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<div class="pb-sig-line hasnt-headshot is-not-columnist"> <span
class="pb-byline"><b><big>New ACLU report takes a snapshot of
police militarization in the United States</big></b><br>
<br>
<font color="#cc0000"><big><i>(The ACLU Executive Summary
Follows this Washington Post story)</i></big></font><br>
<br>
By <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/radley-balko">Radley
Balko</a></span> <span class="pb-timestamp">June 24</span><br>
<b><small><small><small><small><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/06/24/new-aclu-report-takes-a-snapshot-of-police-militarization-in-the-united-states">http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/06/24/new-aclu-report-takes-a-snapshot-of-police-militarization-in-the-united-states</a></small></small></small></small></b><span
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<p><a
href="https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/jus14-warcomeshome-report-web-rel1.pdf">The
American Civil Liberties Union has released the results</a> of
its year-long study of police militarization. The study looked at
800 deployments of SWAT teams among 20 local, state and federal
police agencies in 2011-2012. Among the notable findings:</p>
<ul>
<li>62 percent of the SWAT raids surveyed were to conduct searches
for drugs.</li>
<li>Just under 80 percent were to serve a search warrant, meaning
eight in 10 SWAT raids were not initiated to apprehend a school
shooter, hostage taker, or escaped felon (the common
justification for these tactics), but to investigate someone
still only suspected of committing a crime.</li>
<li>In fact, just 7 percent of SWAT raids were “for hostage,
barricade, or active shooter scenarios.”</li>
<li>In at least 36 percent of the SWAT raids studies, <em>no
contraband of any kind</em> was found. The report notes that
due to incomplete police reports on these raids this figure
could be as high as 65 percent.</li>
<li>SWAT tactics are disproportionately used on people of color.</li>
<li>65 percent of SWAT deployments resulted in some sort of forced
entry into a private home, by way of a battering ram, boot, or
some sort of explosive device. In over half those raids, the
police failed to find any sort of weapon, the presence of which
was cited as the reason for the violent tactics.</li>
<li>Ironically (or perhaps not), searches to serve warrants on
people suspected of drug crimes were more likely to result in
forced entry than raids conducted for other purposes.</li>
<li>Though often justified for rare incidents like school
shootings or terrorist situations, the armored personnel
vehicles police departments are getting from the Pentagon and
through grants from the Department of Homeland Security are
commonly used on drug raids.</li>
</ul>
<div class="inline-content inline-photo"> <br>
<span class="pb-caption">Jefferson County, Alabama SWAT team
members move down a hallway during an active shooter training
exercise at a school in Ketona, Ala., Wednesday, June 18, 2014.
(AP Photo/ AL.com, Mark Almond)</span> </div>
<p>In other words, where violent, volatile SWAT tactics were once
used only in limited situations where someone was in the process
of or about to commit a violent crime — where the police were
using violence only to defuse an already violent situation — SWAT
teams today are overwhelmingly used to investigate people who are
still only suspected of committing nonviolent consensual crimes.
