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<h1 class="gmail-reader-title">Brazilian Indigenous Peoples Confront Double Threat of COVID-19 and Bolsonaro's Policies</h1>
<span class="gmail-post_author_intro">by</span> <span class="gmail-post_author"><a href="https://www.counterpunch.org/author/gleao0987/" rel="nofollow">Gabriel Leão</a></span> - May 14, 2020<br></div>
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<p>After six days of fighting for his life in an intensive care unit in a Amazonas state hospital, a <a href="https://g1.globo.com/rr/roraima/noticia/2020/04/10/morre-adolescente-yanomami-infectado-pelo-coronavirus-em-roraima.ghtml">15-year-old</a> Yanomami teenage boy <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/10/first-yanomami-covid-19-death-brazl-indigenous">died</a>
in April 9 from complications caused by the novel coronavirus. The
boy’s death sounded the alarm for Brazil’s Indigenous peoples who now
face the fear of the virus alongside the <a href="https://www.americas.org/new-reports-show-indigenous-leaders-land-defenders-environmental-journalists-risk-their-lives-to-save-the-amazon/">stress</a>
of increasing criminal activities by land grabbers, illegal loggers,
gold diggers, poachers, drug traffickers, hitmen and questionable
“guests” like missionaries and tourists in their lands. Add to that the
prospect of another potentially devasting dry season like last year’s,
which saw more than <a href="https://www.americas.org/fires-raging-in-the-rain-forest-add-to-environmental-economic-crisis-for-brazilian-government/">82,000 fires</a> destroy precious rainforest in the Brazilian Amazon.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-indigenous/after-smallpox-and-malaria-brazils-tribes-fear-coronavirus-is-next-lethal-import-idUSKBN21C1LK">Brazil</a>
has 850,000 Indigenous peoples distributed between 300 tribes. Their
reservations cover nearly 13% of the country’s territory. Access to
hygiene and medical services demands long journeys and the practices of
tribes commonly that reside in communal hamlets under huge thatched
structures make protocols for prevention such as social distancing
difficult.</p>
<p>Andrey Moreira Cardoso, a physician who specialized in epidemiology
and Indigenous peoples health from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, stated
to the <a href="https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/noticias/redacao/2020/05/02/covid-19-e-indigenas-os-desafios-no-combate-ao-novo-coronavirus.htm">UOL news site</a>:
“Limitations on the traditional lands available for the preservation of
Indigenous peoples, access to basic sanitation systems and
considerations such as the recurring infections, malnutrition, anemia
and the emergence of chronic illnesses make Indigenous populations even
more susceptible to the current pandemic”. Epidemiologists have long
noted that Indigenous peoples have a particular susceptiblility to
respiratory diseases.</p>
<p>Experts publishing in the scholarly magazine <a href="https://www.sciencemagazinedigital.org/sciencemagazine/17_april_2020/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1577677#articleId1577677">Science</a>
recently documented that the risks of the virus spreading are higher
than for populations with more services and closer to well-equipped
hospitals. Indigenous leaders warn that the incursions of outsiders
could bring disease and death to their peoples. Many Indigenous
communities have decided to put chains on the entrances to their lands.</p>
<p>In an interview to Americas Program, Indigenous leader <a href="https://twitter.com/dinamam">Dinamam Tuxá</a>, a member of the Tuxá People who mostly live in the state of Bahia in the northeast region and coordinator of the <a href="http://apib.info/">Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB)</a>,
stated that his people have been tracking the death of indigenous
peoples, given the underreporting or lack of reporting by the
government.</p>
<p>With obvious concern in his voice, he reported that an elderly Borari
