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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><font size="1"><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/2020/03/27/covid-19-and-circuits-of-capital/">https://monthlyreview.org/2020/03/27/covid-19-and-circuits-of-capital/</a></font> <span></span></span></p><b><span style="font-size:24pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">COVID-19 and Circuits of Capital<span></span></span></b>

<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Coronavirus_COVID-19_virus.jpg" title=""COVID-19 and Circuits of Capital"" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";text-decoration:none"><span><img alt="SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19" width="300" height="300" border="0"></span></span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">March 28, 2020<span></span></span></p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span></span></span>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Rob Wallace is an evolutionary
epidemiologist who has consulted with the Food and Agriculture Organization and
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alex Liebman is a PhD student in
human geography at Rutgers University, with a MSc in agronomy from the
University of Minnesota. Luis Fernando Chaves is a disease ecologist and was a
Senior Researcher at the Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on
Nutrition and Health in Tres Rios, Costa Rica. Rodrick Wallace is a research
scientist in the Division of Epidemiology of the New York State Psychiatric
Institute at Columbia University.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">They appreciate perspicacious
comments from Kenichi Okamoto.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Calculation<span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">COVID-19, the illness caused by
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the second severe acute respiratory syndrome virus
since 2002, is now officially a pandemic. As of late March, whole cities are
sheltered in place and, one by one, hospitals are lighting up in medical
gridlock brought about by surges in patients.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">China, its initial outbreak in
contraction, presently breathes easier.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹</a>
South Korea and Singapore as well. Europe, especially Italy and Spain, but increasingly
other countries, already bends under the weight of deaths still early in the
outbreak. Latin America and Africa are only now beginning to accumulate cases,
some countries preparing better than others. In the United States, a bellwether
if only as the richest country in the history of the world, the near future
looks bleak. The outbreak is not slated to peak stateside until May and already
health care workers and hospital visitors are fist fighting over access to the
dwindling supply of personal protection equipment.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²</a>
Nurses, to whom the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) has
appallingly recommended using bandanas and scarves as masks, have already
declared that “the system is doomed.”<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The U.S. administration meanwhile
continues to outbid individual states for basic medical equipment that it
refused to purchase for them in the first place. It has also announced a border
crackdown as a public health intervention while the virus rages on ill-addressed
inside the country.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">An epidemiology team at Imperial
College projected that the best campaign in <i>mitigation</i>—flattening the
plotted curve of accumulating cases by quarantining detected cases and socially
distancing the elderly—would still leave the United States with 1.1 million
dead and a case burden eight times the country’s total critical care beds.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵</a>
Disease <i>suppression</i>, looking to end the outbreak, would take public
health further into a China-style case (and family member) quarantine and community-wide
distancing, including closing down institutions. That would bring the United
States down to a projected range of around 200,000 deaths.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Imperial College group estimates
a successful campaign in suppression would have to be pursued for at least
eighteen months, carrying an overhead in economic contraction and decay in
community services. The team proposed balancing the demands of disease control
and economy by toggling in and out of community quarantine, as triggered by a
set level of critical care beds filled.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Other modelers have pushed back. A
group led by Nassim Taleb of <i>Black Swan</i> fame declares the Imperial
College model fails to include contact tracing and door-to-door monitoring.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶</a>
Their counterpoint misses that the outbreak has broken past many governments’
willingness to engage that kind of <i>cordon sanitaire</i>. It will not be
until the outbreak begins its decline when many countries will view such
measures, hopefully with a functional and accurate test, as appropriate. As one
droll put it: “Coronavirus is too radical. America needs a more moderate virus
that we can respond to incrementally.”<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Taleb group notes the Imperial
team’s refusal to investigate under what conditions the virus can be driven to
extinction. Such extirpation does not mean zero cases, but enough isolation
that single cases are not likely to produce new chains of infection. Only 5
percent of susceptibles in contact with a case in China were subsequently
infected. In effect, the Taleb team favors China’s suppression program, going
all out fast enough to drive the outbreak to extinction without getting into a
marathon dance toggling between disease control and ensuring the economy no
labor shortage. In other words, China’s strict (and resource-intensive)
approach frees its population from the months-long—or even
years-long—sequestration in which the Imperial team recommends other countries
partake.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Mathematical epidemiologist Rodrick
Wallace, one of us, overturns the modeling table entirely. Modeling
emergencies, however necessary, miss when and where to begin. Structural causes
are as much part of the emergency. Including them helps us figure out how best
to respond moving forward beyond just restarting the economy that produced the
damage. “If firefighters are given sufficient resources,” writes Wallace,<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">under normal conditions, most fires,
most often, can be contained with minimal casualties and property destruction.
However, that containment is critically dependent on a far less romantic, but
no less heroic enterprise, the persistent, ongoing, regulatory efforts that
limit building hazard through code development and enforcement, and that also
ensure firefighting, sanitation, and building preservation resources are supplied
to all at needed levels.…<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Context counts for pandemic
infection, and current political structures that allow multinational
agricultural enterprises to privatize profits while externalizing and
socializing costs, must become subject to “code enforcement” that
reinternalizes those costs if truly mass-fatal pandemic disease is to be
avoided in the near future.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁸</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The failure to prepare for and react
to the outbreak did not just start in December when countries around the world
failed to respond once COVID-19 spilled out of Wuhan. In the United States, for
instance, it did not start when Donald Trump dismantled his national security
team’s pandemic preparation team or left seven hundred CDC positions unfilled.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁹</a>
Nor did it start when feds failed to act on the results of a 2017 pandemic
simulation showing the country was unprepared.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁰</a>
Nor when, as stated in a <i>Reuters</i> headline, the United States “axed CDC
expert job in China months before virus outbreak,” although missing the early
direct contact from a U.S. expert on the ground in China certainly weakened the
U.S. response. Nor did it start with the unfortunate decision not to use the
already available test kits provided by the World Health Organization.
Together, the delays in early information and total miss in testing will
undoubtedly be responsible for many, probably thousands, of lost lives.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹¹</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The failures were actually
programmed decades ago as the shared commons of public health were
simultaneously neglected and monetized.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹²</a>
A country captured by a regimen of individualized, just-in-time epidemiology—an
utter contradiction—with barely enough hospital beds and equipment for normal
operations, is by definition unable to marshal the resources necessary to
pursue a China brand of suppression.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Following up the Taleb team’s point
about model strategies in more explicitly political terms, disease ecologist
Luis Fernando Chaves, another coauthor of this article, references dialectical
biologists Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin to concur that “letting the
numbers speak” only masks all the assumptions folded in beforehand.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹³</a>
Models such as the Imperial study explicitly limit the scope of analysis to
narrowly tailored questions framed within the dominant social order. By design,
they fail to capture the broader market forces driving outbreaks and the
political decisions underlying interventions.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Consciously or not, the resulting
projections set securing health for all in second place, including the many
thousands of the most vulnerable who would be killed should a country toggle
between disease control and the economy. The Foucaultian vision of a state
acting on a population in its own interests only represents an update, albeit a
more benign one, of the Malthusian push for herd immunity that Britain’s Tory
government and now the Netherlands proposed—letting the virus burn through the
population unimpeded.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁴</a>
There is little evidence beyond an ideological hope that herd immunity would
guarantee stopping the outbreak. The virus may readily evolve out from
underneath the population’s immune blanket.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Intervention<span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">What should be done instead? First,
we need to grasp that, in responding to the emergency the right way, we will
still be engaging in both necessity and danger.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We need to nationalize hospitals as
Spain did in response to the outbreak.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁵</a>
We need to supercharge testing in volume and turnaround as Senegal has.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁶</a>
We need to socialize pharmaceuticals.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁷</a>
We need to enforce maximum protections for medical staff to slow staff decay.
