33%" size="1" align="left">
<div id="gmail-ftn1"><a name="_ftn1" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[1]</a> For
additional information, see Health Cluster Occupied Palestinian
Territory, “Health Facilities in the Gaza Strip,” August 2018, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=84a4feeca9&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">http://healthclusteropt.org/admin/file_manager/uploads/files/1/5be175905d6d0.pdf</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn2"><a name="_ftn2" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[2]</a> For
additional information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaza,
see Research for Health in Humanitarian Crisis, “COVID-19 in Gaza:
Community Perspectives on the Pandemic,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=197a3e187f&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://www.elrha.org/researchdatabase/covid-19-in-gaza-community-perspectives-on-the-pandemic/</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn3"><a name="_ftn3" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[3]</a> Al-Haq, “Divide and Conquer: A Legal Analysis of Israel’s 2014 Military Offensive Against the Gaza Strip,” 2015, 57, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=4ae8d16f9b&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/alhaq_files/publications/DIVIDE.AND.CONQUER.pdf</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn4"><a name="_ftn4" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[4]</a> Al-Haq, “Divide and Conquer: A Legal Analysis of Israel’s 2014 Military Offensive Against the Gaza Strip,” 2015, 58-60, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=ed29787333&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/alhaq_files/publications/DIVIDE.AND.CONQUER.pdf</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn5"><a name="_ftn5" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[5]</a> Associated Press, “Beset by Virus, Gaza’s Hospitals Now Struggle with Wounded” (Voice of America) (14 May 2021)</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn6"><a name="_ftn6" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[6]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 11 May 2021; Devina Halim, “Indonesian Hospital in Gaza Suffers Damage by Israeli Attack,” <em>AA</em>, 12 May 2021</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn7"><a name="_ftn7" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[7]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 11 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn8"><a name="_ftn8" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[8]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 11 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn9"><a name="_ftn9" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[9]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 16 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn10"><a name="_ftn10" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[10]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 16 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn11"><a name="_ftn11" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[11]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 16 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn12"><a name="_ftn12" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[12]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 16 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn13"><a name="_ftn13" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[13]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 16 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn14"><a name="_ftn14" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[14]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 17 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn15"><a name="_ftn15" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[15]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 17 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn16"><a name="_ftn16" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[16]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 17 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn17"><a name="_ftn17" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[17]</a> Al-Haq Field Documentation, 17 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn18"><a name="_ftn18" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[18]</a> Reported by Al-Haq Field Researchers, Al-Haq Field Documentation, 17 May 2021.</div>
<div id="gmail-ftn19"><a name="_ftn19" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[19]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Article 48, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=ae4aa28341&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=8A9E7E14C63C7F30C12563CD0051DC5C</a> ;
ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law Database, Rule 1 “The
Principle of Distinction between Civilians and Combatants,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=4dd0596eed&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=8A9E7E14C63C7F30C12563CD0051DC5C</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn20"><a name="_ftn20" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[20]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Article 51(4), <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=82e183f9de&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E</a> ; ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law Database, Rule 11, “Indiscriminate Attacks,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=86561ed05f&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule11</a> ; ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law Database, Rule 12, “Definition of Indiscriminate Attacks,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=948bf5dea8&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule12</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn21"><a name="_ftn21" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[21]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Article 51(5)(b), <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=0800e41e9c&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E</a> ; ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law Database, Rule 14, “Proportionality in Attack,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=7607377fab&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule14</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn22"><a name="_ftn22" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[22]</a> ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rule 50, “Destruction and Seizure of Property of an Adversary,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=77c3def64d&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule50</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn23"><a name="_ftn23" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[23]</a> Convention
(IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex:
Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 18 October
1907, Article 27, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=bdc526fef2&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=3C43C56CFC87D4E3C12563CD005167AA</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn24"><a name="_ftn24" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[24]</a> Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, Article 18, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=8309decb34&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=59AB4DAFFBF70295C12563CD0051BB01</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn25"><a name="_ftn25" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[25]</a> Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, Commentary of 1958, Article 18, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=64e9e4deca&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=59AB4DAFFBF70295C12563CD0051BB01</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn26"><a name="_ftn26" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[26]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Commentary of 1987, Article 15, para.630, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=a60621bce1&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5600580CF7F9EB06C12563CD00430B8D</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn27"><a name="_ftn27" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[27]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Commentary of 1987, Article 15, para. 632, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=1eee9b511b&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5600580CF7F9EB06C12563CD00430B8D</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn28"><a name="_ftn28" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[28]</a> ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rule 30, “Persons and Objects Displaying the Distinctive Emblem,” <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=8fa4d6fbf9&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule30</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn29"><a name="_ftn29" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[29]</a> Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, Article 55, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=30edec6731&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=8803ECCAB8E2414BC12563CD0051BE3B</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn30"><a name="_ftn30" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[30]</a> Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, Article 56, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=98cb9c8e05&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600063?OpenDocument</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn31"><a name="_ftn31" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[31]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Commentary of 1987, Article 56, 313, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=3798cfd5f1&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5600580CF7F9EB06C12563CD00430B8D</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn32"><a name="_ftn32" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[32]</a> Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 8 June 1977, Article 14(1), <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=dcabd78def&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=224F14A85C295774C12563CD0051D805</a></div>
<div id="gmail-ftn33"><a name="_ftn33" title="" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">[33]</a> “Coronavirus Spread ‘Untraceabe’ in Gaza, after Israeli Bombardment Destroys Covid-19 Clinics,’ <em>New Arab</em>, 25 May 2021, <a href="https://alhaq.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=10071401ba4201bc1a4992f68&id=7349f01200&e=08c14cf485" style="color:rgb(0,124,137);font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline">https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/israeli-assault-gaza-destroyed-coronavirus-facilities-medic</a></div>
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<em>Copyright © 2021 Al-Haq Organization, All rights reserved.</em>
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al haq organizaiton
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<div class="gmail-vcard"><span class="gmail-org gmail-fn">Al-Haq Organization</span><div class="gmail-adr"><div class="gmail-street-address">54 Main Street</div><span class="gmail-locality">Ramallah</span> <span class="gmail-postal-code">P6008148</span> <div class="gmail-country-name">Palestine</div></div><br><br></div>
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