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<font size="1"><a href="https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/03/06/why-is-brazil-such-a-basket-case-the-role-of-u-s-covert-action/">https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/03/06/why-is-brazil-such-a-basket-case-the-role-of-u-s-covert-action/</a>
</font><h1 class="gmail-reader-title">Why Is Brazil Such a Basket Case?—The Role of U.S. Covert Action<br></h1>
<div class="gmail-credits gmail-reader-credits">Aidan O’Brien - March 6, 2021<br></div>
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<img src="https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B1.png?resize=696%2C418&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="235">Jair Bolsonaro gives gun salute after signing law easing restrictions on gun ownership. [Source: <a href="https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/bolsonaro-presidential-campaign">diggitmagazine.com]</a>
<h2><strong>Ten U.S. presidents,<a><sup><sup>[1]</sup></sup></a> 20 CIA directors,<a><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> and 56 years of covert action<a><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> screwed over Brazil’s poor and paved the way for the election of Jair Bolsonaro</strong></h2>
<p>Covid-19, murder, evangelical Christianity, crime, environmental
destruction, drugs, shantytowns, inequality, corruption, doesn’t matter
what you pick, Brazil is a world leader in them all—and more.</p>
<p>With the Worker’s Party now waning, a tiny minority dominates the
country’s economy. About 1% of the population, i.e., 1.5 million people
control 47% of all real estat<em>e.</em><a><sup>[4]</sup></a> Brazil’s poverty rate stands at <a href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BRA/brazil/poverty-rate">around 20 percent</a>—which Brazil’s President, Jair Bolsonaro, has no problem with.</p>
<p>The perils of large-scale privatization initiatives under Bolsonaro were evident when the Amazon <a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/01/22/why-neoliberal-leaders-who-failed-to-protect-their-countries-from-covid-19-must-be-investigated/">city of Manaus ran out of oxygen to help COVID-19 patients</a>.</p>
<p>Even when a private contractor informed the government that it could not adequately supply the city, <a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/01/22/why-neoliberal-leaders-who-failed-to-protect-their-countries-from-covid-19-must-be-investigated/">the government did nothing, stating—against all scientific evidence—that early treatment for COVID-19 did not work</a>.</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B2.png?resize=696%2C391&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="220">Gravesite
for COVID-19 victims in Manaus, where Bolsonaro failed residents by
doing nothing when there was a shortage of oxygen. [Source: <a href="https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/brazil-hit-its-deadliest-day-coronavirus-outbreak">voanews.com]</a>
<p>Gun ownership meanwhile has risen considerably since Bolsonaro took office in 2019, exploding in 2020.<a><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B3.png?resize=696%2C464&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="261">Lawmakers
make finger-gun hand gestures as Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro
signs a decree easing gun restrictions at Planalto presidential palace
in Brasília, May 7, 2019. [Source: <a href="https://apnews.com/article/e0f64da5875a46ba9cc7f00291a1c843">apnews.com</a>]
<p>It’s the law of the jungle, a jungle which Bolsonaro is busy burning
down. It’s tropical neoliberalism. Nothing is sacred, least of all the
lives of common people.</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B4.png?resize=696%2C366&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="206">[Source: <a href="https://serbiananimalsvoice.com/2019/08/25/jair-bolsonaros-neglect-of-the-amazon-has-made-him-the-most-despised-and-detested-leader-on-earth/">serbiananimalsvoice.com</a>]
<p>Bolsonaro has put the economy in the hands of a team of “Chicago
boys,” disciples of so-called “free-market” theorist Milton Friedman.<a><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>
<p>The leader of this team, Economy Minister Paulo Guedes—a former
investment banker—was a graduate of the University of Chicago where he
studied under Friedman. He has appointed other Chicago grads to top
posts, including Joaquim Levy to run a major state bank, Rubem Novaes
another, and Roberto Castello Branco to manage oil giant Petrorbras.<a><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>
<p>Guedes himself lived in Augusto Pinochet’s Chile and liked what he
saw. His plan for Brazil is to cut taxes, cut pensions and cut
government. In other words, he wants the wealthy at the top to own even
more of Brazil.</p>
<img src="https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B5.png?resize=696%2C488&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="275">Paulo Guedes, Minister of Economy, investment banker and “Chicago boy,” shakes hands with Bolsonaro. [Source: <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/01/05/business/brazils-chicago-oldies-team-aims-revive-pinochet-era-economic-playbook/">japantimes.co.jp</a>]
<h2><strong>It wasn’t meant to be like this</strong></h2>
<p>Brazil began to modernize itself in 1930. The centralization of the Brazilian state followed a “lieutenants rebellion.”</p>
<p>Building and strengthening the nation became the rule. This included
the mobilization of the masses. It meant industrialization and
development. All under the guiding eye of the Brazilian government. </p>
<p>The leader of this brave new Brazil was Getúlio Vargas (1882-1954).
