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<h1 class="reader-title">Venezuela and Disaster Capitalism</h1>
<div class="credits reader-credits">By Reinaldo Iturriza –
February 12, 2019<br>
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<p>On Monday, January 28, the Department of the Treasury
of the United States announced it was placing a
“block” on all of Petróleos de Venezuela’s (PDVSA)
assets under US jurisdiction, prohibiting its citizens
from engaging in any type of transaction with the
Venezuelan state-owned oil company.<a name="_ftnref1"
title="_ftnref1" id="_ftnref1"></a>[1] Secretary
Steve Mnuchin added that “if the people of Venezuela
want to continue to sell us oil”, we will only accept
it on the condition that our money goes to “blocked
accounts”, which would later be made available for the
“transition government”.<a name="_ftnref2"
title="_ftnref2" id="_ftnref2"></a>[2]</p>
<p>According to National Security Advisor John Bolton,
the sanctions imposed on PDVSA would provoke a loss of
some 11 billion dollars in exports for 2019, and a
freeze on 7 billion dollars in assets.</p>
<p>On January 24th, Bolton declared on FOX Business, “It
will make a big difference to the United States
economically if we could have American oil companies
invest in and produce the oil capabilities in
Venezuela”. Just three minutes before effectively
confessing the true intentions of US imperialism,
Bolton asserted that Chávez and Maduro had
“impoverished Venezuela. We now have between three and
four million refugees who have fled the country,
something unprecedented in the history of the Western
Hemisphere. Maduro and Hugo Chávez before him
systematically looted the oil resources of the
country. There is no capital investment, and income is
declining. Society is literally collapsing in
Venezuela”. These factors, Bolton continued, provide
the justification for the Trump Administration’s
recognition of Juan Guaidó as “Interim President”.<a
name="_ftnref3" title="_ftnref3" id="_ftnref3"></a>[3]</p>
<p>A few hours after sanctions were publicly announced,
on January 29, the Venezuelan National Assembly
approved an “Agreement for the Promotion of a National
Rescue Plan”, which upheld that Venezuela was
experiencing a “social and economic collapse” that had
produced a “humanitarian emergency”, consequence of
the policies of the “regime of Nicolás Maduro”, which
has installed a “totalitarian economic and political
model for domination and social control”, otherwise
known as “21st century socialism”.<a name="_ftnref4"
title="_ftnref4" id="_ftnref4"></a>[4]</p>
<p>Behold, a concise summary of the way in which foreign
and local agents put in practice what Naomi Klein
defined as “disaster capitalism” in her formidable <em>Shock
Doctrine </em>– a useful framework for understanding
what is happening in Venezuela, at a time when forces
are conspiring to severely – if possible, irreparably
– affect our ability to interpret our own present.</p>
<p>With “disaster capitalism”, Klein refers to
“orchestrated raids on the public sphere in the wake
of catastrophic events, combined with the treatment of
disasters as exciting market opportunities”.<a
name="_ftnref5" title="_ftnref5" id="_ftnref5"></a>[5] It
took place first in Chile under the Pinochet
dictatorship, but also in New Orleans following
Hurricane Katrina; in Sri Lanka after the 2004
tsunami; in Iraq after the US invasion of 2003; in the
US after the attacks of September 11, 2001; in China
after Tiananmen; in 1993 under Yeltsin’s Russia, and
so on. In each case, Klein explains, the attacks were
led by fanatical neoliberals who were relentless in
their application of austerity policies.</p>
<p>This is exactly what is taking place in Venezuela,
compounded by the fact that the shock is largely
induced by the local Venezuelan elite acting in
lockstep with US imperialism, each drawing on the
support of their respective social base. Fundamentally
composed of middle and upper classes, the class
component of the shock recalls the history of Salvador
Allende’s government. In both cases, democratic
governments with a socialist orientation, elected by
popular vote, are systematically put under siege,
their respective economies asphyxiated in order to
create the conditions for a violent solution that
would “neutralize” the popular classes inclined to
support revolutionary change.</p>
<p>In a recent declaration by Alfonso Guerra, the
Spanish ex-president claimed that Nicolás Maduro was
comparable to the Pinochet government – an assertion
all the more obscene for the reasons outlined above.
