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<h1 class="reader-title">Slaughter Central</h1>
<div class="credits reader-credits">By Tom Engelhardt - April
13, 2021<br>
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<h2>The United States as a Mass-Killing Machine</h2>
<p>By the time you read this piece, it will already be
out of date. The reason’s simple enough. No matter
what mayhem I describe, with so much all-American
weaponry in this world of ours, there’s no way to keep
up. Often, despite the headlines that go with mass
killings here, there’s almost no way even to know.</p>
<p>On this planet of ours, America is the emperor of
weaponry, even if in ways we normally tend not to put
together. There’s really no question about it. The
all-American powers-that-be and the arms makers that
go with them dream up, produce, and sell weaponry,
domestically and internationally, in an unmatched
fashion. You’ll undoubtedly be shocked, shocked to
learn that the <a
href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/global-arms-industry-sales-top-25-companies-85-cent-big-players-active-global-south"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">top five
arms makers</a> on the planet — Lockheed Martin,
Boeing, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, and General
Dynamics — are <a
href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/why-world%E2%80%99s-top-5-arms-sellers-are-all-american-177427"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">all
located</a> in the United States.</p>
<p id="more">Put another way, we’re a killer nation, a
mass-murder machine, slaughter central. And as we’ve
known since the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in August 1945, there could be far worse
to come. After all, in the overheated dreams of both
those weapons makers and Pentagon planners,
slaughter-to-be has long been imagined on a planetary
scale, right down to the latest intercontinental
ballistic missile (ICBM) being created by Northrop
Grumman at the cost of at least $100 billion. Each of
those future arms of ultimate destruction is slated to
be “<a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2021/02/why-is-america-getting-a-new-100-billion-nuclear-weapon/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">the
length of a bowling lane</a>” and the nuclear charge
that it carries will be at least 20 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
That missile will someday be capable of traveling
6,000 miles and killing hundreds of thousands of
people each. (And the Air Force is planning to order
600 of them.)</p>
<p>By the end of this decade, that new ICBM is slated to
join an unequaled American nuclear arsenal of — at
this moment — <a
href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2019.1701286"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">3,800
warheads</a>. And with that in mind, let’s back up a
moment.</p>
<p><strong>Have Gun — Will Travel</strong></p>
<p>Before we head abroad or think more about weaponry
fit to destroy the planet (or at least human life on
it), let’s just start right here at home. After all,
we live in a country whose citizens are armed to their
all-too-labile fingertips with more guns of every
advanced sort than might once have been imaginable.
The figures are stunning. Even before the pandemic hit
and gun purchases soared to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/29/coronavirus-pandemic-americans-gun-sales"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">record
levels</a> — about <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/record-gun-sales-us-2020/2021/01/18/d25e8616-55a9-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">23
million</a> of them (a 64% increase over 2019 sales)
— American civilians were reported to possess <a
href="http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/Weapons_and_Markets/Tools/Firearms_holdings/SAS-Press-release-global-firearms-holdings.pdf"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">almost
400 million</a> firearms. That adds up to about 40%
of all such weaponry in the hands of civilians
globally, or more than the <a
href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/gun-ownership-country-us-legal-firearm-citizens-statistics-a8406941.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">next 25
countries</a> combined.</p>
<p>And if that doesn’t stagger you, note that the
versions of those weapons in public hands are becoming
ever more militarized and powerful, ever more AR-15
semi-automatic rifles, not .22s. And keep in mind as
well that, over the years, the death toll from those
weapons in this country has grown staggeringly large.