This predominantly benevolent dictator unleashed the power of the state.</p>
<p>Breaking with the semi-feudalism of Brazil’s First Republic
(1889-1930), Vargas politicized Brazil’s working class. And therefore
subverted the traditional power of a tiny minority who owned everything.</p>
<p>And by developing Brazil’s natural resources for the good of Brazil
(Vargas created Petrobras—the government owned oil company—in 1953), he
subverted the “foreign markets and foreign investors,” which had
dominated Brazil since the 16th century. </p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B6.png?resize=696%2C393&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="221">Getúlio Vargas [Source: <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csywvj">bbc.co.uk</a>]
<p>How do we know that he subverted the local aristocracy and the global
imperialists? Because Vargas said as much in his 1954 suicide note:</p>
<blockquote><p>Once more the forces and interests which work
against the people have organized themselves anew and break out against
me…The underground campaign of international groups joined that of
national groups which were working against the policy of full
employment. The excess profits law was held up in Congress. Hatreds were
unleashed against the just revision of minimum wages. I wished to bring
national freedom in the use of our resources by means of Petrobras;
this had hardly begun to operate when the wave of agitation swelled…<a><sup><strong><sup>[8]</sup></strong></sup></a></p></blockquote>
<p>How can we trust his words? Because the dynamic or dialectic he
describes explains perfectly the decades which followed his suicide.
Time proved him right. </p>
<p>The presidents who succeeded Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-61)
and João Goulart (1961-64), continued the project which Vargas started:
the construction of a popular state-led Brazilian economy. However,
an underground campaign of international groups and national
groups brought this project to a dramatic end in the infamous 1964 coup.</p>
<img src="https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B7.png?resize=550%2C366&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="261">João Goulart [Source: <a href="https://www.jornaldocomercio.com/_conteudo/politica/2019/02/672576-joao-goulart-completaria-100-anos-nesta-sexta-feira.html">jornaldocomercio.com</a>]
<p>The national dimension of this coup that ended the vision of
Vargas—known as “the father of the poor”—involved the overt actions of
the Brazilian military. And the international dimension involved the
covert activities of the U.S. government, which was the main instigator
of the coup.</p>
<img src="https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B8.png?resize=696%2C393&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="221">Tanks roll through Rio de Janeiro as 1964 coup unfolds. [Source: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26713772">bbc.com</a>]
<blockquote><p>Washington, D.C. had a code name for the removal of João
Goulart—”Operation Brother Sam”—and was prepared to invade if the coup
did not go according to plan.</p></blockquote>
<p>U.S. warships (for example, the aircraft carrier <em>USS Forrestal</em>) were sent to Brazil to assist if necessary. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was the architect of the operation.</p>
<p>It funded and linked the domestic opposition to Goulart’s popular
nationalism. One million dollars was provided to the AFL-CIO’s USAID
funded American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), which
instructed trade union leaders on how to organize strikes and
demonstrations against Goulart.<a><sup>[9]</sup></a> </p>
<p>Afterwards, the CIA, under the cover of USAID’s Office of Public
Safety (OPS), ramped up training of the Brazilian police, who set up
Operation Bandeirantes, a forerunner of the Phoenix program whose focus
was to round up and torture leftist dissidents.<a><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>
<img src="https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B9.png?resize=696%2C399&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="225">New York Times (August 5, 1978) [Source: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/05/archives/cuban-agent-says-us-police-aides-urged-torture-not-merely-work-of.html">nytimes.com</a>. See also <a href="https://pando.com/2014/04/08/the-murderous-history-of-usaid-the-us-government-agency-behind-cubas-fake-twitter-clone/">pando.com]</a>
<p>Foreign automakers collaborated with the new military junta by <a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/brazil-dictatorship-companies/">helping to identify “subversives” on their payrolls</a> who were arrested or detained as part of Bandeirantes.</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B10.png?resize=696%2C454&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="256">A page from the blacklist. [Source: <a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/brazil-dictatorship-companies/">reuters.com</a>]
<p>Lincoln Gordon, the U.S. ambassador to Brazil from 1961-1966, claimed
that the 1964 coup was “the single most decisive victory for freedom in
the mid-twentieth century.”<a><sup><strong><sup>[11]</sup></strong></sup></a> </p>
<p>Freedom for U.S. elite interests, that is—and that of U.S.
