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<h1 class="gmail-heading_font gmail-heading_weight gmail-clearboth"><font size="1"><a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/cec-journal-issue-7/tbd2?fbclid=IwAR2lL6R1k6FzjPmB456Nmw--Nxf-3OCeaz_vTv1DuiquYaN1gaIGEeGyMG0">https://scalar.usc.edu/works/cec-journal-issue-7/tbd2?fbclid=IwAR2lL6R1k6FzjPmB456Nmw--Nxf-3OCeaz_vTv1DuiquYaN1gaIGEeGyMG0</a></font></h1><h1 class="gmail-heading_font gmail-heading_weight gmail-clearboth">A History of Institutional Violence at the U.S. Border</h1><div class="gmail-description">by Dévora González (School of the Americas Watch) and Azadeh Shahshahani (Project South)</div><div class="gmail-description"><br></div>
When
it comes to the U.S. government, no one should confuse agency size for
the likelihood of accountability. For example, U.S. Border Patrol is the
Department of Homeland Security’s largest federal law enforcement
agency, yet has operated with little <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/12/border-patrol-history/">oversight and almost complete impunity</a>.
Nearly a century old, Border Patrol was created under the Department of
Labor in 1924 to enforce xenophobic laws. Rooted in systemic
oppression, the agency has fostered a <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/12/border-patrol-history/">culture of brutality</a> amongst its agents since its inception. It needs to be abolished.</div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><h3 class="gmail-heading_font gmail-heading_weight gmail-clearboth">History of Border Patrol</h3></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"> Border Patrol was created as a way to calm white supremacist fears and essentially became an agency that functioned as a <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/12/border-patrol-history/">“frontline instrument of race vigilantism.”</a>
Early agents were members of the Ku Klux Klan, Texas Rangers, or from
border town police departments. It was also created in response to
migration to the United States, which was controlled through a <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567407?seq=1">quota system that privileged Western European countries, while explicitly barring others, such as people from Asia</a>.
Where exceptions were made for non-white migrants, they were done in
service of capitalist interests. This includes Mexican migrants, who
were <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-crossing-the-us-mexico-border-became-a-crime-74604">excluded from the quota system so that Southwest businesses could continue to profit from their cheap labor</a>.
With the creation of the agency, and in order to control migration from
the South, ports of entry became required for entrance into the United
States. To legitimize ports of entry, <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-crossing-the-us-mexico-border-became-a-crime-74604">crossing from anywhere beside one was criminalized, thus creating the concept of “illegal” immigration to the United States</a>. This primarily impacted Mexican people, who were the source of cheap labor.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">Violence in the name of “border protection” has been <em>modus operandi</em>
for Border Patrol. People crossing over for work from Mexico were
subjected to literacy tests, entrance fees, and degrading hygienic
inspections to “prevent” the spread of disease. Furthermore, Border
Patrol Agents were known to <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/01/12/border-patrol-history/">“beat, [shoot], and [hang] migrants with regularity.”</a> From 1974-1989, in the California/Baja California border alone, <a href="https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1086&context=caldocs_joint_committees">44
people were injured or killed by Border Patrol or by the Border
Patrol/San Diego Police Department collaboration called Border Crime
Prevention Unit</a>.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">By
the 1980’s, migration from the South was not for obtaining employment,
but instead because of the urgency of fleeing from conditions created by
U.S. foreign policy and intervention. Central Americans were
significantly impacted by ongoing violence and economic hardships in
their countries — <a href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/11/shut-down-school-of-the-americas-whinsec-ice-border-patrol">the majority of which was exacerbated by U.S. intervention in the form of military training and financial backing</a> for
repressive regimes. In fact, human rights violations and genocide were
perpetrated by U.S.-trained dictators. High profile priests, entire
communities, and anyone challenging the state were brutally murdered and
disappeared by U.S.-trained militias. Those who survived were
displaced, only to become refugees in the United States. As numerous
countries were engaged in protracted conflict, migration to the U.S.,
rather than being temporary, became more permanent. Unfortunately,
non-white immigrants — such as Central Americans — <a href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/space-of-detention">entered and continue to exist in a political climate that remained highly unwelcoming to migrants</a>.<br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><div><blockquote><p style="text-align:center">...the true number of those who have disappeared crossing the U.S.-Mexico border will never truly be known.</p></blockquote></div>Intentionally
ignoring the consequences of U.S. intervention, Border Patrol continued
and continues to operate in a political vacuum that deems ongoing
presence in the borderlands and the development of for-profit detention
centers justifiable and —most problematically— necessary. <a href="https://grassrootsleadership.org/sites/default/files/uploads/GRL_Dirty_Thirty_formatted_for_web.pdf">CoreCivic (formally known as Corrections Corporation of America - CCA) was founded in 1983</a>
and entered its first contract with Immigration and Naturalization
Services (INS) in Houston to run the first private detention center that
same year. The <a href="https://nomoredeaths.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CultureOfCruelty-full.compressed.pdf">culture of cruelty</a>
in which Border Patrol has existed has expanded to for-profit detention
centers, migration policies, and militarization of the borderlands.