woman recently died in Pará state, along with a male from the Umura
people in Manaus, capital city of the Amazonas state, both in northern
Brazil. Although the Brazilian state most hard-hit by the coronavirus
so far is São Paulo in the southeast, where the densely populated
capital city of São Paulo is located, that reegion also has some of the
most advanced medical facilities in Latin America. In the Northern
region, Amazonas is suffering the most and is least prepared to contend
with the pandemic.</p>
<p>Bolsonaro’s lax policies on the pandemic, including on frequent
occasions denying its seriousness, have faced heavy criticism at home
and abroad. On April 16 Bolsonaro <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52316150">fired his Minister of Health</a> <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52316150">Luiz Henrique Mandetta</a>
due to Mandetta’s insistence on social distancing and lockdown
measures. For Brazilians, particularly Indigenous, traditional and poor
people, things took a grim turn as the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/apr/29/coronavirus-live-news-brazil-deaths-exceed-known-china-toll-as-us-infections-pass-1-million">outside world</a> points to Brazil as among the nations with the worst response to the Covid-19 crisis.</p>
<p>An image making the rounds in the international press shows the “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/30/brazil-manaus-coronavirus-mass-graves?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">utter disaster</a>”
looming in Manaus state, as it fills mass graves with the victims of
the pandemic. The internationally renowned Brazilian photographer
Sebastiao Salgado published an <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/03/eve-of-genocide-brazil-urged-save-amazon-tribes-covid-19-sebastiao-salgado">open letter</a>
to President Jair Bolsonaro denouncing the situation titled “We are on
the eve of a genocide” and signed by famous artists, celebrities,
scientists and intellectuals.</p>
<p>Tuxá believes the Brazilian government is trying to hide the spread
of the virus from the Brazilian population, but especially among
Indigenous peoples. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-52481306?at_custom3=BBC+Brasil&at_custom2=facebook_page&at_custom4=2F051358-8A62-11EA-8CCF-1C09FDA12A29&at_campaign=64&at_medium=custom7&at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&fbclid=IwAR3yST48dv4TFhLc31o4OHWBGcb2-1Qk8It6CkZceccICLLAjWV3ptR6qUs">The Federal Prosecutor Office</a> has demanded information from the new Health Minister Nelson Teich on underreported cases of Covid-19 victims.The “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/30/brazil-manaus-coronavirus-mass-graves?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">utter disaster</a>” looming in Manaus state as it fills mass graves with the victims of the pandemic.</p>
<p><strong>Government Response Called “Genocidal”</strong></p>
<p>The governmental division responsible for the well-being of Indigenous peoples, Fundação Nacional do Índio (<a href="http://www.funai.gov.br/">FUNAI-</a>National
Indian Foundation), responded to an Americas Program request for
information by pointing to its programs to face the pandemic. These
include distributing information through its decentralized units made up
of 225 Local Technical Coordinators, 39 Regional Coordinators and 11
Stations for Ethnical-Environmental Protection. The Foundation uses
word-of-mouth, cell phone and social media messages, mostly in
Portuguese, to reach native Brazilians.</p>
<p>Governmental institutions have also been facilitating Indigenous
transportation from city to villages, delivering food and health items
including masks and gloves, while keeping track of the activities by the
Special Indigenous Sanitation Districts and the Special Secretary of
Indigenous Health.</p>
<p>FUNAI addresses Indigenous matters through the three branches of
political power in Brazil: Executive, Legislative and Judicial System.