corporations and a minority of Brazilians who monopolized most of the
wealth.</p>
<p>In the middle of the Cold War, Washington did not want another Cuba
or another China. It viewed the popular agenda of Vargas and his
successors as a threat to its global elitism as well as continued access
to Brazil’s oil, minerals, and other natural resources. By acting the
way it did in Brazil, the U.S., in effect, was directly conserving the
semi-feudal social relations which Vargas sought to modernize. </p>
<p>It was the signal foreign investors and foreign creditors were
waiting for. Foreign money flowed into Brazil after 1964—while Brazil’s
workers and peasants were once again trapped in their own country and
forced to accept the lowest wages and worst working conditions. In the
eyes of the U.S.-backed elite minority inside (and outside of) Brazil:
It was an “economic miracle.”</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B12.png?resize=696%2C515&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="290">Brazilians hold up pictures of people “disappeared” by the military dictatorship that ruled from 1964 to 1985. [Source: <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-revolution-1964-military-coup-textbooks-education-minister-a8855581.html">independent.co.uk</a>]
<p>Never mind the fact that, according to the National Truth Commission, which released a report in 2014, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/world/americas/torture-report-on-brazilian-dictatorship-is-released.html">8,000 indigenous people and at least 434 political dissidents were killed during the period of military rule</a>.</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B13.png?resize=696%2C474&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="267">Gen.
Emilio Garrastazu Medici, left, after being proclaimed Brazil’s new
president by military order in 1969. Brazilians would not have a chance
to directly elect their president until 1989. [Source: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-coup.html">nytimes.com]</a>
<p>Today, when Jair Bolsonaro celebrates the coup of 1964, he is
celebrating a U.S. plutocratic version of Brazil. He is rejecting
Brazilian sovereignty and reviving a National Security Doctrine which
the U.S. exported to Brazil during the Cold War—a doctrine that
highlights an “internal enemy” (working class politics or environmental
politics or landless politics or Indio politics).</p>
<p>In short, he is celebrating a doctrine that criminalizes modern
social relations and institutionalizes semi-feudal social relations.</p>
<img src="https://i1.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B14.png?resize=696%2C464&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="261">Bolsonaro holds up replica of Brazilian Air Force transport plane in September 2019. [Source: <a href="https://apnews.com/article/3506a62c508e43dcb9687866687c9a8c">apnews.com</a>]
<p>After World War Two, this doctrine was transmitted from the U.S. to
Brazil via military colleges and the U.S. School of the Americas, now
called the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation. And
its purpose was anything but Brazil’s “national security.” On the
contrary, it was designed to secure the economic and geopolitical
interests of the U.S. and its constituency in Brazil—the tiny minority
which owned everything.<a><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>
<p>Washington, D.C.’s top Cold War planner, George F. Kennan, succinctly
summed up the idea behind the doctrine (and therefore outlined the
future of Brazil) in 1950—when writing about Latin America:</p>
<blockquote><p>The final answer might be an unpleasant one, [a military
dictatorship, extreme inequality, but] we should not hesitate before
police repression by the local government. This is not shameful, since
the communists [popular and nationalistic politicians] are essentially
traitors […] It is better to have a strong regime in power than a
liberal government if it is indulgent and relaxed and penetrated by
communists [socially progressive nationalists].<a><sup><strong><sup>[13]</sup></strong></sup></a></p></blockquote>
<p>Considering the 1964 coup a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/world/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-coup.html">“triumphant strike against communism,”</a> Bolsonaro directly served the military government in Brazil in the late 1970s as an army captain.</p>
<p>His superior officers stated that he “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro">had aggressive ambition”</a> including for “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro">financial and economic gain,”</a> a reference to Bolsonaro’s attempt to mine gold in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia">Bahia</a> state.</p>