We must secure the right to repair for ventilators and other medical machinery.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁸</a>
We need to start mass-producing cocktails of antivirals such as remdesivir and
old-school antimalarial chloroquine (and any other drugs that appear promising)
while we conduct clinical trials testing whether they work beyond the
laboratory.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">¹⁹</a>
A planning system should be implemented to (1) force companies to produce the
needed ventilators and personal protection equipment required by health care
workers and (2) prioritize allocation to places with the greatest needs.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We must establish a massive pandemic
corps to provide the work force—from research to care—that approaches the order
of demand the virus (and any other pathogen to come) is placing on us. Match
the caseload with the number of critical care beds, staffing, and equipment necessary
so that suppression can bridge the present numbers gap. In other words, we
cannot accept the idea of merely surviving COVID-19’s ongoing air attack only
to return later to contact tracing and case isolation to drive the outbreak
below its threshold. We must hire enough people to identify COVID-19
home-by-home right now and equip them with the needed protective gear, such as
adequate masks. Along the way, we need to suspend a society organized around
expropriation, from landlords up through sanctions on other countries, so that
people can survive both the disease and its cure.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Until such a program can be
implemented, however, the greater populace is left largely abandoned. Even as
continued pressure must be brought to bear on recalcitrant governments, in the
spirit of a largely lost tradition in proletarian organizing going back 150
years, everyday people who are able should join emerging mutual aid groups and
neighborhood brigades.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁰</a>
Professional public health staff that unions can spare should train these
groups to keep acts of kindness from spreading the virus.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The insistence that we fold the
virus’s structural origins into emergency planning offers us a key to parlaying
every step forward into protecting people before profits.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">One of many perils lies in
normalizing the “batshit crazy” presently underway, a serendipitous
characterization given the syndrome that patients suffer—proverbial bat shit in
the lungs. We need to retain the shock we received when we learned another SARS
virus emerged out of its wildlife refugia and in a matter of eight weeks
splattered itself across humanity.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²¹</a>
The virus emerged at one terminus of a regional supply line in exotic foods,
successfully setting off a human-to-human chain of infections at the other end
in Wuhan, China.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²²</a>
>From there, the outbreak both diffused locally and hopped onto planes and
trains, spreading out across the globe through a web structured by travel
connections and down a hierarchy from larger to smaller cities.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²³</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Other than describing the wild food
market in the typical orientalism, little effort has been expended on the most
obvious of questions. How did the exotic food sector arrive at a standing where
it could sell its wares alongside more traditional livestock in the largest
market in Wuhan? The animals were not being sold off the back of a truck or in
an alleyway. Think of the permits and payments (and deregulation thereof)
involved.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁴</a>
Well beyond fisheries, worldwide wild food is an increasingly formalized
sector, evermore capitalized by the same sources backing industrial production.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁵</a>
Although nowhere near similar in the magnitude of output, the distinction is
now more opaque.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The overlapping economic geography
extends back from the Wuhan market to the hinterlands where exotic and
traditional foods are raised by operations bordering the edge of a contracting
wilderness.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁶</a>
As industrial production encroaches on the last of the forest, wild food
operations must cut farther in to raise their delicacies or raid the last
stands. As a result, the most exotic of pathogens, in this case bat-hosted
SARS-2, find their way onto a truck, whether in food animals or the labor
tending them, shotgun from one end of a lengthening periurban circuit to the
other before hitting the world stage.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁷</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Infiltration<span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The connection bears elaboration, as
much in helping us plan forward during this outbreak as in understanding how
humanity maneuvered itself into such a trap.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Some pathogens emerge right out of
centers of production. Foodborne bacteria such as <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Campylobacter</i>
come to mind. But many like COVID-19 originate on the frontiers of capital
production. Indeed, at least 60 percent of novel human pathogens emerge by
spilling over from wild animals to local human communities (before the more
successful ones spread to the rest of the world).<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁸</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A number of luminaries in the field
of ecohealth, some funded in part by Colgate-Palmolive and Johnson &
Johnson, companies driving the bleeding edge of agribusiness-led deforestation,
produced a global map based on previous outbreaks back to 1940 intimating where
new pathogens are likely to emerge moving forward.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">²⁹</a>
The warmer the color on the map, the more likely a new pathogen should emerge
there. But in confusing such <i>absolute geographies</i>, the team’s map—red
hot in China, India, Indonesia, and parts of Latin America and Africa—missed a
critical point. Focusing on outbreak zones ignores the relations shared by
global economic actors that shape epidemiologies.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁰</a>
The capital interests backing development- and production-induced changes in
land use and disease emergence in underdeveloped parts of the globe reward
efforts that pin responsibility for outbreaks on indigenous populations and
their so-deemed “dirty” cultural practices.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³¹</a>
Prepping bushmeat and home burials are two practices blamed for the emergence
of new pathogens. Plotting <i>relational geographies</i>, in contrast, suddenly
turns New York, London, and Hong Kong, key sources of global capital, into
three of the world’s worst hotspots instead.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Outbreak zones meanwhile are no
longer even organized under traditional polities. Unequal ecological
exchange—redirecting the worst damage from industrial agriculture to the Global
South—has moved out of solely stripping localities of resources by state-led
imperialism and into new complexes across scale and commodity.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³²</a>
Agribusiness is reconfiguring their extractivist operations into spatially
discontinuous networks across territories of differing scales.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³³</a>
A series of multinational-based “Soybean Republics,” for instance, now range
across Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. The new geography is embodied
by changes in company management structure, capitalization, subcontracting,
supply chain substitutions, leasing, and transnational land pooling.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁴</a>
In straddling national borders, these “commodity countries,” flexibly embedded
across ecologies and political borders, are producing new epidemiologies along
the way.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁵</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">For instance, despite a general
shift in population from commoditized rural areas to urban slums that continues
today across the globe, the rural-urban divide driving much of the discussion
around disease emergence misses rural-destined labor and the rapid growth of
rural towns into periurban <i>desakotas</i> (city villages) or <i>zwischenstadt</i>
(in-between cities). Mike Davis and others have identified how these newly
urbanizing landscapes act as both local markets and regional hubs for global
agricultural commodities passing through.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁶</a>
Some such regions have even gone “post-agricultural.”<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁷</a>
As a result, forest disease dynamics, the pathogens’ primeval sources, are no
longer constrained to the hinterlands alone. Their associated epidemiologies
have themselves turned relational, felt across time and space. A SARS can
suddenly find itself spilling over into humans in the big city only a few days
out of its bat cave.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Ecosystems in which such “wild”
viruses were in part controlled by the complexities of the tropical forest are
being drastically streamlined by capital-led deforestation and, at the other
end of periurban development, by deficits in public health and environmental
sanitation.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁸</a>
While many sylvatic pathogens are dying off with their host species as a
result, a subset of infections that once burned out relatively quickly in the
forest, if only by an irregular rate of encountering their typical host
species, are now propagating across susceptible human populations whose
vulnerability to infection is often exacerbated in cities by austerity programs
and corrupted regulation. Even in the face of efficacious vaccines, the
resulting outbreaks are characterized by greater extent, duration, and
momentum. What were once local spillovers are now epidemics trawling their way