Border Patrol is rooted in xenophobic policies and continues to
dehumanize people while profiting off of those with the need to travel
North for economic or political reasons.</div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><h3 class="gmail-heading_font gmail-heading_weight gmail-clearboth">Prevention Through Deterrence</h3></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"> In 1994, Border Patrol implemented its <a href="https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=721845">Prevention Through Deterrence strategy</a>
in an attempt to control migration from unauthorized points of entry.
To do so, it created mortal danger so that people would be deterred from
crossing. For example, this strategy drastically increased the number
of Border Patrol agents in addition to creating checkpoints, towers, and
walls to weaponize natural landscapes. Moreover, this strategy has
worked alongside inhumane detention conditions, enhanced the corporate
industrial complex, and led to the enactment of policies such as <a href="https://tucson.com/news/local/operation-streamline-a-look-at-federal-prosecutions-of-illegal-border/article_e05f87db-cb58-50eb-a6d2-fd56eb1b9eab.html">Operation Streamline, which increased the criminalization of migration with no regard to the conditions causing people to flee</a>. In 2003, Border Patrol became part of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), taking on a counter-terrorism mission <a href="https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=457100">as it was reorganized</a>
into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), never addressing the
culture of brutality from which it stems, but instead thriving on it.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">The tactics implemented by Border Patrol as a result of the <a href="http://www.thedisappearedreport.org/">Prevention Through Deterrence strategy result in deaths and disappearances</a>. No More Deaths, a humanitarian aid organization in the Sonoran Desert, <a href="https://nomoredeaths.org/footage-of-border-patrol-vandalism-of-humanitarian-aid-2010-2017/">recorded footage from 2010-2017 of Border Patrol</a> slashing, dumping, and destroying gallons of water left for those crossing. The <a href="https://humaneborders.info/app/map.asp">leading cause of death for bodies found in the Sonoran Desert is exposure to the elements.</a>
Unfortunately, tracking the cause of death also reveals a depressing
reality — namely that the only evidence of migrants’ journeys to the
U.S. are skeletal remains. While there are sometimes clues as to how an
individual died, for many the cause of death remains undetermined. As a
result, the true number of those who have disappeared crossing the
U.S.-Mexico border will never truly be known.</div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><div><blockquote><p style="text-align:center">...the cruelty under which Border Patrol was created has never been dismantled.</p></blockquote></div>Since 2010, <a href="https://www.southernborder.org/deaths_by_border_patrol">102 people have died at the hands of Border Patrol</a> and <a href="http://www.thedisappearedreport.org/">thousands have disappeared</a>,
and yet no Border Patrol agent has ever been held accountable for
murder, even when these cases violate the sovereignty of another
nation-state. Sergio Adrián Hernández Güereca and José Antonio Elena
Rodríguez are two of six people killed on Mexican soil by agents located
on the US side of the border, establishing a disturbing precedent for
agents to act of their own accord by taking the lives of whomever they
want with impunity. Sergio Adrián Hernández Güereca was killed on June
7, 2010 while in Ciudad Juárez by Border Patrol Agent Jesus Mesa Jr. in
El Paso, Texas. There have not been any criminal charges filed against
Agent Mesa. Furthermore, earlier this year, the Supreme Court ruled that
the Hernández Güereca family does not have a right to press civil
charges as <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/02/25/cross-border-shooting-supreme-court-clears-border-patrol/4860246002/">"Hernández
did not have constitutional protection against unreasonable use of
deadly force under the Fourth Amendment, as well as due process rights
under the Fifth Amendment, because he was not in the USA."</a><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">One
of the most emblematic killings is that of José Antonio Elena
Rodríguez, who was fatally shot in the back 10 times through the border
wall by Agent Lonnie Swartz on October 10, 2012 while in his hometown of
Nogales, Sonora. <br></div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div><div class="gmail-body_copy">Swartz claimed that he was acting in self-defense, and
yet had the opportunity to reload his weapon to continue shooting at
the teenager who was already dead. <a href="https://tucson.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/border-agent-lonnie-swartz-wont-face-a-third-trial-in-deadly-shooting/article_9f7afee8-f9a1-11e8-a319-2726e598c923.html">Swartz faced trial twice</a>
in Tucson, AZ; during the first trial, he was found not guilty of
second-degree murder and faced a hung jury on the charges of voluntary
and involuntary manslaughter. During the second trial, he was acquitted
of involuntary manslaughter with a hung jury on voluntary manslaughter.