According to Guerra, “Venezuela is suffering under a
dictatorship that, on top of everything else, is
incompetent; dictatorships often undermine liberty,
but at least they act efficiently in the economic
sphere”. He then added: “There is a difference between
the horrible Pinochet dictatorship and that of Maduro:
in the first, the economy did not collapse, and in the
second it did”.<a name="_ftnref6" title="_ftnref6"
id="_ftnref6"></a>[6]</p>
<p>The current “disaster” of the Venezuelan economy is
not the work of “21st century socialism”, as the
National Assembly would have it, nor the
“incompetence” of the government; instead, it is
fundamentally the handiwork of local and global
capitalist powers, combined with the political
difficulties the Bolivarian Revolution faces in its
attempts to manage the conflict in favor the popular
majority. Venezuela is today suffering a textbook case
of “disaster capitalism”.</p>
<p><strong>* * *</strong></p>
<p>In the dominant narrative, the situation in Venezuela
has been interpreted as an “emergency”, but above all
as a “humanitarian crisis”. It will remain for a later
date to fully understand the historical conditions
that have enabled the use of the “humanitarian”
concept.</p>
<p>However, taking as a reference point articles
published in a US propaganda organ such as <em>Voice
of America</em> [Voz de América], it is possible to
trace the concept’s usage back to 2014. Curiously, it
first appears in connection with the right to freedom
of expression. On March 31 of that year, in the midst
of the second wave of anti-Chavista violence directed
against the Maduro government, Rodrigo Diamanti, an
economist from the Catholic University Andrés Bello
and president of the NGO “A World Without Censorship”
[Un mundo sin mordaza], declared that the “political
crisis in Venezuela, combined with the economic and
social crisis, is fueling a humanitarian crisis”.<a
name="_ftnref7" title="_ftnref7" id="_ftnref7"></a>[7] Contrary
to all evidence, Diamanti stated that the government
had violated the right to political demonstration and
had launched a persecutory campaign in social
networks.</p>
<p>Throughout 2014, the “humanitarian” discourse was
employed in relation to the situation in the health
sector. This time it was José Manuel Olivares, “a
medical resident at the university hospital of Caracas
and specialist in oncological radiotherapy”, who spoke
out against the “humanitarian crisis that the country
is currently suffering”.<a name="_ftnref8"
title="_ftnref8" id="_ftnref8"></a>[8] <em>Voice of
America</em> failed to inform that Olivares was then
a militant with the rightwing party Primero Justicia.