through global webs of travel and trade.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">³⁹</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">By this parallax effect—by a change
in the environmental background alone—old standards such as Ebola, Zika,
malaria, and yellow fever, evolving comparatively little, have all made sharp
turns into regional threats.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁰</a>
They have suddenly moved from spilling over into remote villagers now and again
to infecting thousands in capital cities. In something of the other ecological
direction, even wild animals, routinely longtime disease reservoirs, are
suffering blowback. Their populations fragmented by deforestation, native New
World monkeys susceptible to wildtype yellow fever, to which they had been
exposed for at least a hundred years, are losing their herd immunity and dying
in the hundreds of thousands.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴¹</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Expansion<span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If by its global expansion alone,
commodity agriculture serves as both propulsion for and nexus through which
pathogens of diverse origins migrate from the most remote reservoirs to the
most international of population centers.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴²</a>
It is here, and along the way, where novel pathogens infiltrate agriculture’s
gated communities. The lengthier the associated supply chains and the greater
the extent of adjunct deforestation, the more diverse (and exotic) the zoonotic
pathogens that enter the food chain. Among recent emergent and reemergent farm
and foodborne pathogens, originating from across the anthropogenic domain, are
African swine fever, <i>Campylobacter</i>, <i>Cryptosporidium</i>, <i>Cyclospora</i>,
Ebola Reston, <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7, foot-and-mouth disease, hepatitis E, <i>Listeria</i>,
Nipah virus, Q fever, <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Vibrio</i>, <i>Yersinia</i>, and a
variety of novel influenza variants, including H1N1 (2009), H1N2v, H3N2v, H5N1,
H5N2, H5Nx, H6N1, H7N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴³</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">However unintended, the entirety of
the production line is organized around practices that accelerate the evolution
of pathogen virulence and subsequent transmission.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁴</a>
Growing genetic monocultures—food animals and plants with nearly identical
genomes—removes immune firebreaks that in more diverse populations slow down
transmission.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁵</a>
Pathogens now can just quickly evolve around the commonplace host immune
genotypes. Meanwhile, crowded conditions depress immune response.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁶</a>
Larger farm animal population sizes and densities of factory farms facilitate
greater transmission and recurrent infection.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁷</a>
High throughput, a part of any industrial production, provides a continually
renewed supply of susceptibles at barn, farm, and regional levels, removing the
cap on the evolution of pathogen deadliness.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁸</a>
Housing a lot of animals together rewards those strains that can burn through
them best. Decreasing the age of slaughter—to six weeks in chickens—is likely
to select for pathogens able to survive more robust immune systems.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁴⁹</a>
Lengthening the geographic extent of live animal trade and export has increased
the diversity of genomic segments that their associated pathogens exchange,
increasing the rate at which disease agents explore their evolutionary
possibilities.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁰</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">While pathogen evolution rockets
forward in all these ways, there is, however, little to no intervention, even
at the industry’s own demand, save what is required to rescue any one quarter’s
fiscal margins from the sudden emergency of an outbreak.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵¹</a>
The trend tends toward fewer government inspections of farms and processing
plants, legislation <i>against</i> government surveillance and activist exposé,
and legislation against even reporting on the specifics of deadly outbreaks in
media outlets. Despite recent court victories against pesticide and hog
pollution, the private command of production remains entirely focused on
profit. The damages caused by the outbreaks that result are externalized to
livestock, crops, wildlife, workers, local and national governments, public
health systems, and alternate agrosystems abroad as a matter of national
priority. In the United States, the CDC reports foodborne outbreaks are
expanding in the numbers of states impacted and people infected.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵²</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">That is, capital’s alienation is
parsing out in pathogens’ favor. While the public interest is filtered out at
the farm and food factory gate, pathogens bleed past the biosecurity that
industry is willing to pay for and back out to the public. Everyday production
represents a lucrative moral hazard eating through our shared health commons.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Liberation<span></span></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">There is a telling irony in New
York, one of the largest cities in the world, sheltering in place against
COVID-19, a hemisphere away from the virus’s origins. Millions of New Yorkers
are hiding out in housing stock overseen until recently by one Alicia Glen,
until 2018 the city’s deputy mayor for housing and economic development.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵³</a>
Glen is a former Goldman Sachs executive who oversaw the investment company’s
Urban Investment Group, which finances projects in the kinds of communities the
firm’s other units help redline.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁴</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Glen, of course, is not in any way
personally to blame for the outbreak, but is more a symbol of a connection that
hits closer to home. Three years before the city hired her, upon a housing
crisis and Great Recession in part its own making, her former employer, along
with JPMorgan, Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo & Co., and Morgan
Stanley, took 63 percent of the resulting federal emergency loan financing.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁵</a>
Goldman Sachs, cleared of overhead, moved to diversifying its holdings out of
the crisis. Goldman Sachs took 60 percent stock in Shuanghui Investment and
Development, part of the giant Chinese agribusiness that bought U.S.-based
Smithfield Foods, the largest hog producer in the world.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁶</a>
For $300 million, it also scored out-and-out ownership of ten poultry farms in
Fujian and Hunan, one province over from Wuhan and well within the city’s wild
foods catchment.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁷</a>
It invested up to another $300 million alongside Deutsche Bank in hog raising
in the same provinces.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁸</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The relational geographies explored
above have circulated all the way back. There is the pandemic presently
sickening Glen’s constituencies apartment-to-apartment across New York, the
largest U.S. COVID-19 epicenter. But we need also to acknowledge that the loop
of causes of the outbreak in part extended out from New York to begin with,
however minor in this instance Goldman Sachs’ investment may be for a system
the size of China’s agriculture.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Nationalistic finger pointing, from
Trump’s racist “China virus” and across the liberal continuum, obscures the
interlocking global directorates of state and capital.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁵⁹</a>
“Enemy brothers,” Karl Marx described them.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁰</a>
The death and damage borne by working people on the battlefield, in the
economy, and now on their couches fighting to catch their breath manifest both
the competition among elites maneuvering for dwindling natural resources and
the means shared in dividing and conquering the mass of humanity caught in the
gears of these machinations.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Indeed, a pandemic that arises out
of the capitalist mode of production and that the state is expected to manage
on one end can offer an opportunity from which the system’s managers and
beneficiaries can prosper on the other. In mid-February, five U.S. senators and
twenty House members dumped millions of dollars in personally held stock in
industries likely to be damaged in the oncoming pandemic.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶¹</a>
The politicos based their insider trading on nonpublic intelligence, even as
some of the representatives continued to publicly repeat regime missives that
the pandemic served no such threat.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Beyond such crass smash-and-grabs,
the corruption stateside is systemic, a marker of the end of the U.S. cycle of
accumulation when capital cashes out.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">There is something comparatively
anachronistic in efforts to keep the spout on even if organized around reifying
finance over the reality of the primary ecologies (and related epidemiologies)
on which it is based. For Goldman Sachs itself, the pandemic, as crises before,
offers “room to grow”:<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We share the optimism of the various
vaccine experts and researchers at biotech companies based on the good progress
that has been made on various therapies and vaccines so far. We believe that
fear will abate at the first significant evidence of such progress.…<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Trying to trade to a possible
downside target when the year-end target is substantially higher is appropriate
for day traders, momentum followers, and some hedge fund managers, but not for
long-term investors. Of equal importance, there is no guarantee that the market
reaches the lower levels that may be used as justification for selling today.