The case did not go to trial a third time. Seven years after his murder,
Elena Rodríguez’s mother Araceli Rodríguez and grandmother Taide Zojo
continue to seek justice. They are hoping to present their case to the
Supreme Court despite the alarming precedent set by the Hernández
Güereca case.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">The
human rights abuses by Border Patrol stem from the expanded
militarization of the borderlands and the increasing use of detention. <a href="http://www.guamap.net/uploads/4a9c982ea3914.pdf">Torturous
conditions in short-term facilities such as malnutrition, lack of
water, and lack of medical care, even imposed on pregnant women,</a> are prevalent and have worsened under the Trump administration. From December 2018 to May 2019, <a href="https://www.southernborder.org/deaths_by_border_patrol">five children have died in Border Patrol custody</a>.
Felipe Gómez Alonzo, an eight-year-old from Guatemala, died of
Influenza type B on December 23, 2018 in Border Patrol custody. He was
transported to a hospital in New Mexico where he was found to have a
103-degree fever. After being observed for 90 minutes, he went back to
Border Patrol custody and by the evening, he was <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/doctors-raise-questions-about-medical-care-received-guatemalan-boy-who-n952501">“vomiting,
nauseous and lethargic and lost consciousness during transport back to
the same hospital.... He was pronounced dead at 11:48 p.m.”</a> A few
months later, on May 19, 2019, Carlos Gregorio Hernández Vásquez, a
16-year-old who was also from Guatemala, died in South Texas at a Border
Patrol station because he had the flu and was not given adequate
medical attention even though his fever was at 103 degrees. A video from
the detention facility shows that he was <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/inside-the-cell-where-a-sick-16-year-old-boy-died-in-border-patrol-care">“writhing
for at least 25 minutes on the floor and on a concrete bench. It shows
him staggering to the toilet and collapsing on the floor, where he
remained in the same position for the next four and a half hours.”</a>
Gómez Alonzo and Hernández Vásquez are examples of how the cruelty under
which Border Patrol was created has never been dismantled. Instead it
has grown and kills without remorse with its policies and tactics,
directly and indirectly.</div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><div><blockquote><p style="text-align:center">...Border Patrol continues to thrive on their culture of cruelty while operating with an alarming level of impunity...<br></p></blockquote></div></div></div></span><span><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><h3 class="gmail-heading_font gmail-heading_weight gmail-clearboth">Border Patrol, COVID-19, and Black Lives Matter Protests</h3></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">
Border Patrol has made a practice of keeping people in inhumane
conditions: water is unavailable, the food makes them sick, the cells
are freezing and overcrowded, medical care is so insufficient that
children die in its custody, and <a href="https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2020.04.08%20DHS%20OIG%20Letter%20re%20CBP%20Mistreating%20Pregnant%20Detainees.pdf">pregnant women are mistreated and do not get adequate care</a>.