And because these raids often involve forced entry into homes,
often at night, they’re actually <em>creating</em> violence and
confrontation where there was none before.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>(Read more: <a
href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/06/26/massachusetts-swat-teams-claim-theyre-private-corporations-immune-from-open-records-laws/">Massachusetts
SWAT teams claim they are private corporations</a>)</strong></p>
<p>When SWAT teams are used in a way that’s consistent with their
original purpose, they’re used carefully and cautiously. The ACLU
report finds that, “In nearly every deployment involving a
barricade, hostage, or active shooter, the SWAT report provided
specific facts that gave the SWAT team reason to believe there was
an armed and often dangerous suspect.” By contrast . . .</p>
<blockquote>
<p> . . . incident reports for search warrant executions,
especially in drug investigations, often contained no
information about why the SWAT team was being sent in, other
than to note that the warrant was “high risk,” or else provided
otherwise unsubstantiated information such as “suspect is
believed to be armed.” In case after case that the ACLU
examined, when a SWAT team was deployed to search a person’s
home for drugs, officers determined that a person was “likely to
be armed” on the basis of suspected but unfounded gang
affiliations, past weapons convictions, or some other factor
that did not truly indicate a basis for believing that the
person in question was likely to be armed at the moment of the
SWAT deployment. Of course, a reasonable belief that weapons are
present should not by itself justify a SWAT deployment. Given
that almost half of American households have guns, use of a SWAT
team could almost always be justified if this were the sole
factor.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But we’ve already seen cases in which the mere factor that the
resident of a home was a <em>legal</em> gun owner — in some cases
by virtue of the fact that the owner had obtained some sort of
state license — was used as an excuse to execute a full-on SWAT
raid to serve a warrant for an otherwise nonviolent crime. Of the
SWAT raids the ACLU studied in which police cited the possibility
of finding a weapon in the home, they actually found a weapon just
35 percent of the time.<br>
_____________________________________________________________________________<br>
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a
href="https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/jus14-warcomeshome-report-web-rel1.pdf">https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/jus14-warcomeshome-report-web-rel1.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><big><big><b>American Civil Liberties
Union</b></big></big><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Across the country, heavily armed Special
Weapons and
Tactics (SWAT) teams are forcing their way into people’s homes
in the middle of
the night, often deploying explosive devices such as flashbang
grenades to
temporarily blind and deafen residents, simply to serve a search
warrant on the
suspicion that someone may be in possession of a small amount of
drugs.
Neighborhoods are not war zones, and our police officers should
not be treating
us like wartime enemies. However, the ACLU encountered this type
of story over
and over when studying the militarization of state and local law
enforcement
agencies.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">This investigation gave us data to
corroborate a trend we
have been noticing nationwide: American policing has become
unnecessarily and
dangerously militarized, in large part through federal programs
that have armed
state and local law enforcement agencies with the weapons and
tactics of war,
with almost no public discussion or oversight. Using these
federal funds, state
and local law enforcement agencies have amassed military
arsenals purportedly
to wage the failed War on Drugs, the battlegrounds of which have
disproportionately been in communities of color. But these
arsenals are by no
means free of cost for communities. Instead, the use of hyper-
aggressive tools
and tactics results in tragedy for civilians and police
officers, escalates the
risk of needless violence, destroys property, and undermines
individual
liberties.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">This report provides a snapshot of the
realities of paramilitary
policing, building on a body of existing work demonstrating that
police
militarization is a pervasive problem. Analyzing both existing
secondary source
materials and primary source data uncovered through the ACLU’s
public records
investigation, this report examines the use of SWAT teams by
state and local
law enforcement agencies and other aspects of militaristic
policing. As explained
in the Methodology section, our statistical analysis included
more than 800
SWAT deployments conducted by 20 law enforcement agencies during
the years<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">2011-2012.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">SWAT was created to deal with emergency
situations such as
hostage, barricade and active shooter scenarios. Over time,
however, law enforcement
agencies have moved away from this original purpose and are
increasingly using
these paramilitary squads to search people’s homes for drugs.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Aggressive enforcement of the War on Drugs
has lost its
public mandate, as 67 percent of Americans think the government
should focus
more on treatment than on policing and prosecuting drug users.