On the other hand, we are more confident that the market will eventually reach
the higher target given the resiliency and preeminence of the US economy.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">And finally, we actually think that
current levels provide an opportunity to slowly add to the risk levels of a
portfolio. For those who may be sitting on excess cash and have staying power
with the right strategic asset allocation, this is the time to start
incrementally adding to S&P equities.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶²</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Appalled by the ongoing carnage,
people the world over draw different conclusions.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶³</a>
The circuits of capital and production that pathogens mark like radioactive
tags one after the other are thought unconscionable.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">How to characterize such systems
beyond, as we did above, the episodic and circumstantial? Our group is in the
midst of deriving a model that outstrips efforts by the modern colonial
medicine found in ecohealth and One Health that continues to blame the
indigenous and local smallholders for the deforestation that leads to the
emergence of deadly diseases.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁴</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Our general theory of neoliberal
disease emergence, including, yes, in China, combines:<span></span></span></p>

<ul style="margin-bottom:0in" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">global circuits of capital;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">deployment of said capital destroying regional
     environmental complexity that keeps virulent pathogen population growth in
     check;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">the resulting increases in the rates and taxonomic
     breadth of spillover events;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">the expanding periurban commodity circuits shipping these
     newly spilled over pathogens in livestock and labor from the deepest
     hinterland to regional cities;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">the growing global travel (and livestock trade)
     networks that deliver the pathogens from said cities to the rest of the
     world in record time;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">the ways these networks lower transmission friction,
     selecting for the evolution of greater pathogen deadliness in both
     livestock and people;<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and, among other impositions, the dearth of
     reproduction on-site in industrial livestock, removing natural selection
     as an ecosystems service that provides real-time (and nearly free) disease
     protection.<span></span></span></li></ul>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The underlying operative premise is
that the cause of COVID-19 and other such pathogens is not found just in the
object of any one infectious agent or its clinical course, but also in the
field of ecosystemic relations that capital and other structural causes have
pinned back to their own advantage.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁵</a>
The wide variety of pathogens, representing different taxa, source hosts, modes
of transmission, clinical courses, and epidemiological outcomes, all the
earmarks that send us running wild-eyed to our search engines upon each
outbreak, mark different parts and pathways along the same kinds of circuits of
land use and value accumulation.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A general program of intervention
runs in parallel far beyond a particular virus.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">To avoid the worst outcomes here on
out, <i>disalienation</i> offers the next great human transition: abandoning
settler ideologies, reintroducing humanity back into Earth’s cycles of
regeneration, and rediscovering our sense of individuation in multitudes beyond
the capital state.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁶</a>
However, economism, the belief that all causes are economic alone, will not be
liberation enough. Global capitalism is a many-headed hydra, appropriating,
internalizing, and ordering multiple layers of social relation.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁷</a>
Capitalism operates across complex and interlinked terrains of race, class, and
gender in the course of actualizing regional value regimes place to place.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">At the risk of accepting the
precepts of what historian Donna Haraway dismissed as salvation history—“can we
defuse the bomb in time?”—disalienation must dismantle these multifold
hierarchies of oppression and the locale-specific ways they interact with
accumulation.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁸</a>
Along the way, we must navigate out of capital’s expansive reappropriations
across productive, social, and symbolic materialisms.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁶⁹</a>
That is, out of what sums up to a totalitarianism. Capitalism commodifies
everything—Mars exploration here, sleep there, lithium lagoons, ventilator
repair, even sustainability itself, and on and on, these many permutations are
found well beyond the factory and farm. All the ways nearly everyone everywhere
is subjected to the market, which during a time like this is increasingly
anthropomorphized by politicians, could not be clearer.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷⁰</a><span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In short, a successful intervention
keeping any one of the many pathogens queuing up across the agroeconomic
circuit from killing a billion people must walk through the door of a global
clash with capital and its local representatives, however much any individual
foot soldier of the bourgeoisie, Glen among them, attempts to mitigate the
damage. As our group describes in some of our latest work, agribusiness is at
war with public health.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷¹</a>
And public health is losing.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Should, however, greater humanity
win such a generational conflict, we can replug ourselves back into a planetary
metabolism that, however differently expressed place to place, reconnects our
ecologies and our economies.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷²</a>
Such ideals are more than matters of the utopian. In doing so, we converge on
immediate solutions. We protect the forest complexity that keeps deadly
pathogens from lining up hosts for a straight shot onto the world’s travel
network.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷³</a>
We reintroduce the livestock and crop diversities, and reintegrate animal and
crop farming at scales that keep pathogens from ramping up in virulence and
geographic extent.<a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">⁷⁴</a>
We allow our food animals to reproduce onsite, restarting the natural selection
that allows immune evolution to track pathogens in real time. Big picture, we
stop treating nature and community, so full of all we need to survive, as just
another competitor to be run off by the market.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The way out is nothing short of
birthing a world (or perhaps more along the lines of returning back to Earth).
It will also help solve—sleeves rolled up—many of our most pressing problems.