However, the FUNAI, along with other governmental departments focused on
environment and human rights, have been <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment-ibama-exclusive/exclusive-as-fires-race-through-amazon-brazils-bolsonaro-weakens-environment-agency-idUSKCN1VI14I">mutilated</a> by deep financial cuts under the administration of <a href="https://www.americas.org/brazils-far-right-candidate-banks-on-fear-and-fundamentalism/">President Jair Bolsonaro. </a></p>
<p>Moreover, Bolsonaro has put in charge large-scale farmers and evangelicals, members of the caucus known as the “<a href="https://www.theweek.in/theweek/more/2019/01/11/bible-beef-and-bullet.html">Bible, beef and bullet</a>”
caucus. The political alliance, which now has considerable influence
over policies that affects indigenous peoples, also includes
representatives of the firearms industry.</p>
<p>“We, the Indigenous peoples, need to confront this situation. We’ve
always fought to empower FUNAI, but we saw at the beginning of the
pandemic how it changed policy to allow missionaries to come in,
especially among those in voluntary isolation who are the most
vulnerable. We cannot allow this to happen”, said Célia Xakriabá Akwē
from the Xakriabá tribe in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais. At
first, FUNAI attempted to contact isolated Indigenous groups, but after <a href="https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/matheus-leitao/post/2020/03/23/funai-recua-refaz-portaria-sobre-coronavirus-e-mantem-zero-contato-com-indios-isolados.ghtml">pressure</a>
from Indigenous leaders, human rights groups and federal prosecutors,
FUNAI on March 23 forbid all contact with isolated Indigenous peoples as
they requested for their own protection.</p>
<p>Tuxá and other indigenous leaders indicate that governmental actions will not protect their peoples. In a <a href="https://amazonwatch.org/news/2020/0420-indigenous-peoples-across-the-amazon-issue-demands-in-response-to-coronavirus-pandemic">press release</a>
Nara Baré, coordinator of the Indigenous Organizations from Brazilian
Amazon (COIAB), stated: “Since Jair Bolsonaro took office, our
Indigenous lands are increasingly threatened by predatory economic
activities that threaten the integrity of our ancestral territories and
the natural resources essential for our survival. With the Covid-19
crisis, the illegal activities of miners, loggers, missionaries, drug
traffickers and other invaders pose an even greater threat, because they
can bring the virus to our territories and communities. For this
reason, we demand that this economic activity in our territories be
stopped immediately, thus guaranteeing the protection of all our
children, women, men, young people, wise elders, and our relatives in
voluntary isolation.”</p>
<p>Tuxá recalled ancient times and compared it to the present crisis.
“Today we are experiencing a phenomenon very similar to what happened
during the ‘discovery’, in fact, i<em>nvasion,</em> of Brazil.” He noted
that when the Portuguese conquerors arrived, the original peoples
didn’t have immunity for the novel diseases they brought with them like
smallpox. After the “Discovery of America”, malaria, measles and
influenza struck native peoples, brought by gold miners, settlers and
rubber tappers.</p>
<p>In the 20<sup>th</sup> century government highway construction
brought more fatal diseases. “In a second stage, with the so-called
development implanted by the 1960’s dictatorship, they used many
instruments such as clothes impregnated with<a href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2014-10/comissao-da-verdade-reconhece-violencia-da-ditadura-contra-povos-indigenas"> smallpox</a>
and many other transmissible diseases through virus. These were
introduced in Indigenous territory with the aim of decimating the native
people”, Tuxá said.</p>
<p>During the dictatorship (1964-1985) military personal <a href="https://intercontinentalcry.org/military-personnel-trained-by-the-cia-used-napalm-against-indigenous-people-in-brazil-25998/">trained</a>
by the US government’s CIA targeted indigenous Brazil’s indigenous
peoples, carrying out massacres, land grabs, enforced removal from
territories. They forced many into prisons, tortured, carried out <a href="https://www.ufmg.br/brasildoc/temas/5-ditadura-militar-e-populacoes-indigenas/">human hunting games</a>, and spreading infectious diseases. At least <a href="https://amazoniareal.com.br/comissao-da-verdade-ao-menos-83-mil-indios-foram-mortos-na-ditadura-militar/">8,300</a> Indigenous Brazilians were killed during this period.</p>
<p>One of the cruelest acts perpetrated by the army happened when airplanes rained <a href="https://truthout.org/articles/military-personnel-trained-by-the-cia-used-napalm-against-indigenous-people-in-brazil/">napalm</a>
on natives to use their territories to enlarge Brazilian roads. Napalm
was used during World War II and the Vietnam war, but the native peoples
weren’t armed, nor did they have armies. Bolsonaro is a staunch