As <em>New York Times</em> columnist Nicholas Kristof
<a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/03/opinion/sunday/gun-deaths-united-states.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">wrote
recently</a>, “More Americans have died from guns
just since 1975, including suicides, murders and
accidents (more than 1.5 million), than in all the
wars in United States history, dating back to the
Revolutionary War (about 1.4 million).”</p>
<p>In my childhood, one of my favorite TV programs was
called <em>Have Gun — Will Travel</em>. Its central
character was a highly romanticized armed mercenary in
the Old West and its <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evcMtOZDp4Y"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">theme
song</a> — still lodged in my head (where so much
else is unlodging these days) — began:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Have gun will travel is the card of a man.<br>
A knight without armor in a savage land.<br>
His fast gun for hire heeds the calling wind.<br>
A soldier of fortune is the man called Paladin.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Staggering numbers of Americans are now ever grimmer
versions of Paladin. Thanks to a <a
href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2020/08/06/488686/gun-industry-america/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">largely
unregulated gun industry</a>, they’re armed like no
other citizenry on the planet, not even — in a distant
<a
href="https://www.vox.com/2018/6/21/17488024/gun-ownership-violence-shootings-us"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">second
place</a> — the civilians of Yemen, a country torn
by endless war. That TV show’s title could now be
slapped on our whole culture, whether we’re talking
about our modern-day Paladins traveling to a set of <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/17/us/shooting-atlanta-acworth"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Atlanta
spas</a>; a <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/23/us/boulder-colorado-shooting"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">chain
grocery store</a> in Boulder, Colorado; a <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/us/shooting-orange-california.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">real-estate
office</a> in Orange, California; a <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/29/us/baltimore-essex-county-shooting.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">convenience
store</a> near Baltimore; or a <a
href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/08/us/york-county-south-carolina-mass-shooting/index.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">home</a>
in Rock Hill, South Carolina.</p>
<p>Remember how the <a
href="https://explore.nra.org/interests/hunting/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">National
Rifle Association</a> has always defended the right
of Americans to own weapons at least in part by citing
this country’s hunting tradition? Well, these days,
startling numbers of Americans, armed to the teeth,
have joined that hunting crew. Their game of choice
isn’t deer or even <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/28/us/montana-wolves-grizzlies-hunting.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">wolves
and grizzly bears</a>, but that ultimate prey, other
human beings — and all too often themselves. (In 2020,
<a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/03/23/2020-shootings/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">not only
did</a> a record nearly 20,000 Americans die from
gun violence, but another 24,000 used guns to commit
suicide.)</p>
<p>As the rate of Covid-19 vaccination began to rise to
remarkable levels in this country and ever more public
places reopened, the first mass public killings
(defined as four or more deaths in a public place) of
the pandemic period — in Atlanta and Boulder — hit the
news big-time. The thought, however, that the American
urge to use weapons in a murderous fashion had in any
way lessened or been laid to rest, even briefly,
thanks to Covid-19, proved a fantasy of the first
order.</p>
<p>At a time when so many public places like schools
were closed or their use limited indeed, if you took
as your measuring point not mass public killings but
mass shootings (defined as four or more people wounded
or killed), the pandemic year of 2020 proved to be a
record 12 months of armed chaos. In fact, such mass
shootings actually surged by 47%. As <em>USA Today</em>
<a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/02/26/mass-shootings-soared-covid-black-lives-matter-fears-2020/6784339002/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">recounted</a>,
“In 2020, the United States reported 611 mass shooting
events that resulted in 513 deaths and 2,543 injuries.
In 2019, there were 417 mass shootings with 465 deaths
and 1,707 injured.” In addition, in that same year, <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/24/us-murders-extra-4000-everyday-gun-violence"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">according
to projections</a> based on FBI data, there were
4,000 to 5,000 more gun murders than usual, mainly in
inner-city communities of color.</p>
<p>In the <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/03/us/politics/biden-gun-control.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">first 73
days</a> of Joe Biden’s presidency, there were five
mass shootings and more than 10,000 gun-violence
deaths. In the Covid-19 era, this has been the model
the world’s “most exceptional” nation (as American
politicians of both parties used to love to call this
country) has set for the rest of the planet. Put
another way, so far in 2020 and 2021, there have been
two pandemics in America, Covid-19 and guns.</p>
<p>And though the weaponization of our citizenry and the
carnage that’s gone with it certainly gets attention —
President Biden only recently <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/biden-gun-control.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">called
it</a> “an international embarrassment” — here’s the
strange thing: when reporting on such a binge of
killings and the weapons industry that stokes it, few
here think to include the deaths and other injuries
for which the American military has been responsible
via its “forever wars” of this century outside our own
borders. Nor do they consider the massive U.S. weapons
deliveries and sales to other countries that often
enough lead to the same. In other words, a full
picture of all-American carnage has — to use an apt
phrase — remained missing in action.</p>
<p><strong>Cornering the Arms Market</strong></p>
<p>In fact, internationally, things are hardly less
mind-boggling when it comes to this country and
weaponry. As with its armed citizenry, when it comes
to arming other countries, Washington is without peer.