None of us stuck in our living rooms from New York to Beijing, or, worse,
mourning our dead, want to go through such an outbreak again. Yes, infectious
diseases, for most of human history our greatest source of premature mortality,
will remain a threat. But given the bestiary of pathogens now in circulation,
the worst spilling over now almost annually, we are likely facing another
deadly pandemic in far shorter time than the hundred-year lull since 1918. Can
we fundamentally adjust the modes by which we appropriate nature and arrive at
more of a truce with these infections?<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Notes<span></span></span></b></p>

<ol style="margin-bottom:0in" type="1" start="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, “<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus#growth-country-by-country-view" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Coronavirus
     Disease (COVID-19)—Statistics and Research</a>,” <i>Our World in Data</i>,
     accessed March 22, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Brian M. Rosenthal, Joseph Goldstein, and Michael Rothfeld, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/nyregion/ny-coronavirus-hospitals.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Coronavirus
     in N.Y.: ‘Deluge’ of Cases Begins Hitting Hospitals</a>,” <i>New York
     Times</i>, March 20, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Hannah Rappleye, Andrew W. Lehren, Laura Stricklet, and Sarah Fitzpatrick,
     “<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/system-doomed-doctors-nurses-sound-nbc-news-coronavirus-survey-n1164841" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">’The
     System Is Doomed’: Doctors, Nurses, Sound off in NBC News Coronavirus
     Survey</a>,” <i>NBC News</i>, March 20, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Eliza Relman, “<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-trump-outbid-states-on-medical-supplies-2020-3" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The
     Federal Government Outbid States on Critical Coronavirus Supplies After
     Trump Told Governors to Get Their Own Medical Equipment</a>,” <i>Business
     Insider</i>, March 20, 2020; David Oliver, “<a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2020/03/19/u-s-mexico-officials-look-ban-non-essential-travel-across-border/2874497001/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Trump
     Announces U.S.-Mexico Border Closure to Stem Spread of Coronavirus</a>,” <i>USA
     Today</i>, March 19, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Neil M. Ferguson et al. on behalf of the Imperial College COVID-19
     Response Team, “<a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Impact
     of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality
     and Healthcare Demand</a>,” March 16, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Nassim Nicholas Taleb, <i>The Black Swan</i> (New York: Random House,
     2007); Chen Shen, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, and Yaneer Bar-Yam, “<a href="https://necsi.edu/review-of-ferguson-et-al-impact-of-non-pharmaceutical-interventions" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Review
     of Ferguson et al. ‘Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions</a>,’” <i>New
     England Complex Systems Institute</i>, March 17, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     NewTmrw, <a href="https://twitter.com/NewTmrw/status/1241532936760909825" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Twitter
     post</a>, March 21, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Rodrick Wallace, “Pandemic Firefighting vs. Pandemic Fire Prevention”
     (unpublished manuscript, March 20, 2020). Available upon request.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Jonathan Allen, “<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-s-not-worried-about-coronavirus-his-scientists-are-n1143911" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Trump’s
     Not Worried About Coronavirus: But His Scientists Are</a>,” <i>NBC News</i>,
     February 26, 2020; Deb Riechmann, “<a href="https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Trump Disbanded
     NSC Pandemic Unit That Experts Had Praised</a>,” <i>AP News</i>, March 14,
     2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     David E. Sanger, Eric Lipton, Eileen Sullivan, and Michael Crowley, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Before
     Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded</a>,” <i>New York
     Times</i>, March 19, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Marisa Taylor, “<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-us-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Exclusive:
     U.S. Axed CDC Expert Job in China Months Before Virus Outbreak</a>,” <i>Reuters</i>,
     March 22, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Howard Waitzkin, ed., <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/health_care_under_the_knife/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><i>Health
     Care Under the Knife: Moving Beyond Capitalism for Our Health</i></a> (New
     York: Monthly Review Press, 2018).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Richard Lewontin and Richard Levins, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.2190/0D66-KFBJ-VYVH-9A8J" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Let the Numbers Speak</a>,”
     <i>International Journal of Health Services</i> 30, no. 4 (2000): 873–77.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Owen Matthews, “<a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/17/britain-uk-coronavirus-response-johnson-drops-go-it-alone" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Britain
     Drops Its Go-It-Alone Approach to Coronavirus</a>,” <i>Foreign Policy</i>,
     March 17, 2020; Rob Wallace, “<a href="http://unevenearth.org/2020/03/pandemic-strike" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Pandemic Strike</a>,”
     <i>Uneven Earth</i>, March 16, 2020; Isabel Frey, “‘<a href="https://thequarantimes.wordpress.com/2020/03/19/herd-immunity-is-epidemiological-neoliberalism/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Herd
     Immunity’ Is Epidemiological Neoliberalism</a>,” <i>Quarantimes</i>, March
     19, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Adam Payne, “<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-spain-nationalises-private-hospitals-emergency-covid-19-lockdown-2020-3" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Spain
     Has Nationalized All of Its Private Hospitals as the Country Goes into
     Coronavirus Lockdown</a>,” <i>Business Insider</i>, March 16, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Jeva Lange, “<a href="https://news.yahoo.com/senegal-reportedly-turning-coronavirus-tests-165224221.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Senegal
     Is Reportedly Turning Coronavirus Tests Around ‘within 4 Hours’ While
     Americans Might Wait a Week</a>,” <i>Yahoo News</i>, March 12, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Steph Sterling and Julie Margetta Morgan, <a href="https://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Pharma-Issue-brief-New-Rules-201910.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><i>New
     Rules for the 21st Century: Corporate Power, Public Power, and the Future
     of Prescription Drug Policy in the United States</i></a> (New York:
     Roosevelt Institute, 2019).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Jason Koebler, “<a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wxekgx/hospitals-need-to-repair-ventilators-manufacturers-are-making-that-impossible" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Hospitals
     Need to Repair Ventilators: Manufacturers Are Making That Impossible</a>,”
     <i>Vice</i>, March 18, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Manli Wang et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Remdesivir
     and Chloroquine Effectively Inhibit the Recently Emerged Novel Coronavirus
     (2019-nCoV) In Vitro</a>,” <i>Cell Research</i> 30 (2020): 269–71.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     “<a href="https://itsgoingdown.org/autonomous-groups-are-mobilizing-mutual-aid-initiatives-to-combat-the-coronavirus" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Autonomous
     Groups Are Mobilizing Mutual Aid Initiatives to Combat the Coronavirus</a>,”
     <i>It’s Going Down</i>, March 20, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Kristian G. Andersen, Andrew Rambaut, W. Ian Lipkin, Edward C. Holmes, and
     Robert F. Garry, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The
     Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2</a>,” <i>Nature Medicine</i> (2020).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Rob Wallace, “<a href="https://mronline.org/2020/01/29/notes-on-a-novel-coronavirus" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Notes
     on a Novel Coronavirus</a>,” <i>MR Online</i>, January 29, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Marius Gilbert et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30411-6" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Preparedness and
     Vulnerability of African Countries Against Importations of COVID-19: A
     Modelling Study</a>,” <i>Lancet</i> 395, no. 10227 (2020): 871–77.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Juanjuan Sun, “The Regulation of ‘Novel Food’ in China: The Tendency of
     Deregulation,” <i>European Food and Feed Law Review</i> 10, no. 6 (2015):
     442–48.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Emma G. E. Brooks, Scott I. Robertson, and Diana J. Bell, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.030" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The Conservation
     Impact of Commercial Wildlife Farming of Porcupines in Vietnam</a>,” <i>Biological
     Conservation</i> 143, no. 11 (2010): 2808–14.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Mindi Schneider, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.12.001" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Wasting
     the Rural: Meat, Manure, and the Politics of Agro-Industrialization in
     Contemporary China</a>,” <i>Geoforum</i> 78 (2017): 89–97.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace, Luke Bergmann, Lenny Hogerwerf, Marius Gilbert, “Are
     Influenzas in Southern China Byproducts of the Region’s Globalising
     Historical Present?,” in <i>Influenza and Public Health: Learning from
     Past Pandemics</i>, ed. Jennifer Gunn, Tamara Giles-Vernick, and Susan
     Craddock (London: Routledge, 2010); Alessandro Broglia and Christian
     Kapel, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.011" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Changing
     Dietary Habits in a Changing World: Emerging Drivers for the Transmission
     of Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses</a>,” <i>Veterinary Parasitology</i> 182,
     no. 1 (2011): 2–13.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     David Molyneux et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-106" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Zoonoses
     and Marginalised Infectious Diseases of Poverty: Where Do We Stand?</a>,” <i>Parasites
     & Vectors</i> 4, no. 106 (2011).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Stephen S. Morse et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Prediction and
     Prevention of the Next Pandemic Zoonosis</a>,” <i>Lancet</i> 380, no. 9857
     (2012): 1956–65; Rob Wallace, <a href="https://monthlyreview.org/product/big_farms_make_big_flu/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><i>Big
     Farms Make Big Flu: Dispatches on Infectious Disease, Agribusiness, and
     the Nature of Science</i></a> (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2016).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.047" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The Dawn of
     Structural One Health: A New Science Tracking Disease Emergence Along
     Circuits of Capital</a>,” <i>Social Science & Medicine</i> 129 (2015):
     68–77; Wallace, <i>Big Farms Make Big Flu</i>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Steven Cummins, Sarah Curtis, Ana V. Diez-Roux, and Sally Macintyre, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.036" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Understanding and
     Representing ‘Place’ in Health Research: A Relational Approach</a>,” <i>Social
     Science & Medicine</i> 65, no. 9 (2007): 1825–38; Luke Bergmann and
     Mollie Holmberg, “Land in Motion,” <i>Annals of the American Association
     of Geographer</i>, 106, no. 4 (2016): 932–56; Luke Bergmann, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.12.002" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Towards Economic
     Geographies Beyond the Nature-Society Divide</a>,” <i>Geoforum</i> 85
     (2017): 324–35.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Andrew K. Jorgenson, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1526/003601106781262016" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Unequal
     Ecological Exchange and Environmental Degradation: A Theoretical
     Proposition and Cross-National Study of Deforestation, 1990–2000</a>,” <i>Rural
     Sociology</i> 71, no. 4 (2006): 685–712; Becky Mansfield, Darla K. Munroe,
     and Kendra McSweeney, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00320.x" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Does Economic
     Growth Cause Environmental Recovery? Geographical Explanations of Forest
     Regrowth</a>,” <i>Geography Compass</i> 4, no. 5 (2010): 416–27; Susanna
     B. Hecht, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.917371" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Forests
     Lost and Found in Tropical Latin America: The Woodland ‘Green Revolution</a>,’”
     <i>Journal of Peasant Studies</i> 41, no. 5 (2014): 877–909; Gustavo de L.