defender of the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/30/bolsonaro-tells-students-to-read-book-by-dictatorship-era-torturer">Brazilian dictatorship</a> and an espoused admirer of <a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/05/04/brazil-bolsonaro-military-coup/">American</a> military methods.</p>
<p>When asked if such a tragic scenario could be repeated, Jonathan
Mazower of Survival International responded, “Sadly, it’s definitely
possible, and quite likely. There are many tribes with large numbers of
outsiders on their land”. He stated that these forces have been
empowered by <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-indigenous/emboldened-by-bolsonaro-armed-invaders-encroach-on-brazils-tribal-lands-idUSKCN1QK0BG">Bolsonaro’s election</a>,
increasing their activity since 2019 and accelerating a new phase of
Indigenous genocide that the activist noted is rarely portrayed in
media.</p>
<p>Indigenous leaders and Human Rights activists believe that the dead
Yanomami teenager was exposed to the Coronavirus by illegal miners. “It
was probably brought in by illegal miners, of which are 25,000 in
Yanomami territory,” stated Christian Poirier, director of the
U.S.-based Amazon Watch. “There are only 26,000 Yanomami people still
living within their territory, to give you a sense of scale of the land
invasion here and the threat it represents for this people,” he added.</p>
<p>Xakriabá Akwē sees Bolsonaro as the Indigenous peoples’ main enemy
and further accuses the state governor, Romeu Zema, a political ally of
Bolsonaro, of not recognizing the plight of her people.</p>
<p>“I can say that we are two-time orphans of both the Federal and
regional power. Zema, along with seven other (governors) didn’t question
Bolsonaro while he was taking part in <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazil-president-takes-selfies-cheers-demonstrators-despite-virus-warnings-idUSKBN21218W">public rallies during weekends </a>in
the midst of the pandemic, openly defying social isolation despite
what’s going on, and disobeying the recommendations from World Health
Organization”, said Xakriabá Akwē in a phone interview to Americas
Program. She dubbed the president’s actions “a genocidal process
putting peoples’ lives at risk”.</p>
<p>“For the Indigenous peoples in Brazil, we need to denounce the
government for justifying the extermination of Indigenous lives as
casualties of disease. The State is responsible from the moment it fails
to establish contingency measures and carry them out, because, for
example, there is infrastructure in the city centers but there is no
campaign for hospitals focused on Indigenous issues even though 300
Indigenous peoples reside in Brazil, besides the isolated groups. So
it’s important that government measures be taken or denounced now
because we are marching toward a moment that already took place in
history”, Xakriabá Akwē added.</p>
<p><strong>Coloonization in Times of Pandemic<br>
</strong></p>
<p>Mazower said that encroachment on Indigenous resources have stepped
up since the pandemic hit. “There are many reports from Brazil that
loggers, goldminers and others are taking advantage of the lockdown to
increase their activities. There was already clear evidence that such
illegal activities had been <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/05/world/americas/amazon-fires-bolsonaro-photos.html">increasing</a>
in recent months anyway, as they feel emboldened by President
Bolsonaro’s rhetoric. His cuts to FUNAI, the Indigenous Affairs
Department, and environmental monitoring teams mean they can
increasingly act with impunity”.</p>
<p>He stated that the Brazilian president has an end goal of eliminating Indigenous people and opening up their territories to <a href="https://www.americas.org/as-bolsonaro-and-trump-target-the-amazon-indigenous-peoples-seek-to-unite-to-defend-the-earth/">exploitation</a>
by national and international industrial and farming interests. “Those
policies were in place before Covid-19, and will almost certainly
continue afterwards”.</p>
<p>On Feb. 2 Bolsonaro named the theologist and anthropologist <a href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-51319113">Ricardo Lopes Dias</a>
as General Coordinator for Isolated and Recently Contacted Indigenous
Peoples at FUNAI. The appointee is a former member of the Brazilian arm
of the American evangelical group Ethnos360, called locally New Tribes
Mission Brazil. As stated in Ehtnos360 official site: <a href="https://ethnos360.org/about">“By
unflinching determination we hazard our lives and gamble all for Christ
until we have reached the last tribe regardless of where that tribe
might be”</a>. The organization states that “of the world’s 6.500 people
groups, 2.500 are still unreached. Ethnos360, founded in 1942 as New
Tribes Mission, helps local churches train, coordinate and send
missionaries to these peoples”.</p>
<p>For Célia Xakriabá Akwē, Lopes Dias represents a continuation of the
violent historical processes of colonization and religious conversion.