<div><img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B16.png?resize=170%2C195&ssl=1" alt="" width="170" height="195">Bolsonaro in 1986 when he was an army captain. [Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro">wikileaks.org</a>]</div>
<p>The Obama administration helped facilitate Bolsonaro’s rise by <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-obamas-normalization-of-the-brazil-coup-prefigured-trumpism/">failing to condemn the illegal impeachment in August 2016 of Dilma Rousseff of the Brazilian Workers Party</a>, who in her youth had been tortured by the Brazilian army.<a><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>
<p>Rousseff was accused of illegally manipulating government accounts, but the charges were heavily politicized.</p>
<p>Her successor, Michel Temer, was later arrested on more substantiated
charges that included accepting a $1 million bribe in exchange for
awarding three companies a construction contract for a nuclear power
plant.<a><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B17.png?resize=696%2C439&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="247">Brazilians protest 2016 Brazil coup that was again backed by the U.S. [Source: <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-obamas-normalization-of-the-brazil-coup-prefigured-trumpism/">thenation.com</a>]
<p>The day after Rousseff’s impeachment, the leader of Brazil’s Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, Aloysio Nunes, came to the U.S. and met
with Thomas Shannon, the Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs,
which signaled backing for the de facto coup that brought an end to
what the World Bank called Brazil’s “golden decade” under Workers Party
rule, during which millions were lifted out of poverty.<a><sup>[16]</sup></a></p>
<img src="https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B18.png?resize=696%2C503&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="283">Aloysio
Nunes and Brazilian Ambassador Sergei Amaral present the Grand Cross of
the Rio Branco order to U.S. Ambassador Thomas Shannon in 2018.
[Source: <a href="https://twitter.com/brazilinusa/status/1004211157002047488">twitter.com</a>]
<p>Bolsonaro has continued Brazil’s great reversal, never hiding his allegiance to the U.S.</p>
<p>Nor is he hiding his contempt for the Brazil which Vargas and his
successors tried to build. In March 2019, after becoming Brazilian
President in January—in an act of homage and an act of obedience—he
visited the U.S. headquarters of the CIA—the architects of the 1964
coup.</p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/D2Ar-xuWoAIkRA2.jpeg?resize=696%2C527&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="297">[Source: <a href="https://www.brasilwire.com/in-plain-sight-bolsonaro-moro-and-the-cia/">brasilwire.com</a>]
<p>In August 2019, Bolsonaro declared that it is his intention, by 2022,
to completely privatize Vargas’s greatest legacy—Petrobras—the
state-owned oil company. </p>
<img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B19.png?resize=696%2C393&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="221">Bolsonaro presents Trump with soccer jersey at the White House. [Source: <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190319-usa-brazil-trump-bolsonaro-white-house">france24.com</a>]
<p>There is one more U.S. doctrine which encapsulates post-1964 Brazil
and particularly the Brazil of Bolsonaro: the Low-Intensity Conflict
doctrine. This is “characterized by the military taking on police roles
and the police acting more like the military.”<a><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
<img src="https://i0.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/B20.png?resize=696%2C465&ssl=1" alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" width="392" height="262">[Source: <a href="https://borgenproject.org/police-corruption-brazil/">borgenproject.org</a>]
<p>When a minority owns a disproportionate share of the wealth, the
tendency is to criminalize the majority poor. The class war begins to
feel like a low-intensity war.</p>
<p>Since the U.S.-made coup of 1964, Brazil has been caught up in a
low-intensity conflict in which—to paraphrase President Bolsonaro—people
die like cockroaches. Since the beginning of the 21st century—more than
1,000,000 people have been murdered in Brazil.<a><sup>[18]</sup></a> It is safe to say that almost all were poor people—“the children of Vargas.”</p>
<div><img src="https://i2.wp.com/covertactionmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CAM-5.jpg?resize=30%2C20&ssl=1" alt="" width="30" height="20"></div>