     T. Oliveira, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.992337" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The
     Geopolitics of Brazilian Soybeans</a>,” <i>Journal of Peasant Studies</i>
     43, no. 2 (2016): 348–72.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"" lang="es-419">↩</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" lang="es-419">
     Mariano Turzi, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/6.Articles_Turzi.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span lang="es-419">The Soybean Republic</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" lang="es-419">,” <i>Yale
     Journal of International Affairs</i> 6, no. 2 (2011); Rogério Haesbaert, <i>El
     Mito de la Desterritorialización: Del ‘Fin de Los Territorios’ a la
     Multiterritorialidad</i> (Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno, 2011); Clara
     Craviotti, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1119121" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span lang="es-419">Which Territorial Embeddedness? </span>Territorial
     Relationships of Recently Internationalized Firms of the Soybean Chain</a>,”
     <i>Journal of Peasant Studies</i> 43, no. 2 (2016): 331–47.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wendy Jepson, Christian Brannstrom, and Anthony Filippi, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00045600903378960" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Access Regimes and
     Regional Land Change in the Brazilian Cerrado, 1972–2002</a>,” <i>Annals of
     the Association of American Geographers</i> 100, no. 1 (2010): 87–111;
     Patrick Meyfroidt et al., “<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074012" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Multiple Pathways of
     Commodity Crop Expansion in Tropical Forest Landscapes</a>,” <i>Environmental
     Research Letters</i> 9, no 7 (2014); Oliveira, “The Geopolitics of
     Brazilian Soybeans”; Javier Godar, “Balancing Detail and Scale in
     Assessing Transparency to Improve the Governance of Agricultural Commodity
     Supply Chains,” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i> 11, no. 3 (2016).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Rodrick Wallace et al., <i>Clear-Cutting Disease Control: Capital-Led
     Deforestation, Public Health Austerity, and Vector-Borne Infection</i>
     (Basel: Springer, 2018).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Mike Davis, <i>Planet of Slums</i> (New York: Verso, 2016); Marcus Moench
     & Dipak Gyawali, <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ba0e5274a27b2000c67/FinalReport_Desakota-PartI.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><i>Desakota:
     Reinterpreting the Urban-Rural Continuum</i></a> (Kathmandu: Institute for
     Social and Environmental Transition, 2008); Hecht, “Forests Lost and Found
     in Tropical Latin America.”<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Ariel E. Lugo, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00550.x" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The
     Emerging Era of Novel Tropical Forests</a>,” <i>Biotropica</i> 41, no. 5
     (2009): 589–91.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace and Rodrick Wallace, eds., <i>Neoliberal Ebola: Modeling
     Disease Emergence from Finance to Forest and Farm</i> (Basel: Springer,
     2016); Wallace et al., <i>Clear-Cutting Disease Control</i>; Giorgos
     Kallis and Erik Swyngedouw, “Do Bees Produce Value? A Conversation Between
     an Ecological Economist and a Marxist Geographer,” <i>Capitalism Nature
     Socialism</i> 29, no. 3 (2018): 36–50.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020731415611644" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Did Neoliberalizing West
     African Forests Produce a New Niche for Ebola?</a>,” <i>International
     Journal of Health Services</i> 46, no. 1 (2016): 149–65.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace and Wallace, <i>Neoliberal Ebola</i>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     . Júlio César Bicca-Marques and David Santos de Freitas, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291000300107" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The Role of Monkeys,
     Mosquitoes, and Humans in the Occurrence of a Yellow Fever Outbreak in a
     Fragmented Landscape in South Brazil: Protecting Howler Monkeys Is a
     Matter of Public Health</a>,” <i>Tropical Conservation Science</i> 3, no.
     1 (2010): 78–89; Júlio César Bicca-Marques et al., “<a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1600946/tab-e-letters" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Yellow
     Fever Threatens Atlantic Forest Primates</a>,” <i>Science Advances</i>
     e-letter, May 25, 2017; Luciana Inés Oklander et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185867" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Genetic Structure in
     the Southernmost Populations of Black-and-Gold Howler Monkeys (<i>Alouatta
     caraya</i>) and Its Conservation Implications</a>,” <i>PLoS ONE</i> 12,
     no. 10 (2017); Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Fernandes et al., “<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2312.170685" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Outbreak of Yellow
     Fever Among Nonhuman Primates, Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2017</a>,” <i>Emerging
     Infectious Diseases</i> 23, no. 12 (2017): 2038–41; Daiana Mir, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07873-7" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Phylodynamics of Yellow
     Fever Virus in the Americas: New Insights into the Origin of the 2017
     Brazilian Outbreak</a>,” <i>Scientific Reports</i> 7, no. 1 (2017).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Mike Davis, <i>The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu</i>
     (New York: New Press, 2005); Jay P. Graham et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490812300309" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The Animal-Human
     Interface and Infectious Disease in Industrial Food Animal Production:
     Rethinking Biosecurity and Biocontainment</a>,” <i>Public Health Reports</i>
     123, no. 3 (2008): 282–99; Bryony A. Jones et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Zoonosis Emergence Linked
     to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change</a>,” <i>PNAS</i>110,
     no. 21 (2013): 8399–404; Marco Liverani et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206001" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Understanding and Managing
     Zoonotic Risk in the New Livestock Industries</a>,” <i>Environmental Health
     Perspectives</i> 121, no, 8 (2013); Anneke Engering, Lenny Hogerwerf, and
     Jan Slingenbergh, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2013.5" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Pathogen-Host-Environment
     Interplay and Disease Emergence</a>,” <i>Emerging Microbes and Infections</i>
     2, no. 1 (2013); <a href="http://www.fao.org/3/i3440e/i3440e.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><i>World
     Livestock 2013: Changing Disease Landscapes</i></a> (Rome: Food and
     Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert V. Tauxe, “<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0304.970403" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Emerging
     Foodborne Diseases: An Evolving Public Health Challenge</a>,” <i>Emerging
     Infectious Diseases</i> 3, no. 4 (1997): 425–34; Wallace and Wallace, <i>Neoliberal
     Ebola</i>; Ellyn P. Marder et al., “Preliminary Incidence and Trends of
     Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food—Foodborne
     Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2006–2017,” <i>Morbidity
     and Mortality Weekly Report</i> 67, no. 11 (2018): 324–28.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00702.x" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Breeding
     Influenza: The Political Virology of Offshore Farming</a>,” <i>Antipode</i>
     41, no. 5 (2009): 916–51; Robert G. Wallace et al., “Industrial
     Agricultural Environments,” in <i>The Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity
     and Invasive Species</i>, ed. Juliet Fall, Robert Francis, Martin A.
