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<font size="1"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2020/08/14/august-12-22-1945-washington-starts-the-korean-and-vietnam-wars/">https://www.counterpunch.org/2020/08/14/august-12-22-1945-washington-starts-the-korean-and-vietnam-wars/</a>
</font><h1 class="gmail-reader-title">August 12-22, 1945: Washington Starts the Korean and Vietnam Wars<br></h1>
<span class="gmail-post_author_intro">by</span> <span class="gmail-post_author"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/h-bruce-franklin/" rel="nofollow">H. Bruce Franklin - August 14, 2020</a></span>
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<div id="gmail-attachment_126183" class="gmail-wp-caption"><p id="gmail-caption-attachment-126183" class="gmail-wp-caption-text">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.</p></div>
<p>August 14, 1945. The day Japan surrendered. I was eleven year old. I
was crammed in the back of a pickup packed with other boys and girls,
all yelling our hearts out as loud as we could to be heard over the
cacophony of honking horns and howling air raid sirens. We were part of
an impromptu motorcade weaving through the evening streets of our
Flatbush neighborhood in Brooklyn. Everywhere we went—past the sidewalk
fruit and vegetable stands, the storefront A&P exuding the smell of
freshly ground coffee, the fish market and the kosher delicatessen along
Avenue J, the small row houses and big apartment houses on the side
streets, along Coney Island Avenue, with its rows of small stores dotted
with small restaurants and soda fountains, where the electric trolley
cars were clanging their bells nonstop—more and more cheering people
poured onto the sidewalks, waving American flags and homemade signs,
hugging, dancing. We kids in the truck were all screaming, “Peace!
Peace! The war is over!” We believed this was the end of not just this
war but of war itself, that we were all going to live the rest of our
lives in a prosperous and victorious nation, on a peaceful planet.</p>
<p>Little did we know that our government, in the two weeks spanning our
joyous day, was building the highway into two calamitous wars and a
future of unending war. Nor did we know that this would be the last
victory celebration of our lifetime.</p>
<p>On August 8, the Soviet Union (just as it promised at Potsdam)
launched the largest land battle of the entire war against Japan. In
Manchuria, they were joined by tens of thousands of Korean guerrillas,
who had been fighting the Japanese invaders since 1932. Within a few
days, Soviet forces destroyed the huge Japanese army on the Asia
mainland. Six hundred thousand Japanese soldiers and hundreds of
Japanese generals surrendered. Eighty thousand were killed, along with
thirty thousand Soviet soldiers. Soviet troops and Korean partisans
poured across Korea’s northern border with the USSR, pursuing the
retreating Japanese forces and pro-Japanese Korean units.</p>
<p>Japan’s occupation of Korea was about to end. It had been brutal.
During World War II, hundreds of thousands of Koreans were forced to work
in Japanese mines and factories, and countless numbers perished under
the U.S. bombing, including ten thousand or more who died in the atomic
bombing of Hiroshima. Tens of thousands of Korean girls and young women
had been forced to become “comfort women,” sex slaves for the Japanese
army.</p>
<p>The fate of Korea had not previously been discussed by Washington and
Moscow. The nearest U.S. forces were six hundred miles away in Okinawa
and would be unable to get there for about a month. Frantic, the U.S.
War Department (today called the Defense Department), decided to act,
and to act fast.</p>
<p>On the night of August 10–11, 1945, Army Colonels Dean Rusk and
Charles Bonesteel were ordered by the War Department to draw a line
across Korea, a nation with a two-thousand-year history. They were given
thirty minutes to complete the task. Neither of the two young men, each
born a year before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, was familiar with
Korea’s history or even its geography, other than what they could glean
from a small outdated National Geographic map.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-1">[1]</a></sup>
The colonels chose the 38th parallel north latitude, simply because
that put the capital city of Seoul under U.S. control. Their decision
was forwarded to President Truman, who proposed to Premier Stalin that
Japanese forces south of the line would be instructed to surrender to
U.S. forces; those to the north were to surrender to the Soviets. Stalin
made no objection, although Soviet forces could easily have occupied
all of Korea weeks before American forces could arrive.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-2">[2]</a></sup> Neither Washington nor Moscow consulted the Korean people about this decision.</p>
<p>Except for Seoul, most of southern Korea was agricultural, and most
of the people were peasants working for a small class of large
landowners. When the American military finally did arrive on September
8, they discovered two competing infrastructures in their occupation
zone. One was a police state created by the Japanese occupiers, designed
to protect the wealth and power of the large landowners and the
mercantile elite in the cities and towns. The other consisted of
hundreds of “People’s Committees” throughout the land, all part of the
“Korean People’s Republic” proclaimed in Seoul just prior to the U.S.