She notes that the <em>Bible, Beef and Bullet Caucus </em>now wields
considerable influence in local, state and national government and warns
that they are longtime “enemies of Indigenous peoples as they try to
usurp what was left us from the extermination”.</p>
<p>For Tuxá, FUNAI is being completely undermined by the Lopes Dias
appointment and through the efforts of others on the inside “without
technical knowledge and with ties to evangelical groups pushing forward
an evangelization process of Indigenous peoples”.</p>
<p>Asked directly by Americas Program if FUNAI was following a strategy
to open up Brazilian Indigenous peoples for evangelization, the
institution responded tersely through a press office email: “Within
FUNAI there is no plan to evangelize Brazilian Indigenous peoples”. The
reply did not address the degree to which the agency would or would not
promote outside evangelization.</p>
<p><strong>“Deep Connections”</strong></p>
<p>Recently Indigenous people won an unexpected <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/waimiri-atroari-right-of-reply-bolsonaro-racist-invective/">right to reply</a> to Bolsonaro’s racist claims. In an unprecedented decision, Federal judge <a href="https://www.mpf.mp.br/am/sala-de-imprensa/docs/decisao-direito-de-resposta-waimiri">Raffaela Cássia de Sousa</a>
granted the Kinja indigenous people the right to reply to racist
invective, a legal move that experts position as a new chapter in the
fight against Bolsonaro’s racist portrayals of Indigenous peoples.</p>
<p>“Bolsonaro in a very racist discourse says that Indigenous peoples
aren’t willing to evolve, but in fact we are cautious of any sort of ’<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-indigenous/brazils-indigenous-to-sue-bolsonaro-for-saying-theyre-evolving-idUSKBN1ZN1TD">evolution</a>’ coming from an anti-humanitarian government”, Xakriabá Akwē said.</p>
<p>A 2011<a href="https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/7870"> study</a> by the World Bank, an institution that has <a href="https://www.icij.org/investigations/world-bank/how-world-bank-broke-its-promise-protect-poor/">frequently violated indigenous rights</a>,
was forced to conclude that Indigenous peoples are the most effective
environmental factor in conservation. Now that Bolsonaro has increased
pressures to <a href="https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2020/04/29/coronavirus-amazon-deforestation-bolsonaro-brazil-weakens-indigenous-environmental-safeguards/">dismantle environmental protection</a> efforts in Brazil under the pretext of the pandemic, the defense of the nation’s indigenous peoples is critical.</p>
<p>“This pandemic has risen in a context very tied to capitalism and the
powerful nations’ imposition of economic measures and this disease is
closely linked to climate changes”, Tuxá said. “The coronavirus has
revealed the very visible fragility of poor and/or authoritarian
countries such as Brazil, where authoritarian presidents without
technical knowledge try to upset science while dealing with the crisis
in their own way”.</p>
<p>Amazon Watch’s Poirier said that Brazil’s Indigenous peoples will be
vital in a new scenario as guardians of the environment, with the
responsibility of leading the fight against global warming. Indigenous
peoples also possess important knowledge that could save lives. “Their
traditional knowledge may hold the key to cure this virus and other
incoming pandemics through the years”, he said.</p>
<p>Xakriabá Akwē, who holds a Masters in “Sustainability Linked to
Peoples and Traditional Lands” from the University of Brasilia, argues
for “the transmission of knowledge, and science bred in the womb of the
territory”. “There is a deep connection that isn’t taught in schools,
but the land has always existed with its wisdom”. In addition to closing
off lands to outsiders, indigenous measures to confront the virus
include the use of traditional plant medicines and philosophy.</p>
<p>The Indigenous scholar described how native peoples are finding new
forms of prevention and psychological healing, with an emphasis on
returning to tribal knowledge and inner resources. In Brazil, the month
of April is known as “<a href="http://apib.info/2020/04/14/participe-do-abril-vermelho/">Red April</a>” to celebrate and honor their heritage of tradition and survival.</p>