     Schlaepfer, and Kezia Barker (New York: Routledge, forthcoming).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     John H. Vandermeer, <i>The Ecology of Agroecosystems</i> (Sudbury, MA:
     Jones and Bartlett, 2011); Peter H. Thrall et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Evolution in
     Agriculture: The Application of Evolutionary Approaches to the Management
     of Biotic Interactions in Agro-Ecosystems</a>,” <i>Evolutionary
     Applications</i> 4, no. 2 (2011): 200–15; R. Ford Denison, <i>Darwinian
     Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture</i>
     (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012); Marius Gilbert, Xiangming
     Xiao, and Timothy Paul Robinson, “Intensifying Poultry Production Systems
     and the Emergence of Avian Influenza in China: A ‘One Health/Ecohealth’
     Epitome,” <i>Archives of Public Health</i> 75 (2017).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Mohammad Houshmar et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01050" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Effects
     of Prebiotic, Protein Level, and Stocking Density on Performance,
     Immunity, and Stress Indicators of Broilers</a>,” <i>Poultry Science</i>
     91, no. 2 (2012): 393–401; A. V. S. Gomes et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2013.874006" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Overcrowding Stress
     Decreases Macrophage Activity and Increases Salmonella Enteritidis Invasion
     in Broiler Chickens</a>,” <i>Avian Pathology</i> 43, no. 1 (2014): 82–90;
     Peyman Yarahmadi , Hamed Kolangi Miandare, Sahel Fayaz, and Christopher
     Marlowe A. Caipang, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.007" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Increased
     Stocking Density Causes Changes in Expression of Selected Stress- and
     Immune-Related Genes, Humoral Innate Immune Parameters and Stress
     Responses of Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)</a>,” <i>Fish
     & Shellfish Immunology</i> 48 (2016): 43–53; Wenjia Li et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0939" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Effect of Stocking Density and
     Alpha-Lipoic Acid on the Growth Performance, Physiological and Oxidative
     Stress and Immune Response of Broilers</a>,” <i>Asian-Australasian Journal
     of Animal Studies</i> 32, no, 12 (2019).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Virginia E. Pitzer et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0138" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">High Turnover Drives
     Prolonged Persistence of Influenza in Managed Pig Herds</a>,” <i>Journal
     of the Royal Society Interface</i> 13, no. 119 (2016); Richard K. Gast et
     al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00047" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Frequency and
     Duration of Fecal Shedding of <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis by
     Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at
     Different Stocking Densities</a>,” <i>Frontiers in Veterinary Science</i>
     (2017); Andres Diaz et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11272-3" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Multiple Genome
     Constellations of Similar and Distinct Influenza A Viruses Co-Circulate in
     Pigs During Epidemic Events</a>,” <i>Scientific Reports</i> 7 (2017).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Katherine E. Atkins et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-7-70" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Modelling Marek’s Disease
     Virus (MDV) Infection: Parameter Estimates for Mortality Rate and
     Infectiousness</a>,” <i>BMC Veterinary Research</i> 7, no. 70 (2011); John
     Allen and Stephanie Lavau, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2014.904243" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">‘Just-in-Time’
     Disease: Biosecurity, Poultry and Power</a>,” <i>Journal of Cultural
     Economy</i> 8, no. 3 (2015): 342–60; Pitzer et al., “High Turnover Drives
     Prolonged Persistence of Influenza in Managed Pig Herds”; Mary A.
     Rogalski, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0043" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Human Drivers
     of Ecological and Evolutionary Dynamics in Emerging and Disappearing
     Infectious Disease Systems</a>,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the
     Royal Society B</i> 372, no. 1712 (2017).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace, “Breeding Influenza”; Katherine E. Atkins et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01803.x" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Vaccination and
     Reduced Cohort Duration Can Drive Virulence Evolution: Marek’s Disease
     Virus and Industrialized Agriculture</a>,” <i>Evolution</i> 67, no. 3
     (2013): 851–60; Adèle Mennerat, Mathias Stølen Ugelvik, Camilla Håkonsrud
     Jensen, and Arne Skorping, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12488" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Invest
     More and Die Faster: The Life History of a Parasite on Intensive Farms</a>,”
     <i>Evolutionary Applications</i>10, no. 9 (2017): 890–96.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Martha I. Nelson et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002077" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Spatial Dynamics of
     Human-Origin H1 Influenza A Virus in North American Swine</a>,” <i>PLoS
     Pathogens</i> 7, no. 6 (2011); Trevon L. Fuller et al., “<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1904.120903" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Predicting Hotspots for
     Influenza Virus Reassortment</a>,” <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i> 19,
     no. 4 (2013): 581–88; Rodrick Wallace and Robert G. Wallace, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814000077" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Blowback: New Formal
     Perspectives on Agriculturally-Driven Pathogen Evolution and Spread</a>,” <i>Epidemiology
     and Infection</i> 143, no. 10 (2014): 2068–80; Ignacio Mena et al., “<a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777.001" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Origins of the 2009 H1N1
     Influenza Pandemic in Swine in Mexico</a>,” <i>eLife</i> 5 (2016); Martha
     I. Nelson et al., “<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2504.180779" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Human-Origin
     Influenza A(H3N2) Reassortant Viruses in Swine, Southeast Mexico</a>,” <i>Emerging
     Infectious Diseases</i> 25, no. 4 (2019): 691–700.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace, <i>Big Farms Make Big Flu</i>, 192–201.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     “<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/foodsafety-2015/index.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Safer
     Food Saves Lives</a>,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
     November 3, 2015; Lena H. Sun, “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/03/major-foodborne-outbreaks-in-u-s-have-tripled-in-last-20-years/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Big
     and Deadly: Major Foodborne Outbreaks Spike Sharply</a>,” <i>Washington
     Post</i>, November 3, 2015; Mike Stobbe, “<a href="https://www.ksl.com/article/37217542/cdc-more-food-poisoning-outbreaks-cross-state-lines" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">CDC:
     More Food Poisoning Outbreaks Cross State Lines</a>,” <i>KSL</i>, November
     3, 2015.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Sally Goldenberg, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2018/12/19/alicia-glen-who-oversaw-de-blasios-affordable-housing-plan-and-embattled-nycha-to-depart-city-hall-760480" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Alicia
     Glen, Who Oversaw de Blasio’s Affordable Housing Plan and Embattled NYCHA,
     to Depart City Hall</a>,” <i>Politico</i>, December 19, 2018.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Gary A. Dymski, “<a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dbf5/8b9405f9ffc25ad045811cb9bfb4bfd4c78e.pdf" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Racial
     Exclusion and the Political Economy of the Subprime Crisis</a>,” <i>Historical