Now that we are in an era of a global pandemic that requires social
distancing, frequent handwashing, and use of masks in order to stay and
keep others safe, Border Patrol has “implemented the kind of rapid-fire
deportation system President Donald Trump has long extolled as his
preferred approach to immigration enforcement.” Before even being taken
into a Border Patrol station and <a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2020/03/30/coronavirus-crisis-hastens-undocumented-immigrants-sent-back-mexico/">without
any medical evaluation, migrants are expelled in an average of 96
minutes. Border Patrol deports about 85% of people it detains, and
criminalizes those who have prior deportations</a>. The rhetoric of
protecting borders from disease is once again part of Border Patrol’s
public narrative, now even barring children from the protections they
once received. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-immigration-migrant-children-protections-border/">“‘The
disease doesn't know age,’ Acting CBP Commissioner Mark Morgan told
reporters. ‘When [minors] come across the border, they pose an absolute,
concrete public health risk to this country and everybody they come in
contact with.’”</a> New immigration rules implemented on March 21, 2020 under the guise of the global health pandemic have led to <a href="https://apnews.com/7e9426532434bdda47f270a57d091c91">Border
Patrol expelling and detaining over 10,000 Mexican and Central American
asylum seekers without the ability to exercise their right to seek
refuge and asylum.</a> Under the Trump administration, decades of work
to protect migrant and refugee rights have been undone as Border Patrol
operates with unlimited and unchecked power, essentially functioning as a
paramilitary organization continuously violating human and civil
rights.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">Amidst COVID-19 —which disproportionately impacts people of color— large scale <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/29/21274364/george-floyd-minneapolis-uprising">Black Lives Matter protests</a>
have erupted in the United States and globally to end state-sanctioned
murder of Black people. The coldblooded lynching of George Floyd by <a href="https://abc7.com/what-to-know-about-officers-charged-in-george-floyd-death/6229951/">four Minneapolis Police officers</a>
on May 25, 2020, in addition to the murders of Tony McDade, Breonna
Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, Michael Lorenzo Dean, Atatiana Jefferson and so
many others, have sparked righteous rage against state violence that
serves to uphold white supremacy and capitalism again and again at the
cost of Black life. As protests gained strength and Minneapolis police
retreated, Trump tweeted: <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/5/29/21274754/racist-history-trump-when-the-looting-starts-the-shooting-starts">“when the looting starts, the shooting starts.”</a> Later that day, a CBP Predator drone, frequently used for surveillance in the borderlands to create a “<a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/16/18511583/smart-border-wall-drones-sensors-ai">technological
barrier made up of a patchwork of tools like drones and sensors to help
surveil and identify unauthorized individuals</a>,” flew over protesters in Minneapolis. According to a CBP spokesperson, the Predator drone was deployed <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/5/29/21274828/drone-minneapolis-protests-predator-surveillance-police">“to provide live video to aid in situational awareness at the request of our federal law enforcement partners in Minneapolis”</a>.
Not only is Border Patrol culpable for the murder of thousands of
individuals forced to flee their homelands and migrate North, it is also
aiding in the repression and violent murder of Black people in this
country.<br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper gmail-clearboth"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><div class="gmail-slot gmail-wrapped_slot gmail-right_slot" style="background-image:none"><div class="gmail-mediaelement gmail-caption_font" style="float:right;width:412px"><div class="gmail-mediaContainer" style="max-height:1012px"><div class="gmail-mediaObject" style="cursor: pointer;"><img alt="" style="margin-right: 25px;" src="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/cec-journal-issue-7/media/MM.PNG" width="457" height="456"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">On May 31st, Morgan <br></div><div class="gmail-body_copy">announced via Twitter, <a href="https://twitter.com/cbpmarkmorgan/status/1267149923893612544?s=21">“CBP
is currently deploying officers, agents and aviation assets across the
country at the request of our federal, state and local partners
confronting the lawless actions of rioters. CBP carries out its mission
nationwide, not just at the border, consistent with federal laws.”</a> By June 1st, Border Patrol was also present in <a href="https://twitter.com/cbpmarkmorgan/status/1267610381930901509?s=21">DC, Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit, El Paso, Miami, and San Diego</a>. American Civil Liberties Union’s senior legislative counsel Neema Singh Guliani responded: <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/05/29/us-border-patrol-denounced-rogue-agency-using-predator-drone-spy-minneapolis">“this
rogue agency's use of military technology to surveil protesters inside
U.S. borders is deeply disturbing, especially given CBP's lack of clear
and strong policies to protect privacy and constitutional rights....This
agency's use of drones over the city should be halted immediately.”</a><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy">Border
Patrol continues to abuse its power without accountability. It
continues to act in a way that dehumanizes and oppresses communities of
color, and it stays true to its white supremacist roots. These are
examples of why now, more than ever, it is time to dismantle the Border
Patrol.</div><div class="gmail-body_copy"><br></div></div><div class="gmail-paragraph_wrapper"><div class="gmail-body_copy"><strong>Dévora González is a field organizer with the <a target="_blank" href="https://soaw.org/home/">School of the Americas Watch</a>; she tweets <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/SOAWatch">@SOAWatch</a>. Azadeh Shahshahani is legal and advocacy director with <a target="_blank" href="https://projectsouth.org/">Project South</a> and a past president of the National Lawyers Guild. She tweets <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ashahshahani">@ashahshahani</a>.</strong></div></div></span>
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