arrival. Guess which side the United States chose. Thus very quickly the
Japanese military occupation was replaced by a strikingly similar
American one.</p>
<p>All that was missing was a puppet government. This gap was filled a
month after the U.S. Army began its occupation. The Office of Strategic
Services (OSS, the predecessor of the CIA) anointed Syngman Rhee, who
had been living in the United States for thirty-five years, as the head
of government. A military plane flew Rhee from Washington to a secret
meeting with General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo, and MacArthur’s private
plane, <em>The Bataan</em>, then whisked Rhee to his new capital of
Seoul. In the ensuing three years of overt U.S. military occupation,
Rhee’s Japanese- and now American-trained police waged a remorseless
campaign to eradicate all dissidents suspected of being Communists or
having communist leanings, including land reformers and those seeking
independence from the United States.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-3">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>In March 1948, during the third year of the occupation, the year-old
Central Intelligence Agency, along with the intelligence divisions of
the Departments of State, Navy, Air Force, and Army, prepared an
eye-opening secret report: “The Current Situation in Korea.” This
document recognized a fundamental class conflict between the
overwhelming majority of poor people in the south and a “numerically
small class which virtually monopolizes the native wealth and education
of the country,” a “class that could not have acquired and maintained
its favored position under Japanese rule” without “collaboration” with
the occupiers. Seeking a ruler untainted by this collaboration left only
such “imported expatriate politicians” as Syngman Rhee, “demagogues
bent on autocratic rule.” The report recognized a “reservoir of popular
resentment against the police,” who are “ruthlessly brutal in
suppressing disorder.” It predicted that “Extreme Rightist Rhee” would
sweep forthcoming elections held under the auspices of the U.N. because
of “the demagogic appeal of the Extreme Right” and because “the Left
will boycott the elections.” Then “Soviet propaganda would be provided
with a substantial basis in fact for charging the regime with being
‘corrupt, reactionary, and oppressive.’” As for northern Korea, the CIA
analysis acknowledged that “there is no reliable evidence of any serious
disaffection” because of “the characteristically shrewd Soviet
recognition of the basic needs of the native population (land reform,
political participation, education, etc.).”</p>
<p>The report concluded that it is “unlikely that any government erected
in South Korea under UN auspices could long survive the withdrawal of
US forces unless it were to receive continuing and extensive US
economic, technical, and military aid.”<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-4">[4]</a></sup>
The CIA was quite right. From the election of Rhee until the outbreak
of the full-scale Korean War in June 1950, civil war raged in South
Korea. Major rebellions were put down only with the assistance of the
U.S. military, and over a hundred thousand South Korean civilians were
killed, many tortured to death.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-5">[5]</a></sup></p>
<p>Soviet forces withdrew from North Korea in 1948, leaving behind a
government led by Kim Il Sung, a Communist who had spent much of his
life as an anti-Japanese guerrilla leader in Manchuria. The southern
government in Seoul and the northern government in Pyongyang have always
agreed, then and now, on one thing: Korea is one nation, not two. Each
has always claimed, then and now, that it is the legitimate government
of Korea. Leading up to the events of June 1950, Seoul and Pyongyang
each initiated attempts to reunify the nation—on its own terms, of
course. The southern government’s attempts were crippled by several
problems. As the CIA report made clear, it lacked a viable economy
independent of massive U.S. aid. Historically, it had been dependent on
the north for coal, industrial products, and, crucially, electric power
generated by power plants on the Yalu River. In February 1950, the U.S.
Congress enacted the Korean Aid Bill, mandating that all U.S. aid would
cease “in the event of the formation in the Republic of Korea of a
coalition government which includes one or more members of the Communist
Party or of the party now in control of the government of North Korea.”
The United States thus nullified any possibility of near-term peaceful
unification. Then in May, South Korea’s first somewhat free election was
a disastrous defeat for Rhee’s government, leaving him with only
forty-five seats in the 210-seat Assembly, but not stopping his threats
to invade North Korea.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>Armed conflict across the 38th parallel between the equal-size armies
of the two governments had been going on intermittently since 1949.