     Materialism</i> 17 (2009): 149–79; Harold C. Barnett, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-6136(2011)0000016007" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">The
     Securitization of Mortgage Fraud</a>,” <i>Sociology of Crime, Law and
     Deviance</i> 16 (2011): 65–84.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Bob Ivry, Bradley Keoun, and Phil Kuntz, “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-28/secret-fed-loans-undisclosed-to-congress-gave-banks-13-billion-in-income" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Secret
     Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress</a>,” <i>Bloomberg</i>,
     November 21, 2011.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Michael J. de la Merced and David Barboza, “<a href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/smithfield-to-be-sold-to-shuanghui-group-of-china/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Needing
     Pork, China Is to Buy a U.S. Supplier</a>,” <i>New York Times</i>, May 29,
     2013.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     “<a href="https://www.scmp.com/article/647749/goldman-sachs-pays-us300m-poultry-farms" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Goldman
     Sachs Pays US$300m for Poultry Farms</a>,” <i>South China Morning Post</i>,
     August 4, 2008.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     “<a href="https://thepigsite.com/news/2008/08/goldman-sachs-invests-in-chinese-pig-farming-1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Goldman
     Sachs Invests in Chinese Pig Farming</a>,” <i>Pig Site</i>, August 5,
     2008.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Katie Rogers, Lara Jakes, Ana Swanson, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Trump
     Defends Using ‘Chinese Virus’ Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism</a>,” <i>New
     York Times</i>, March 18, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Karl Marx, <i>Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</i>, vol. 3 (New
     York: Penguin, 1993), 362.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Eric Lipton, Nicholas Fandos, Sharon LaFraniere, and Julian E. Barnes, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/coronavirus-richard-burr-insider-trading.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Stock
     Sales by Senator Richard Burr Ignite Political Uproar</a>,” <i>New York
     Times</i>, March 20, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Sharmin Mossavar-Rahmani et al., “<a href="https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/from-room-to-grow-to-room-to-fall.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">ISG
     Insight: From <i>Room to Grow</i> to <i>Room to Fall</i></a>,” Goldman
     Sachs’ Investment Strategy Group.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     “<a href="https://www.marx21.de/corona-crisis-resistance-in-a-time-of-pandemic/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Corona
     Crisis: Resistance in a Time of Pandemic</a>,” <i>Marx21</i>, March 21,
     2020; International Assembly of the Peoples and Tricontinental Institute
     for Social Research, “<a href="https://www.thetricontinental.org/declaration-covid19/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">In Light of
     the Global Pandemic, Focus Attention on the People</a>,” <i>Tricontinental</i>,
     March 21, 2020.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace et al., “The Dawn of Structural One Health.”<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace et al., “Did Neoliberalizing West African Forests Produce a New
     Niche for Ebola?”; Wallace et al., <i>Clear-Cutting Disease Control</i>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Ernest Mandel, “Progressive Disalienation Through the Building of
     Socialist Society, or the Inevitable Alienation in Industrial Society?,”
     in <i>The Marxist Theory of Alienation</i> (New York: Pathfinder, 1970);
     Paolo Virno, <i>A Grammar of the Multitude</i> (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e),
     2004); Del Weston, <i>The Political Economy of Global Warming: The
     Terminal Crisis</i> (London: Routledge, 2014); McKenzie Wark, <i>General
     Intellects: Twenty-One Thinkers for the Twenty-First Century</i> (New
     York: Verso, 2017); John Bellamy Foster, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-070-03-2018-07_6" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Marx, Value, and
     Nature</a>,” <i>Monthly Review</i> 70, no. 3 (July–August 2018): 122–36);
     Silvia Federici, <i>Re-enchanting the World: Feminism and the Politics of
     the Commons</i> (Oakland: PM, 2018).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Butch Lee and Red Rover, <i>Night-Vision: Illuminating War and Class on
     the Neo-Colonial Terrain</i> (New York: Vagabond, 1993); Silvia Federici, <i>Caliban
     and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation</i>(New York:
     Autonomedia, 2004); Anna Tsing, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08935690902743088" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Supply Chains and the
     Human Condition</a>,” <i>Rethinking Marxism</i> 21, no. 2 (2009): 148–76;
     Glen Sean Coulthard, <i>Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial
     Politics of Recognition</i> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
     2014); Leandro Vergara-Camus, <i>Land and Freedom: The MST, the Zapatistas
     and Peasant Alternatives to Neoliberalism</i> (London: Zed, 2014); Jackie
     Wang, <i>Carceral Capitalism</i> (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2018).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Donna Haraway, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and
     Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century,” in <i>Simians, Cyborgs
     and Women: The Reinvention of Nature</i> (New York: Routledge, 1991);
     Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, ed., <i>How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the
     Combahee River Collective</i> (Chicago: Haymarket, 2017).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Joseph Fracchia, “<a href="https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-068-10-2017-03_1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Organisms
     and Objectifications: A Historical-Materialist Inquiry into the ‘Human and
     the Animal</a>,’” <i>Monthly Review</i> 68, no. 10 (March 2017): 1–17;
     Omar Felipe Giraldo, <i>Political Ecology of Agriculture: Agroecology and
     Post-Development</i> (Basel: Springer, 2019).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Franco Berardi, <i>The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</i> (Los
     Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2009); Maurizio Lazzarato, <i>Signs and Machines:
     Capitalism and the Production of Subjectivity</i> (Los Angeles:
     Semiotext(e), 2014); Wark, <i>General Intellects</i>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Rodrick Wallace, Alex Liebman, Luke Bergmann, and Robert G. Wallace, “<a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02513883" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Agribusiness vs.
     Public Health: Disease Control in Resource-Asymmetric Conflict</a>,”
     submitted for publication, 2020, available at
     <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr</a>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Robert G. Wallace, Kenichi Okamoto, and Alex Liebman, “Earth, the Alien
     Planet,” in <i>Between Catastrophe and Revolution: Essays in Honor of Mike
     Davis</i>, ed. Daniel Bertrand Monk and Michael Sorkin (New York: UR,
     forthcoming).<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace et al., <i>Clear-Cutting Disease Control</i>.<span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0in 0in 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"">↩</span></a>
     Wallace et al., “Industrial Agricultural Environments.”<span></span></span></li></ol>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="https://monthlyreview.org/archives/2020/" title="View all items in 2020" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">2020</a>,
<a href="https://monthlyreview.org/archives/2020/volume-72-issue-01-may/" title="View all items in Volume 72, Issue 01 (May 2020)" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline">Volume 72, Issue 01
(May 2020)</a><span></span></span></p>

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