<hr>
<p><a>[1]</a> Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush1 Clinton, Bush2, Obama, Trump.</p>
<p><a>[2]</a>
Dulles, McCone, Raborn, Helms, Schlesinger, Colby, Bush, Turner, Casey,
Webster, Gates, Woolsey, Deutch, Tenet, Goss, Hayden, Panetta,
Petraeus, Brennan, Pompeo.</p>
<p><a>[3]</a> Allen Dulles and John McCone, 1964-2018.</p>
<p><a>[4]</a>
Lulu Garcia-Navarro, “For Brazil’s 1 Percenters The Land Stays In The
Family Forever,” August 25,
2015, <a href="https://landportal.org/news/2015/08/brazils-1-percenters-land-stays-family-forever">https://landportal.org/news/2015/08/brazils-1-percenters-land-stays-family-forever</a></p>
<p><a>[5]</a> Alicia Prager and Laís Martins, “Firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro,” July 31, 2020, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/">https://www.theguardian.com</a></p>
<p><a>[6]</a> David Biller and Raymond Colitt, “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-12/milton-friedman-s-brazil-moment-band-of-disciples-takes-charge">Milton Friedman’s Brazil Moment: Band of Disciplines Take Charge,”</a> <em>Bloomberg News</em>, December 12, 2018.</p>
<p><a>[7]</a> Biller and Colitt, “Milton Friedman’s Brazil Moment.”</p>
<p><a>[8]</a>
Getúlio Vargas “suicide note,” August 24, 1954, quoted in Thayer
Watkins, “Getulio Vargas and the Estado Nôvo,” San José State University
Department of Economics, <a href="https://www.sjsu.edu/">https://www.sjsu.edu</a> </p>
<p><a>[9]</a> Stephen G. Rabe, <em>The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America </em>(Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 69.</p>
<p><a>[10]</a> Jeremy Kuzmarov, <em>Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation Building in the American Century</em> (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012), 225; Martha K. Huggins, <em>Political Policing: The United States and Latin America</em> (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).</p>
<p><a>[11]</a> David Binder, “U.S. Assembled a Force in 1964 For Possible Use in Brazil Coup,” December 30, 1976, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/">https://www.nytimes.com</a>;
The Dominion news from the grassroots, “US Role in 1964 Brazilian
Military Coup Revealed: National Security Archive,” April 6, 2004, <a href="https://www.dominionpaper.ca/">https://www.dominionpaper.ca</a>;
James G. Hershberg and Peter Kornbluh, “Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary
of Military Coup,” April 2, 2014, The National Security Archive, <a href="https://www.nsarchive2.gwu.edu/">https://www.nsarchive2.gwu.edu</a>; Wright, Thomas C., <em>Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution</em> (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2001).</p>
<p><a>[12]</a>
Eduardo Munhoz Svartman, “Brazil-United States Military Relations
during the Cold War: Political Dynamic and Arms Transfers,” January
2011, brazilianpoliticssciencereview, <a href="https://www.oaji.net/">https://www.oaji.net</a> </p>
<p><a>[13]</a> George F. Kennan, 1950, quoted in Anthony W. Pereira, “The US Role in the 1964 Coup in Brazil: A Reassessment,” <em>Bulletin of Latin American Research</em>, 2016, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12518">https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12518</a></p>
<p><a>[14]</a> Jeremy Kuzmarov, <em>Obama’s Unending Wars: Fronting the Foreign Policy of the Permanent Warfare State</em> (Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2019), 303.</p>
<p><a>[15]</a> Anna Jean Kaier, “Brazil’s Former President Michel Temer Arrested in Corruption Investigation,” <em>The Guardian</em>,
March 21, 2019,
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/21/brazils-former-president-michel-temer-arrested-in-corruption-investigation">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/21/brazils-former-president-michel-temer-arrested-in-corruption-investigation</a></p>
<p><a>[16]</a> Kuzmarov, <em>Obama’s Unending Wars</em>, 303, 304.</p>
<p><a>[17]</a> Joseph Nevins and Timothy Dunn, “Conflict of a Different Sort,” October 31, 2008, NACLA Report, <a href="https://www.nacla.org/">https://www.nacla.org</a> </p>
<p><a>[18]</a> Robert Muggah, “Brazil’s Murder Rate Finally Fell – and by a Lot,” April 22, 2019, <a href="https://www.foreignpolicy.com/">https://www.foreignpolicy.com</a> </p>
<hr><hr><h2>About the Author</h2>
<div><p><br></p><div><p>Aidan O’Brien is a hospital worker in Dublin, Ireland.</p>
<p>On break last year, he visited Brazil and conducted in-country research.</p>
<p>Aidan can be reached at: <a href="mailto:ado1968@hotmail.com">ado1968@hotmail.com</a>.</p>
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