There is still conflicting evidence about which one started the fighting
before dawn on June 25, but the issue is unimportant. The North Korean
army was in a position to drive across the foreign-imposed and arbitrary
dividing line of the 38th parallel, taking advantage of the
illegitimacy and unpopularity of the Rhee government, which helps
explain the immediate collapse of the South Korean army.</p>
<p>But this was not the narrative we Americans heard. For us, the
“beginning” of the war was framed as a repeat of the beginning of our
World War II narrative: an unprovoked surprise attack by treacherous
Asians. Washington still insists the 38<sup>th</sup> Parallel, that line
chosen by two young U.S. colonels, is an international border between
two independent nations. It refuses to agree with North Korea that a
state of war between the U.S. and North Korea no longer exists.</p>
<p>On the same day as our celebration of V-J Day, eight thousand miles
away another people were celebrating the surrender of Japan quite
differently. August 14 was the first day of the August Revolution, when
the Vietnamese people rose up and in less than three weeks swept away
Japanese and French control and established the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam.</p>
<p>On September 2, Ho Chi Minh read Vietnam’s Declaration of
Independence to half a million Vietnamese people jam-packed before him
in Hanoi, the old capital of a new nation that had been fighting for its
independence for more than two thousand years. “‘All men are created
equal,’” he began. “‘They are endowed by the Creator with certain
inalienable Rights; among them are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of
Happiness.’ This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of
Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader
sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth,
all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free.”<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-7">[7]</a></sup>
Suddenly two warplanes appeared overhead. The crowd gazed up. They saw
two of those weird-looking P-38 Lightning fighter-bombers. When they
recognized the U.S. insignia on the planes, those half million people,
acting like a single being, let out an earthshaking cheer. Just as we
kids in the truck believed in America’s peaceful future, the Vietnamese
believed that we Americans were their friends and allies, that we would
be the champions of their freedom and independence from colonialism.</p>
<p>Little did they know that ten days earlier, on August 22, French
president Charles de Gaulle had flown to Washington, where the Truman
administration had agreed to finance, arm, transport, and sponsor a
French invasion designed to overthrow the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
and restore French colonial rule. This would be a joint French-American
project. The United States would not only supply the weapons and the
financing. It would also turn over to the French tens of thousands of
Nazi troops, including Waffen-SS units, many of whom would be forced
into the French Foreign Legion to be shock troops for invasion. A dozen
U.S. troopships would be diverted from bringing GIs home from Europe to
carrying the French invasion army—equipped with American weapons, tanks,
warplanes, and jeeps—to Vietnam.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-8">[8]</a></sup>
This was arguably the beginning of America’s Vietnam War. It was also,
as it turns out, the beginning of the American people’s movement against
that war.</p>
<p>British troops that had been sent to Saigon to disarm the remaining
Japanese forces had instead rearmed the Japanese, who had already been
disarmed by the Vietnamese. Soon the Japanese joined the British and
remnants of the French colonial forces to wage war against the newly
declared independent nation of Vietnam. What was left of the Japanese
air force, together with the British RAF, bombed and strafed any
concentrations of armed Vietnamese they could find.<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-9">[9]</a></sup> Japanese troops were deployed to control the Saigon waterfront and port facilities.</p>
<p>So when the U.S. troopships carrying the French invasion army arrived
in Saigon in the late fall of 1945, they were met by uniformed and
armed Japanese soldiers, who saluted them on the docks and commanded
machine guns on towers overlooking the U.S. ships. The sailors manning
the American flotilla were profoundly shocked and outraged. Every single
enlisted crewman on these ships signed petitions to Congress and the
president condemning the U.S. government for participating in
“imperialist policies” designed “to subjugate the native population of
Vietnam.”<sup><a id="gmail-post-126182-endnote-ref-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>Much of the essay is excerpted from Franklin’s book <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1978800916/counterpunchmaga">Crash Course: From the Good War to the Forever War</a>.</em></p>
<p><strong>Notes.</strong></p>
<p>1/ <NTX> James F. Schnabel, <em>United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction; The First Year </em>(Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1972), 8–11; Dean Rusk as told to Richard Rusk, <em>As I Saw It</em>
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 124. Rusk remembers the date of the
line drawing as August 14, but here as in many places in this book, his
memory is faulty. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>2/ Schnabel, <em>United States Army in the Korean War.</em> <a>↑</a></p>
<p>3/ Bruce Cumings, <em>The Korean War: A History </em>(New York:
Modern Library, 2011), 104–107. This widely available paperback is
essential reading with a fine updated introduction to Cumings’s
prodigious scholarship and cogent analysis, which have fundamentally
changed our (and certainly my) knowledge and understanding of the
history of Korea and the Korean War. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>4/ Central Intelligence Agency, “The Current Situation in Korea,” ORE
15-48, March 18, 1948. The nine-page report can be downloaded from the
CIA’s online library at <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000258335.pdf">https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000258335.pdf</a>. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>5/ See the excellent and well-documented account in Cumings, <em>The Korean War</em>, 110–146. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>6/ I. F. Stone, <em>The Hidden History of the Korean War </em>(New
York: Monthly Review Press, Second Modern Reader Paper Edition, 1971),
18. Originally published in 1952 after being rejected by twenty-eight
publishers at the height of the Red Scare, Stone’s volume, with its
priceless information and piercing analysis, remains an essential read
for anyone interested in the political history of the Korean War even
though subsequent scholarship has of course contradicted some of his
surmises. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>7/ Ho Chi Minh, <em>Selected Works</em>, 4 vols. (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960–1962), 3:17–21. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>8/ Michel Gillen, “Roots of Opposition: The Critical Response to U.S.
Indochina Policy, 1945–1954” (unpublished dissertation, New York
University, 1991), 106–107. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>9/ Archimedes L. A. Patti, <em>Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America’s Albatross</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 325. <a>↑</a></p>
<p>10/ Gillen, “Roots of Opposition,” 117–122. <a>↑</a></p>
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