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<font size="1"><a href="http://www.addameer.org/news/pngo-pnin-phroc-joint-statement-racism-and-institutionalised-discrimination-roll-out-covid-19">http://www.addameer.org/news/pngo-pnin-phroc-joint-statement-racism-and-institutionalised-discrimination-roll-out-covid-19</a></font>
<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">PNGO, PNIN & PHROC Joint Statement: Racism and Institutionalised Discrimination in the Roll-Out of the COVID-19 Vaccine</h1>
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<div class="gmail-reader-estimated-time" dir="ltr">January 21, 2021<br></div>
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<div class="gmail-moz-reader-content gmail-reader-show-element"><div id="gmail-readability-page-1" class="gmail-page"><div><p><span><span>The
Palestinian NGOs Network (PNGO) and the Palestinian Human Rights
Organisations Council (PHROC) and the Palestinian National Institute for
NGOs (PNIN) are concerned that since commencing the roll out of a
vaccine against COVID-19 in December 2020, <strong>the </strong><strong>Israeli occupying authorities have implemented its vaccine policy in a discriminatory, unlawful, and racist manner</strong>by
completely disregarding its obligations to Palestinian healthcare.
Throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), apart from East
Jerusalem, Israeli occupying authorities have reserved access to the
vaccine to the unlawfully transferred in settler population of Jewish
Israelis in illegal settlements, and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/03/palestinians-excluded-from-israeli-covid-vaccine-rollout-as-jabs-go-to-settlers">denied</a> the
vaccine to the Palestinian population. According to data collected by
the University of Oxford, around 1.99 million Israelis, Palestinian
citizens of Israel, and Palestinian from occupied East Jerusalem had
been <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations">vaccinated</a> by
13 January 2021. According to the State of Palestine’s Negotiation
Affairs Department, as of 9 January 2021, there were over 165,000 active
cases in the occupied State of Palestine, including in East Jerusalem.<a name="_ftnref1" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref1">[1]</a>As of 13 January, 1814 Palestinians in the OPT <a href="https://corona.ps/">lost</a> their lives to COVID-19.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>In March 2020, the Chairpersons of the ten United Nations (UN) Human Rights Treaty Bodies <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25742&LangID=E#:~:text=GENEVA%20(24%20March%202020)%20%E2%80%93,by%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic.&text=Targeted%20support%20should%20also%20extend%20to%20other%20rights.">issued</a> a
joint statement calling on States parties “to adopt measures to protect
the rights to life and health, and to ensure access to health care to
all who need it, without discrimination”.<a name="_ftnref2" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref2">[2]</a>Representing the Chairpersons’, Hilary Gbedemah, Chair of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25742&LangID=E">warned</a> against
States exploiting the COVID-19 pandemic to violate human rights and
affirmed that “States must take active steps to ensure a sense of
solidarity prevails, including through protection against racism and
xenophobia or the growth of unbridled nationalism”.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>As affirmed by the Committee on the Elimination for
Racial Discrimination (CERD) in August 2020, States have international
law obligations to “ensure, in their own actions as well as through
international cooperation, that the development of vaccines as well as
access to an eventual vaccine against COVID-19 occur in a
non-discriminatory manner, taking into account the situation and needs
of groups which are marginalized and subjected to discrimination”.<a name="_ftnref3" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref3"><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><strong><em>Israel’s Obligations to Distribute Vaccine to all Palestinians under its Control</em></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Israel, as Occupying Power of the Palestinian territory,
i.e. the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, has
clear obligations to ensure the protection and respect of the right to
health of the protected population. In particular, Article 55(1) of the
Fourth Geneva Convention establishes Israel’s duty, as Occupying Power,
to ensure the provision of medical supplies to the civilian population
in the OPT to the fullest extent of the means available to it. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Further, Article 14(1) of Additional Protocol I to the
Geneva Conventions, reflective of customary international humanitarian
law, provides that the Occupying Power has the duty to ensure that the
medical needs of the civilian population continue to be satisfied, while
Article 69(1) requires the Occupying Power to ensure, without adverse
distinction, the provision of supplies essential to the survival of the
civilian population. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span>These critical provisions are to be read in conjunction
with Article 56 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which provides that:
“To the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power
has the duty of ensuring and maintaining, with the co-operation of
national and local authorities, the medical and hospital establishments
and services, public health and hygiene in the occupied territory, with
particular reference to the adoption and application of the prophylactic
and preventive measures necessary to combat the spread of contagious
diseases and epidemics.”</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Since the outbreak of COVID-19, Israel has rejected these responsibilities, by failing to protect <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/16733.html">Palestinian workers</a> in Israel, <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/17228.html">Palestinian prisoners</a> and detainees in Israeli detention centres, denying Palestinians in the <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/advocacy/17031.html;">Gaza Strip</a> access to healthcare, and systematically neglecting the healthcare in occupied <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/publications/17118.html">East Jerusalem</a>.