In fact, he is currently a deputy in the National
Assembly, elected by the state of Vargas in the 2015
parliamentary elections, as was Deputy Juan Guaidó.</p>
<p>By 2015 the term had become a permanent fixture. On
February 24, the think tank “International Crisis
Group” issued a report in which it warned that
Venezuela “would be facing a humanitarian crisis if
measures were not taken to solve the country’s
problems”.<a name="_ftnref9" title="_ftnref9"
id="_ftnref9"></a>[9] A couple weeks later, on March
9, the Obama Administration declared Venezuela an
“unusual and extraordinary threat to the national
security and foreign policy of the United States”,
imposing sanctions on seven officials allegedly
involved in human rights violations.<a
name="_ftnref10" title="_ftnref10" id="_ftnref10"></a>[10] In
an article dated to March 11, José Manuel Oliveras
spoke in the name of an NGO known as “Doctors for
Health” [Médicos por la Salud], again asserting that
the country was experiencing a “a humanitarian health
crisis”. <a name="_ftnref11" title="_ftnref11"
id="_ftnref11"></a>[11] Republican Marco Rubio
weighed in with his own declaration the next day:
“while individual economic sanctions against
infractions of human rights, announced earlier this
week, has focused on the catastrophe that Nicolás
Maduro and his regime have inflicted on the
Venezuelans, there must be more action and attention
paid to the humanitarian and economic crisis that
threatens regional security”.<a name="_ftnref12"
title="_ftnref12" id="_ftnref12"></a>[12] That same
day, the Secretary of State John Kerry “assured that
if Venezuela were to cease its oil assistance to
neighboring countries, a humanitarian crisis could be
unleashed”.<a name="_ftnref13" title="_ftnref13"
id="_ftnref13"></a>[13] From that moment onward, the
anti-Chavista voices would employ the term with
increasing frequency.</p>
<p>By 2016, with the National Assembly under opposition
control, that institution became a sounding board for
the same kind of discourse: on January 26 it issued a
statement on “the humanitarian crisis in health in
Venezuela, due to the scarcity of medications, medical
supplies and the deterioration of health
infrastructure”, <a name="_ftnref14" title="_ftnref14"
id="_ftnref14"></a>[14] while on February 11 it
announced a “humanitarian crisis and the complete
absence of any form of food security for the
Venezuelan population”.<a name="_ftnref15"
title="_ftnref15" id="_ftnref15"></a>[15] On January
23, the team at Misión Verdad published a report
providing information that showed the fallacy behind
the “cartelized discourses sustaining the ‘lack of
dollars’ as a fundamental cause for the restriction of
medication, which is produced oligopolistically” by a
handful of pharmaceutical corporations based in the
country.<a name="_ftnref16" title="_ftnref16"
id="_ftnref16"></a>[16] On February 15, journalist
Victor Hugo Majano warned: “the National Assembly’s
declaration of a dietary and pharmaceutical emergency
is meant to force the government into maintaining
flows of foreign currency that are in turn used to
finance imports, typically by the commercial layer of
the bourgeoisie and transnational corporations that
are dedicated to the commercialization of consumer
goods”. <a name="_ftnref17" title="_ftnref17"
id="_ftnref17"></a>[17]</p>
<p>Even having only sketched a tentative relation
between the available facts, and given the historical
conditions in which this type of discourse emerges and
the type of language it uses, not to mention its
principal motives, it seems clear that when there is
talk of a “humanitarian crisis” in Venezuela it comes
in the form of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Those who
speak a “humanitarian” language, more than warning
against what could happen, are anticipating a reality
that they themselves are deeply invested in seeing
materialized. Apart from that, they are posing the
problem as the exclusive responsibility of the
government, from which can only follow a single
solution: “humanitarian intervention”. This is
critical to understand: there is no “crisis” without
“intervention”.</p>
<p>Another effect is the progressive degradation of
political language: the “humanitarianization” of
discourse is the most recent expression of an attempt
to dehumanize Chavismo. It is inherent to
anti-Chavismo. The “hordes” from the first years of
the Bolivarian Revolution are then made out to be
criminal accomplices of a genocidal dictator, i.e.
Nicolás Maduro, who furthermore is a “usurper”, like
the equally “illegitimate” Hugo Chávez. The virulence
of the recent attacks against Chavismo, regarded as a
despicable and vile phenomenon subject to legitimate
extermination, does not answer to any “humanitarian
crisis”: it is the same virulence as twenty years
earlier, fomented by the brutality that is today
expressed in Venezuela’s “disaster capitalism”.</p>
<p>The “humanitarianization” of political discourse is
the intricate plot upon which the Trump Administration
looks to legitimize their attack on the PDVSA: it is
“justified” on the grounds that, as John Bolton stated
on Fox Business on January 24, the government in
question is “genocidal” and “corrupt”. So what is the
trick? The trick is that this discursive plot serves
to muddy the waters: anyone who should question the
humanitarian discourse has simply failed to
“recognize” or, worse, “justified” the crisis and
corruption. By the same sleight of hand, the main
parties responsible for the “catastrophe” are the ones
exempt from any responsibility.</p>
<p><strong>* * *</strong></p>
<p>The “humanitarian crisis” is a business opportunity,
as Bolton acknowledged in his <em>Fox Business</em> interview.