This waning public
support is warranted, as evidence continues to document how the
War on Drugs
has destroyed millions of lives, unfairly impacted communities
of color, made drugs
cheaper and more potent, caused countless deaths of innocent
people caught up
in drug war-related armed conflict, and failed to eliminate drug
dependence and
addiction. The routine use of heavily armed SWAT teams to search
people’s homes
for drugs, therefore, means that law enforcement agencies across
the country
are using this hyper-aggressive form of domestic policing to
fight a war that
has waning public support and has harmed, much more than helped,
communities.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">SWAT raids are undoubtedly violent events:
numerous (often
20 or more) officers armed with assault rifles and grenades
approach a home,
break down doors and windows (often causing property damage),
and scream for the
people inside to get on the floor (often pointing their guns at
them). During
the course of this investigation, the ACLU determined that SWAT
deployments
often and unnecessarily entailed the use of violent tactics and
equipment,
including Armored Personnel Carriers (APCs), and that the use of
these tactics
and equipment often increased the risk of property damage and
bodily harm.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Unnecessarily aggressive SWAT raids can
have disastrous consequences,
including injury and death. The ACLU also uncovered numerous
instances in which
SWAT teams deployed when there were children present (and some
in which the
SWAT team knew in advance that children would be present).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">To scale back the militarization of
police, it is
important to document how law enforcement agencies have
stockpiled their
arsenals. Law enforcement agencies have become equipped to carry
out these SWAT
missions in part by federal programs such as the Department of
Defense’s 1033 Program,
the Department of Homeland Security’s grants to local law
enforcement agencies,
and the Department of<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Justice’s Edward Byrne Memorial Justice
Assistance Grant (JAG)
Program, each of which is examined in this report.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">De-escalating militarized policing will
also require analysis
of how the presence of these weapons and tactics has impacted
policing culture.
Our analysis shows that the militarization of American policing
is evident in
the training that police officers receive, which encourages them
to adopt a
“warrior” mentality and think of the people they are supposed to
serve as
enemies, as well as in the equipment they use, such as battering
rams,
flashbang grenades, and APCs. This shift in culture has been
buoyed by the U.S.
Supreme Court’s weakening of the Fourth Amendment (which
protects the right to
privacy in one’s home) through a series of decisions that have
given the police
increased authority to force their way into people’s homes,
often in drug
cases.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Additionally, solving the problem of
police
militarization requires discussion of how SWAT teams should be
appropriately used
and when their deployment is counterproductive and dangerous.
Even though paramilitary
policing in the form of SWAT teams was created to deal with
emergency scenarios
such as hostage or barricade situations, the use of SWAT to
execute search warrants
in drug investigations has become commonplace and made up the
overwhelming
majority of incidents the ACLU reviewed—79 percent of the
incidents the ACLU
studied involved the use of a SWAT team to search a person’s
home, and more
than 60 percent of the cases involved searches for drugs. The
use of a SWAT
team to execute a search warrant essentially amounts to the use
of paramilitary
tactics to conduct domestic criminal investigations in searches
of people’s
homes. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">The use of SWAT teams to serve search
warrants could perhaps
be justified if there were reason to believe that these
situations truly presented
a genuine threat to officer safety, but that did not appear to
be the case from
the documents that the ACLU examined; of the incidents in which
officers
believed a weapon would be present, a weapon (typically a
firearm such as a
handgun but rarely an assault rifle) was actually found at the
scene in only 35
percent of cases. Even when officers believed a weapon was
likely to be present,
that belief was often unsubstantiated. Unfortunately, reasonable
standards for deploying
SWAT teams appear to be virtually nonexistent. Further, given
that almost half
of American households have guns, use of a SWAT team could
almost always be justified
if the “presence of a firearm” was the sole factor determining
whether to deploy.