It’s the weapons dealer of choice across much of the
world. Yes, the U.S. gun industry that makes all those
rifles for this country also sells plenty of them
abroad and, in the Trump years, such sales were only
made easier to complete (as was the <a
href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-arms-trump-idUSKCN24P2IC"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">selling</a>
of U.S. unmanned aerial drones to “less stable
governments”). When it comes to semi-automatic weapons
like the AR-15 or even grenades and flamethrowers,
this country’s arms makers no longer <a
href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/new-trump-rules-make-it-easier-u-s-gun-makers-n968601"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">even
need</a> State Department licenses, just far
easier-to-get Commerce Department ones, to complete
such sales, even to particularly abusive nations. As a
<a
href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/new-trump-rules-make-it-easier-u-s-gun-makers-n968601"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">result</a>,
to take one example, semi-automatic pistol exports
abroad <a
href="https://stopusarmstomexico.org/us-gun-exports-2020/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">rose
148%</a> in 2020.</p>
<p>But what I’m particularly thinking about here are the
big-ticket items that those five leading weapons
makers of the military-industrial complex eternally
produce. On the subject of the sale of jet fighters
like the <a
href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/17/asia/taiwan-us-f-16-fighter-purchase-intl-hnk-scli/index.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">F-16</a>
and <a
href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2021/01/20/just-hours-before-bidens-inauguration-the-uae-and-us-come-to-a-deal-on-f-35-sales/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">F-35</a>,
tanks and other armored vehicles, submarines (as well
as anti-submarine weaponry), and <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/16/us/arms-deals-raytheon-yemen.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">devastating
bombs and missiles</a>, among other things, we leave
our “near-peer” competitors as well as our
weapons-making allies in the dust. Washington is the <a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/03/26/us-arms-sales-these-countries-buy-most-weapons-government/39208809/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">largest
supplier</a> to 20 of the 40 major arms importers on
the planet.</p>
<p>When it comes to delivering the weapons of war, the
U.S. leads all its competitors in a historic fashion,
especially in the war-torn and devastated Middle East.
There, between 2015 and 2019, it gobbled up <a
href="https://3ba8a190-62da-4c98-86d2-893079d87083.usrfiles.com/ugd/3ba8a1_c035cc647bb84e3aad535bfdc342abd7.pdf"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">nearly
half</a> of the arms market. Unsurprisingly, Saudi
Arabia was its largest customer, which, of course,
only further stoked the brutal civil war in Yemen,
where U.S. weapons are responsible for the <a
href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKBN1KU12U"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">deaths</a>
of thousands of <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/middleeast/saudi-yemen-airstrikes-civilians.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">civilians</a>.
As Pentagon expert William Hartung <a
href="https://tomdispatch.com/william-hartung-how-to-stuff-the-middle-east-with-weaponry/"
data-wpel-link="internal">wrote</a> of those years,
U.S. arms deliveries to the region added up to “nearly
three times the arms Russia supplied to MENA [the
Middle East and North Africa], five times what France
contributed, 10 times what the United Kingdom
exported, and 16 times China’s contribution.” (And
often enough, as <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/08/isis-jihadis-using-arms-troop-carriers-supplied-by-us-saudi-arabia"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">in Iraq</a>
and <a
href="https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/middleeast/yemen-lost-us-arms/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Yemen</a>,
some of those weapons end up falling into the hands of
those the U.S. opposes.)</p>
<p>In fact, in 2020, this country’s arms sales abroad <a
href="https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2020/12/04/american-sold-175-billion-in-weapons-abroad-in-fy20/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">rose</a>
a further 2.8% to $178 billion. The U.S. now supplies
no fewer than <a
href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56397601"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">96
countries</a> with weaponry and controls <a
href="https://www.dw.com/en/sipri-saudi-arabia-largest-importer-of-arms-us-biggest-exporter/a-56872307"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">37%</a>
of the global arms market (with, for example, Lockheed
Martin alone <a
href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/why-world%E2%80%99s-top-5-arms-sellers-are-all-american-177427"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">taking
in</a> $47.2 billion in such sales in 2018, followed
by the four other giant U.S. weapons makers and, in
sixth place, the British defense firm BAE).</p>
<p>This remains the definition of mayhem-to-come, the
international version of that spike in domestic arms
sales and the killings that went with it. After all,
in these years, deaths due to American arms in
countries like Afghanistan and Yemen have grown
strikingly. And to take just one more example, arms,
ammunition, and equipment <a
href="https://fpif.org/its-time-to-end-u-s-military-aid-to-the-philippines/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">sold to
or given to</a> the brutal regime of Rodrigo Duterte
for the Philippine military and constabulary have
typically led to deaths (especially in its “war on
drugs”) that no one’s counting up.</p>
<p>And yet, even combined with the dead here at home,
all of this weapons-based slaughter hardly adds up to
a full record when it comes to the U.S. as a global
mass-killing machine.</p>
<p><strong>Far, Far from Home</strong></p>
<p>After all, this country has a historic <a
href="https://tomdispatch.com/david-vine-our-base-nation/"
data-wpel-link="internal">800</a> or so military
bases around the world and <a
href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhartung/2021/04/05/sen-inhofe-misses-the-mark-on-pentagon-spending/?sh=581f3f952caa"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">nearly
200,000</a> military personnel stationed abroad (<a
href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/11/06/how-to-demilitarize-americas-presence-in-the-middle-east/"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">about
60,000</a> in the Middle East alone). It has a
drone-assassination program that extends from
Afghanistan across the Greater Middle East to Africa,
a series of “forever wars” and associated conflicts
fought over that same expanse, and a Navy with major
aircraft carrier task forces patrolling the high seas.