<p>“This is Indigenous April, Red April, and to better understand this
deep history, remember that before people encountered the Green and
Yellow Brazil, Brazil was Red. It started with the brazilwood (<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10520295.2015.1021381?journalCode=ibih20"><em>Paubrasilia echinata</em></a>)
and its seed, which is red. Today people are rethinking Indigenous
identity a lot, and our cultural transformation, which also had and
still has to deal with violence”, Xakriabá Akwē said.</p>
<p>For the Xakriabá Akwē leader, “staying home” may be something very
difficult for others, but for natives it has always been their struggle:
“The right to stay home, to keep our territory. However, every time we
fight for this right, we are stripped of our homes and land.”</p>
<p>The Articulation of Indigenous Peoples carried out in-depth
consultations with Indigenous healthcare specialists and developed the
following urgent action points to help protect indigenous communities
from the spread of Covid-19:</p>
<blockquote><p>1) Coordination between all state and municipal health
secretariats and indigenous health agencies in order to guarantee access
to information on the epidemiological situation and the actions being
carried out in each indigenous territory and village, and among
indigenous populations in urban areas;</p>
<p>2) Guarantee that emergency plans for the care of critically ill
patients in the states and municipalities include the indigenous
population, making explicit plans for transporting indigenous patients
and responding to requests for assistance in a timely manner, in
conjunction with indigenous health agencies;</p>
<p>3) Coordination among health secretariats, social assistance
agencies, and other social policies to enable the isolation and
quarantine of indigenous people in transit who are returning to their
territories and need to take these preventive measures before their
entry, or in the case of suspected infections or confirmed cases of
coronavirus within communities;</p>
<p>4) Provision of rapid tests for Covid-19 to all Special Indigenous
Sanitary Districts to screen the entry of indigenous people from urban
centers who seek to return to their territories. Tests must be
prioritized to control entry and exit in indigenous territories to
ensure that the virus does not spread widely among this population;</p>
<p>5) Inclusion of indigenous populations as a priority group in speeding up the provision of the annual flu vaccine;</p>
<p>6) Guarantee of stocks and provision of Personal Protective Equipment
(PPEs) for indigenous healthcare workers, and suspected and confirmed
cases and their family members who accompany them;</p>
<p>7) For the duration of this health crisis, ensure the supply of
medicines indicated for the groups most at risk of complications from
the coronavirus, which in this case includes indigenous peoples,
according to protocols from the Ministry of Health;</p>
<p>8) Support Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts (DSEI) for training
health professionals to deal with and monitor the coronavirus, since in
indigenous territories access to on-line communication is often
insufficient or non-existent;</p>
<p>9) Provision of hygiene materials and PPEs for all Indigenous Health
Centers for patients, their caretakers, and health professionals;</p>
<p>10) Include indigenous organizations that are members of APIB in
planning and emergency meetings in each state to ensure that the
specific needs and realities of indigenous peoples are addressed.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>For more information and to support efforts: </strong></p>
<p><strong>APIB – Indigenous Peoples Articulation </strong></p>
<p>Official site – <a href="http://apib.info/">http://apib.info/</a></p>
<p>Donations – <a href="http://apib.info/2819-2/">http://apib.info/2819-2/</a></p>
<p><strong>Amazon Watch</strong></p>
<p>Official site – <a href="https://amazonwatch.org/">https://amazonwatch.org/</a></p>
<p><strong>Survival International </strong></p>
<p>Official site – <a href="https://www.survivalinternational.org/">https://www.survivalinternational.org/</a></p>
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