While some commentary has sought to suggest that Israel’s obligations
as an occupying power are in some way diluted or excused by the terms of
the Oslo Accords, we reiterate that Article 8 of the Fourth Geneva
Convention asserts that ‘protected persons may in no circumstances
renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the
present Convention’, and Article 47 of the aforementioned Convention
further asserts that:</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>“Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall
not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the
benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the
result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or
government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between
the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power,
nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied
territory.”</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>The Palestinian healthcare system in the OPT has suffered
decades of deliberate neglect, de-development, and fragmentation, which
hamper an effective COVID-19 response. Longstanding <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2020/12/08/covid-19-and-the-right-to-health-interactive-1-page-view-1-1607410547.pdf">Israeli practices</a>of
closures of Palestinian cities, villages, and towns, and continuous
movement and access restrictions are a staple of Israel’s prolonged
military occupation, undermining the right of Palestinians to access
available healthcare and to develop their own healthcare system. In its
2018 report on the right to health in Palestine, the <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2020/12/08/covid-19-and-the-right-to-health-interactive-1-page-view-1-1607410547.pdf">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO)
warned that the health system in the OPT is fragmented and fragile and
highlighted the precariousness of the situation in the <a>Gaza Strip</a>,
noting that the “ongoing blockade and successive conflicts have had a
devastating impact on underlying factors that contribute to health and
wellbeing”. Under international human rights law, Palestinians on both
sides of the Green Line are entitled to respect, protection, and
fulfilment of their right to the highest attainable standard of physical
and mental health, as enshrined in Article 12(1) of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The Committee
for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has stressed that: “In
all circumstances, in times of peace and during conflict, States have
an obligation to maintain a functioning health-care system. They must
maintain essential primary health care… <strong>as well as provide essential drugs, while respecting the principles of non-discrimination and equitable access.</strong>States must also design and implement public health strategies.”<a name="_ftnref4" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref4">[4]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>CESCR has further affirmed that, in line with their core
obligations to fulfil economic, social, and cultural rights, States must
“take measures to prevent, treat and control epidemic and endemic
diseases”.<a name="_ftnref5" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref5">[5]</a>In
its November 2019 Concluding Observations on Israel, CESCR expressed
its deep concern: “about the severe impact of the policies adopted by
the State party relating to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, namely
the closure policy and the related permit regime regarding the Gaza
Strip and the occupation and settlement policy in the West Bank,
including East Jerusalem, on the enjoyment of Covenant rights by people
living there, including the rights to work, food, water and sanitation,
health and education, and to their cultural rights”.<a name="_ftnref6" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref6">[6]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><strong><em>Vaccine Roll-Out Exposes Israel’s Inhumane Acts of Apartheid</em></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>That the fragmentation of Palestinians into segregated
administrative groupings, separated from each other, to maintain
Israel’s settler colonial expansion constituting apartheid, has been
vividly evidenced through the racist and structurally violent method by
which Israel has restricted access to the vaccine to specific
Palestinian groups, other than those Palestinians in occupied East
Jerusalem.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>In December 2019, the UN Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination (CERD) recalled its General Recommendation No. 19
(1995) concerning the prevention, prohibition and eradication of all
policies and practices of racial segregation and apartheid, and <a href="https://www.alhaq.org/cached_uploads/download/2019/12/21/cerd-cos-1576920588.pdf">urged</a> Israel “<strong>to
eradicate all forms of segregation between Jewish and non-Jewish
communities and any such policies or practices which severely and
disproportionately affect the Palestinian population in Israel proper
and in the Occupied Palestinian Territory</strong>”.<a name="_ftnref7" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref7">[7]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>While the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25668">urged</a> “authorities
in countries affected by COVID-19 to take all necessary steps to
address incidents of xenophobia or stigmatisation”, the very basis of
Israel’s prolonged military occupation continues to be one of structural
racism and the denial of Palestinians’ inalienable rights. Amnesty
International has <a href="https://www.amnesty.ie/israel-opt-denying-covid-19-vaccines-to-palestinians-exposes-israels-institutionalised-discrimination/">observed</a> that
“Israel’s COVID-19 vaccine programme highlights the institutionalised
discrimination that defines the Israeli government’s policy towards
Palestinians. While Israel celebrates a record-setting vaccination
drive, millions of Palestinians living under Israeli control in the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip will receive no vaccine or have to wait much
longer – there could hardly be a better illustration of how Israeli
lives are valued above Palestinian ones”.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><strong><em>States COVID-19 Human Rights Obligations </em></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>In its August 2020 Statement on the coronavirus
(COVID-19) pandemic and its implications under the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
CERD observed that groups that are subject to racial discrimination are
“disproportionally affected by the overall negative impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on health services in general, with health issues not
directly related to the COVID-19 disease being left unattended. The
pandemic thereby exposes and further deepens structural inequalities
affecting vulnerable groups protected under the Convention, based on
entrenched structures and practices of discrimination and exclusion”.<a name="_ftnref8" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref8">[8]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>CERD stressed that States “must protect against and
mitigate the impact of the pandemic on individuals and groups subject to
structural discrimination and disadvantage”<a name="_ftnref9" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref9">[9]</a>and
emphasised that “States have an obligation to ensure equal access to
healthcare services, including testing, medicine and medical procedures,