In other words, in this century, it’s been responsible
for largely uncounted but remarkable numbers of dead
and wounded human beings. Or put another way, it’s
been a mass-shooting machine abroad.</p>
<p>Unlike in the United States, however, there’s little
way to offer figures on those dead. To take one
example, Brown University’s invaluable Costs of War
Project has estimated that, from the beginning of the
invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 to late 2019, <a
href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">801,000
people</a>, perhaps 40% of them civilians, were
killed in Washington’s war on terror in Afghanistan,
Iraq, Pakistan, Yemen, and elsewhere. Of course, not
all of those by any means were killed by the U.S.
military. In fact, some were even American soldiers
and contractors. Still, the figures are obviously
sizeable. (To take but one very focused example, from
December 2001 to December 2013 at <em>TomDispatch</em>,
I was <a
href="https://tomdispatch.com/engelhardt-washington-s-wedding-album-from-hell/"
data-wpel-link="internal">counting up</a> civilian
wedding parties taken down by U.S. air power in
Afghanistan, Iraq, and Yemen. I came up with eight
well-documented ones with a death toll of nearly 300,
including brides, grooms, musicians, and revelers.)</p>
<p>Similarly, last December, Neta Crawford of the Costs
of War Project <a
href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Rising%20Civilian%20Death%20Toll%20in%20Afghanistan_Costs%20of%20War_Dec%207%202020.pdf"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">released
a report</a> on the rising number of Afghan
civilians who had died from U.S. air strikes in the
Trump years. She found that in 2019, for instance,
“airstrikes killed 700 civilians — more civilians than
in any other year since the beginning of the war.”
Overall, the documented civilian dead from American
air strikes in the war years is in the many thousands,
the wounded higher yet. (And, of course, those figures
don’t include the dead from Afghan air strikes with
U.S.-supplied aircraft.) And mind you, that’s just
civilians mistaken for Taliban or other enemy forces.</p>
<p>Similarly, <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/opinion/drones-civilian-casulaties-trump-obama.html"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">thousands
more</a> civilians were killed by American air
strikes across the rest of the Greater Middle East and
northern Africa. The Bureau of Investigative
Journalism, which followed U.S. drone strikes for
years, estimated that, in Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Somalia, and Yemen, by 2019 such attacks <a
href="https://www.afsc.org/blogs/news-and-commentary/us-has-killed-thousands-people-lethal-drones"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">had
killed</a> “between 8,500 and 12,000 people,
including as many as 1,700 civilians — 400 of whom
were children.”</p>
<p>And that, of course, is just to begin to count the
dead in America’s conflicts of this era. Or thought of
another way, in this century, the U.S. military has
been a kind of global Paladin. Its motto could
obviously be “have gun, will travel” and its forces
and those allied to it (and often supplied with
American arms) have certainly killed staggering
numbers of people in conflicts that have devastated
communities across a significant part of the planet,
while displacing an estimated <a
href="https://watson.brown.edu/research/2020/Post-9/11DisplacementStudy"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">37
million people</a>.</p>
<p>Now, return to those Americans gunned down in this
country and think of all of this as a single
weaponized, well-woven fabric, a single American gun
culture that spans the globe, as well as a three-part
killing machine of the first order. Much as mass
shootings and public killings can sometimes dominate
the news here, a full sense of the damage done by the
weaponization of our culture seldom comes into focus.
When it does, the United States looks like slaughter
central.</p>
<p>Or as that song from <em>Have Gun — Will Travel</em>
ended:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Paladin, Paladin,<br>
Where do you roam?<br>
Paladin, Paladin,<br>
Far, far from home.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Far, far from home — and close, close to home —
indeed.</p>
<p>Copyright 2021 Tom Engelhardt</p>
<p><em>Follow </em>TomDispatch <em>on <a
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join us on <a
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Check out the newest Dispatch Books, John Feffer’s
new dystopian novel </em><a
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608469484/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Frostlands</a>
<em>(the second in the Splinterlands series)<em>, Beverly
Gologorsky’s novel </em></em><a
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608469077/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Every
Body Has a Story</a><em><em>,<em> and Tom
Engelhardt’s </em></em></em><a
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608469018/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20"
target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow external
noreferrer" data-wpel-link="external">A Nation
Unmade by War</a><em><em><em>, as well as Alfred
McCoy’s </em></em></em><a
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467732/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">In the
Shadows of the American Century: The Rise and
Decline of U.S. Global Power</a><em><em><em> and
John Dower’s </em></em></em><a
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1608467236/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch-20"
data-wpel-link="external" target="_blank"
rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">The
Violent American Century: War and Terror Since World
War II</a>.</p>
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