The same “opportunities” are also on display in the
plans being promoted by the National Assembly.</p>
<p>On December 19, 2018, a proposal was put before the
National Assembly: the “Plan for the Country, the Day
After” [Plan País, el día después]. The “Plan” offers
a roadmap for what is to be expected during the
“democratic transition”. According to <em>Banking and
Business</em> [Banca y Negocios], the plan outlines:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>– “the reactivation of the productive apparatus […]
by accessing the finances of multilateral banking”,
read the International Monetary Fund;</p>
<p>– “removal of all controls, regulations and
bureaucratic obstacles, and punitive measures”;</p>
<p>– “international investment within a regulatory
framework that creates confidence and effective
protection of private property”;</p>
<p>– “opening for private investment in public
enterprises”;</p>
<p>– “ approval of a new Hydrocarbon Law that […]
would allow for private capital to act as a majority
shareholder in oil projects”;</p>
<p>– “the private sector will be responsible […] for
the operation of utility assets”;</p>
<p>– “efficiency in order to reduce the size of the
state”.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>On social matters, the proposal aims to “supply and
provide continuous access to primary goods and
services, with special focus on the sectors of health,
education and nutrition for the most vulnerable,
encouraging quality employment and protection of
family income”.<a name="_ftnref18" title="_ftnref18"
id="_ftnref18"></a>[18]</p>
<p>On January 8, 2019, a bill proposal was circulated in
the National Assembly with the title “Statute
Governing the Transition to Democracy and the
Reestablishment of the Validity of the Constitution of
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela” [Ley de Estatuto
que rige la transición a la democracia y el
restablecimiento de la vigencia de la Constitución de
la República Bolivariana de Venezuela]. Article 21 of
the bill reads: “the National Assembly will issue the
laws necessary to deal with the complex humanitarian
emergency and promote the recovery of the Venezuelan
economy, in conformity with the Agreement of Plan País
approved on December 18, 2018”.</p>
<p>The same article goes on to list the objectives it
will accomplish: “rapid economic recuperation through
extraordinary international financial assistance
provided by multilateral organisms” (paragraph 1);
“centralized control, arbitrary measures for
expropriation and other similar measures will all be
abolished, including currency control. To that end,
the centralized model for economic control will be
replaced by a model based on liberty and the market,
founded on the right enjoyed by each Venezuelan to
work under the guarantees based on property and
freedom of enterprise” (paragraph 2); “public
utilities will be subject to a process of
restructuring that assures efficient and transparent
management, including through public-private
arrangements” (paragraph 4).<a name="_ftnref19"
title="_ftnref19" id="_ftnref19"></a>[19]</p>
<p>Clearly, “Plan País” and the “Transition” bill
proposal are both rife with neoliberal measures:
deregulation, massive privatization (including PDVSA),
restructuring of the state, etc. And as for social
concerns, given that the issue at hand is nothing less
than a “humanitarian crisis”, and that the magnitude
of such a crisis would logically occupy a central
place in any “democratic transition plan”, the
proposed social measures are little more than a
scaled-back version of the policies implemented
throughout the Bolivarian Revolution.</p>
<p>Such is the deceptive nature of Venezuela’s “disaster
capitalists”: they promise to return the country to
the years of Chávez, which in their thinking was
destroyed by the very same “21st century socialism”;
however they also intend to apply the same neoliberal
policies of the 80s and 90s, which fueled the first
rebellions of the Venezuelan people.</p>
<p><em><strong>Reinaldo Iturriza</strong>, (Puerto
Ordaz, Bolívar, Venezuela, November 30, 1973), is a
Venezuelan politician, sociologist and writer. He
was the Minister of Popular Power for Culture of
Venezuela from September 2014 to January 2016.</em></p>
<p><em>The views expressed in this article are the
author's own and do not necessarily reflect those of
the Venezuelanalysis editorial staff.</em></p>
<h2>NOTAS</h2>
<p><a name="_ftn1" title="_ftn1" id="_ftn1"></a>[1]U.S.