and to eliminate discriminatory practices against groups and minorities
protected under the Convention”.<a name="_ftnref10" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref10">[10]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Significantly, CERD emphasised the obligations of States under the Convention to “<strong>ensure,
in their own actions as well as through international cooperation, that
the development of vaccines as well as access to an eventual vaccine
against COVID-19 occur in a non-discriminatory manner</strong>, taking into account the situation and needs of groups which are marginalized and subjected to discrimination”.<a name="_ftnref11" title="" id="gmail-_ftnref11">[11]</a></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>In its on-going roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations, Israel
is directly violating its humanitarian and human rights law obligations
by denying lifesaving vaccines to Palestinians as part of its policy of
maintaining its apartheid regime of institutionalised domination. This
policy has revealed in a direct and clear manner how the system of
apartheid operates. Rather than typically spurious claims of security or
self-defence being relied upon to seek to explain away or justify the
racist treatment and dispossession of Palestinians through colonial
violence, Israel is signalling to the world that its rejection of
international law is premised on racial, rather than security grounds.
The Palestinian Human Rights Organisations Council, the Palestinian NGOs
Network, and the Palestinian National Institute for NGOs call on:</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>1. Israel to immediately comply with its IHL and IHRL
obligations to the protected occupied population in the Gaza Strip and
West Bank, including East Jerusalem and ensure the non-discriminatory
provision of vaccines to all persons in the territory under its control;</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>2. Israel to ensure the provision of life saving
COVID-19 vaccinations to Palestinian prisoners and detainees
incarcerated in Israeli prisons and detention centres;</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>3. Third States to respect and ensure respect for the
Geneva Conventions, including by ensuring that Israel, the Occupying
Power, supplies lifesaving COVID-19 vaccinations to the Palestinian
Authority for distribution to the protected occupied Palestinian
population;</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>4. Pfizer, as a leading international pharmaceutical
company, to comply with its responsibilities under the UNGPs and to act
with due diligence to ensure that its supply of vaccines is not used in
the service of illegal settlement activity or to entrench apartheid
policies and practices, and to seek assurances that its vaccine is not
intended for use in a discriminatory, racist and xenophobic manner;</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>5. The international community to hold Israel to
account for denial of health care amounting to the wilful causing of
great suffering and injury to the health of the Palestinian population,
where this amounts to grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention;
and </span></span></p>
<p><span><span>6. The Palestinian Authority to enhance its active
role in ensuring the protection of Palestinian protected population
during a global pandemic, including by continuously reminding Israel of
its legal obligations, as Occupying Power, and urging the international
community to take effective measures to halt Israel’s discriminatory
policies and practices. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span><strong><u>Joining organisations</u></strong><strong>:</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><strong>Palestinian Non-Governmental Organizations Network (PNGO), including:</strong></span></span></p>
<ol><li>
<span><span>Agriculture & Environment Development Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Aisha Association for Woman & Child Protection </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al Foukhary Association for Development and Culture</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al Sattar Garbee Association for Developing Countryside and Farmer </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Alahleya Society for Development of Palm and Dates</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Alanqaa Association for Community Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Ataa Society for Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Atta Charitable Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Awda Center for Childhood and the Youth </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Almanal Society for Developing the Rural Women </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Alrowwad Cultural and Arts Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Alsahel Association for Development</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Altaghreed Association for Culture and Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Tawasol Forum Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Wefaq Association for Relief and Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ) </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Arab Center for Agricultural Development (ACAD)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Arab Women Union Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Asala for Credit and Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Atfaluna Society for Deaf Children </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Bait AL Mostuqbal Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Baitona For Community Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Balsam Association for Community Rehabilitation </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Beesan Benevolent Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Bisan Center-Research and Development Studies in Palestine</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Central Blood Bank Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Community Media Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Disability Representative Body Network </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Dr. Haider Abdel Shafi Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Early Childhood Resource Center (ECRC)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>El Amal Rehabilitation Society--Rafah </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>El Wafaa Charitable Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>ElWedad Society for Community Rehabilitation </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Fajr Association for Relief and Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Gaza community Mental Health program</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Gaza Culture & Development Group</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Hanan for Culture and Social Development Association</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Health Work Committee </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Human Rights & Democracy Media Center “Shams” </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Human Rights & Rehabilitation Center (TRC)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Jabalia Rehabilitation Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Khuza’a Permaculture Center Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Land Research Union </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Local Association for Social Services </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Ma’an Development Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Middle East Council of Churches </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Mother’s School Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>National Society for Rehabilitation </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestine Amputee Football Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Agricultural Development Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Al-Nakheel Association for progress and development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Association for Development and Construction (PADR)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Center for Development & Media Freedoms </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Charity Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Counseling Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Family Planning & Protection Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Farmers Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Hydrology Group </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Medical Relief Society </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Right and Justice Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Youth Union </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Psycho-Social Counseling Center for Women </span></span></li></ol>
<p><span><span>64. Public Aid Society </span></span></p>
<ol><li value="65">
<span><span>Ramallah Center for Human Rights Studies </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Red Crescent Society for Gaza Strip </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Sareyyet Ramallah </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Social Development Forum </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Society of Remedial Education center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Stars of Hope Society (SHS) </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Tamer Institute for Community Education </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Teacher Creativity Center </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Thalasemia Patients Friends Society Palestine </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Assembly Benevolent of Operation </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Civil Commission for the Independence of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Culture and Free Thought Association </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Democracy and Workers’ Rights Center/ Gaza </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Eastearn Association for Agriculture </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The National Centre for Community Rehabilitation (NCCR) </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The National Society for Democracy and Law</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Palestinian Center for Organic Agriculture </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Palestinian Hydrology Group/Gaza </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Palestinian Institute for Communication and Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Palestinian Working Women Society for Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Society of Women Graduates in Gaza Strip </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Union of Agricultural Work Committees</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Union of Health Care Committees</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees_ Gaza </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Union of Palestinians Women's Committees </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Wassel Center for Youth Development </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Women’s Studies Centre </span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Zakher Association for Capacity Development of Palestinian Women </span></span></li></ol>
<p><span><span><strong>Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council (PHROC), comprising of:</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span><span>93. Addameer Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association </span></span></p>
<ol><li value="94">
<span><span>Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Aldameer Association for Human Rights</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Al-Haq – Law in the Service of Man</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Defense for Children International (DCI) – Palestine</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Hurryyat – Center for Defense of Liberties and Civil Rights</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Jerusalem Legal Aid and Human Rights Center (JLAC)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Muwatin Institute for Democracy and Human Rights – Observer</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>Ramallah Center for Human Rights Studies (RCHRS)</span></span></li><li>
<span><span>The Independent Commission for Human Rights (Ombudsman Office) – Observer</span></span></li></ol>
<p><span><span><strong>The Palestinian National Institute for NGOs (PNIN),</strong><strong>including (62 NNGO)</strong></span></span></p>
<div>
<hr size="1">
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn3" title="" id="gmail-_ftn3">[3]</a>Committee
on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, “Statement3 (2020):
Prevention of Racial Discrimination, Including Early Warning and Urgent
Action Procedures. Statement on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and
its Implications Under the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,” 7 August 2020.para. 5.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn4" title="" id="gmail-_ftn4">[4]</a>ICRC,
“Factsheet: Respecting and Protecting Health Care in Armed Conflicts
and in Situations Not Covered by International Humanitarian Law,” page
3. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn5" title="" id="gmail-_ftn5">[5]</a>UN
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General
Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health
(Art. 12 of the Covenant), 11 August 2000, E/C.12/2000/4. para. 44. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn6" title="" id="gmail-_ftn6">[6]</a>UN
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), UN Committee
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Concluding Observations on the
fourth Periodic Report of Israel, 12 November 2019, E/C.12/ISR/CO/4.
para.10. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn7" title="" id="gmail-_ftn7">[7]</a>CERD
Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth
reports of Israel, 12 December 2019, CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, para 23.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn8" title="" id="gmail-_ftn8">[8]</a>Committee
on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, “Statement3 (2020):
Prevention of Racial Discrimination, Including Early Warning and Urgent
Action Procedures. Statement on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and
its Implications Under the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,” 7 August 2020. </span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn9" title="" id="gmail-_ftn9">[9]</a><em>Ibid.</em>para. 4.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn10" title="" id="gmail-_ftn10">[10]</a><em>Ibid. </em>para. 4.a.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span><a name="_ftn11" title="" id="gmail-_ftn11">[11]</a><em>Ibid.</em>para. 5.</span></span></p>
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