Department of the Treasury. Treasury Sanctions
Venezuela’s State-Owned Oil Company Petroleos de
Venezuela, S.A. January 28, 2019. <a
href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-release/sm594">https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-release/sm594</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn2" title="_ftn2" id="_ftn2"></a>[2]Ricardo
Vaz. “Us Hits PDVSA with More Sanctions as UNSC Fails
to Pass Resolution on Venezuela”. Venezuelanalysis,
January 28, 2019. <a
href="https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14268">https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14268</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn3" title="_ftn3" id="_ftn3"></a>[3]Fox
Business [Fox Business]. (January 24, 2019). John
Bolton: I don't think Maduro has the military on his
side [Video archive]. Retrieved from: <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8av-cPP1uPE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8av-cPP1uPE</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn4" title="_ftn4" id="_ftn4"></a>[4]Asamblea
Nacional. “Acuerdo para la promoción del plan de
rescate del país”. January 29, 2019. <a
href="http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-para-la-promocion-del-plan-de-rescate-del-pais">http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-para-la-promocion-del-plan-de-rescate-del-pais</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn5" title="_ftn5" id="_ftn5"></a>[5]Naomi
Klein. <em>The Shock Doctrine</em>. Picador. 2007.</p>
<p><a name="_ftn6" title="_ftn6" id="_ftn6"></a>[6]In
Alfonso Guerra’s estimation, there are dictatorships
that are "least efficient", while Maduro "is of no
use". El Diario, January 28, 2019. <a
href="https://www.eldiario.es/rastreador/Alfonso-Guerra-dictaduras-economica-Maduro_6_862023791.html">https://www.eldiario.es/rastreador/Alfonso-Guerra-dictaduras-economica-Maduro_6_862023791.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn7" title="_ftn7" id="_ftn7"></a>[7]Luis
Alberto Facal. “Venezuela vive una crisis humanitaria
según ONG”. Voz de América, March March 31, 2014. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-libertad-rodrigo-diamanti/1883104.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-libertad-rodrigo-diamanti/1883104.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn8" title="_ftn8" id="_ftn8"></a>[8]“La
crisis en Venezuela llega a los hospitales”. Voz de
América, June 16, 2014. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/la-crisis-en-venezuela-llega-a-los-hospitales/1937809.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/la-crisis-en-venezuela-llega-a-los-hospitales/1937809.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn9" title="_ftn9" id="_ftn9"></a>[9]Álvaro
Algarra. “Venezuela: Alertan posible crisis
humanitaria”. Voz de América, February 24, 2015. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-crisis-humanitaria-maduro-escasez/2657047.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-crisis-humanitaria-maduro-escasez/2657047.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn10" title="_ftn10" id="_ftn10"></a>[10]“Obama
firma decreto contra Venezuela alegando que es una
‘amenaza inusual y extraordinaria a la seguridad
nacional’”. Alba Ciudad, March 9, 2015. <a
href="http://albaciudad.org/2015/03/obama-implementa-nuevas-sanciones-contra-venezuela/">http://albaciudad.org/2015/03/obama-implementa-nuevas-sanciones-contra-venezuela/</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn11" title="_ftn11" id="_ftn11"></a>[11]“Venezuela:
Ratifican crisis humanitaria de salud”. Voz de
América, March 11, 2015. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/medicinas-hospital/2677025.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/medicinas-hospital/2677025.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn12" title="_ftn12" id="_ftn12"></a>[12]“Senado
prepara audiencia sobre Venezuela”. Voz de América,
March 12, 2015. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/marco-rubio-senado-audiencia-venezuela-crisis/2677466.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/marco-rubio-senado-audiencia-venezuela-crisis/2677466.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn13" title="_ftn13" id="_ftn13"></a>[13]"Cancelar
Petrocaribe desataría crisis humanitaria". Voz de
América, March 12, 2015. <a
href="https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-john-kerry-nicolas-maduro-sanciones-crisis/2677535.html">https://www.voanoticias.com/a/venezuela-john-kerry-nicolas-maduro-sanciones-crisis/2677535.html</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn14" title="_ftn14" id="_ftn14"></a>[14]Asamblea
Nacional. “Acuerdo mediante el cual se declara crisis
humanitaria en la salud de Venezuela, en vista de la
grave escasez de medicamentos, insumos médicos y
deterioro de la infraestructura sanitaria". January
26, 2016. <a
href="http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-mediante-el-cual-se-declara-crisis-humanitaria-en-la-salud-de-venezuela-en-vista-de-la-grave-escasez-de-medicamentos-insumos-medicos-y-deterioro-de-la-infraestructura-sanitaria">http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-mediante-el-cual-se-declara-crisis-humanitaria-en-la-salud-de-venezuela-en-vista-de-la-grave-escasez-de-medicamentos-insumos-medicos-y-deterioro-de-la-infraestructura-sanitaria</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn15" title="_ftn15" id="_ftn15"></a>[15]Asamblea
Nacional. “Acuerdo mediante el cual se declara crisis
humanitaria e inexistencia de seguridad alimentaria de
la población venezolana”. February 11, 2016. <a
href="http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-mediante-el-cual-se-declara-crisis-humanitaria-e-inexistencia-de-seguridad-alimentaria-de-la-poblacion-venezolana">http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/actos/_acuerdo-mediante-el-cual-se-declara-crisis-humanitaria-e-inexistencia-de-seguridad-alimentaria-de-la-poblacion-venezolana</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn16" title="_ftn16" id="_ftn16"></a>[16]“Guerra
farmacéutica y el plan de la "crisis humanitaria".
Misión Verdad, January 23, 2016. <a
href="http://misionverdad.com/la-guerra-en-venezuela/guerra-farmaceutica-y-el-plan-de-la-crisis-humanitaria%20">http://misionverdad.com/la-guerra-en-venezuela/guerra-farmaceutica-y-el-plan-de-la-crisis-humanitaria%20</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn17" title="_ftn17" id="_ftn17"></a>[17]“Burguesía
importadora usa declaratorias de emergencia para
mantener flujo de divisas”. Misión Verdad, February
15, 2016. <a
href="http://misionverdad.com/la-guerra-en-venezuela/burguesia-importadora-usa-declaratorias-de-emergencia-para-mantener-flujo-de">http://misionverdad.com/la-guerra-en-venezuela/burguesia-importadora-usa-declaratorias-de-emergencia-para-mantener-flujo-de</a><a
name="_ftn17" title="_ftn17" id="_ftn17"></a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn18" title="_ftn18" id="_ftn18"></a>[18]“Puntos
clave del Plan País para la recuperación de
Venezuela”. Banca y Negocios, December 26, 2018. <a
href="http://www.bancaynegocios.com/puntos-clave-del-plan-pais-para-la-recuperacion-de-venezuela/">http://www.bancaynegocios.com/puntos-clave-del-plan-pais-para-la-recuperacion-de-venezuela/</a></p>
<p><a name="_ftn19" title="_ftn19" id="_ftn19"></a>[19]Asamblea
Nacional. Anteproyecto de "Ley de Estatuto que rige la
transición a la democracia y el restablecimiento de la
vigencia de la Constitución de la República
Bolivariana de Venezuela". January 9, 2019. <a
href="http://puntodecorte.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/10E-T-Ley-Marco-del-Estatuto-08-01-19.pdf">http://puntodecorte.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/10E-T-Ley-Marco-del-Estatuto-08-01-19.pdf</a></p>
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