However, because the use of SWAT increases the likelihood that
the occupants
will use weapons to defend themselves, which increases the risk
of violence,
presence of a weapon alone should not automatically result in a
SWAT
deployment.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">These problems have been allowed to occur
in the absence of
public oversight. Data collection has been sparse and
inadequate: among the law
enforcement agencies studied, the ACLU found that data
collecting and reporting
in the context of SWAT was at best sporadic and at worst
virtually nonexistent.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">In addition, there is typically no single
entity at the
local, state, or federal level responsible for ensuring that
SWAT is appropriately
restrained and that policing does not become excessively
militarized. Maryland
passed a law in 2010 requiring local law enforcement agencies to
submit regular
reports on their use of SWAT, but that law will sunset this
year. Utah passed a
similar law this year, which looks promising, but much more
oversight is
needed.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr., has
announced broad
criminal justice reforms, including guidelines to curtail the
use of mandatory
minimum sentencing laws by federal prosecutors in certain drug
cases and a
$4.75 million project funded by the federal government and
designed to ease
mistrust between local police departments and minority
communities by collecting
and studying data on searches, arrests, and case outcomes in
order to help
assess the impact of possible bias. These developments have real
potential to
reduce America’s excessive reliance on overly aggressive
approaches to policing
and punishing drug crimes, but there is a danger that these
federally-funded efforts
could be undermined by the federal government’s role in
subsidizing the use of
paramilitary weapons and tactics in localities, particularly in
many
communities of color. Without rethinking its role in
militarizing local police
departments, the federal government may end up sabotaging the
very same reforms
it is championing.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">From our review of both primary and
secondary source materials,
we are able to present two sets of findings: one set of general
findings based
on our review of the existing research, which our data supports,
and one set of
time- bound specific findings from our statistical analysis of
the raw data we
collected in connection with our investigation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Our general findings, based on our review
of existing research
and supported by our data, are the following:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">1.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Policing—particularly through the use of
paramilitary teams—in
the United States today has become excessively militarized,
mainly through
federal programs that create incentives for state and local
police to use unnecessarily
aggressive weapons and tactics designed for the battlefield. For
example, the ACLU
documented a total of 15,054 items of battle uniforms or
personal protective
equipment received by 63 responding agencies during the relevant
time period,
and it is estimated that 500 law enforcement agencies have
received Mine
Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles built to withstand
armor- piercing
roadside bombs through the Department of Defense’s 1033 Program.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">2. The militarization of policing in the
United States
has occurred with almost no public oversight. Not a single law
enforcement
agency in this investigation provided records containing all of
the information
that the ACLU believes is necessary to undertake a thorough
examination of
police militarization. Some agencies provided records that were
nearly totally
lacking in important information. Agencies that monitor and
provide oversight
over the militarization of policing are virtually nonexistent.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Our more specific findings from the
statistical analysis
we conducted of time-bound raw data received in connection with
this
investigation are the following:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">3. SWAT teams were often
deployed—unnecessarily and aggressively—to
execute search warrants in low-level drug investigations;
deployments for
hostage or barricade scenarios occurred in only a small number
of incidents. The
majority (79 percent) of SWAT deployments the ACLU studied were
for the purpose
of executing a search warrant, most commonly in drug
investigations. Only a small
handful of deployments (7 percent) were for hostage, barricade,
or active
shooter scenarios.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">4. The use of paramilitary weapons and
tactics primarily impacted
people of color; when paramilitary tactics were used in drug
searches, the
primary targets were people of color, whereas when paramilitary
tactics were
used in hostage or barricade scenarios, the primary targets were
white.
Overall, 42 percent of people impacted by a SWAT deployment to
execute a search
warrant were Black and 12 percent were<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Latino. This means that of the people
impacted by deployments
for warrants, at least 54 percent were minorities. Of the
deployments in which
all the people impacted were minorities, 68 percent were in drug
cases, and 61
percent of all the people impacted by SWAT raids in drug cases
were minorities.
In addition, the incidents we studied revealed stark, often
extreme, racial
disparities in the use of SWAT locally, especially in cases
involving search
warrants.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">5. SWAT deployments often and
unnecessarily entailed the
use of violent tactics and equipment, including armored
personnel carriers; use
of violent tactics and equipment was shown to increase the risk
of bodily harm
and property damage. Of the incidents studied in which SWAT was
deployed to
search for drugs in a person’s home, the SWAT teams either
forced or probably
forced entry into a person’s home using a battering ram or other
breaching
device 65 percent of the time. For drug investigations, the SWAT
teams studied
were almost twice as likely to force entry into a person’s home
than not, and
they were more than twice as likely to use forced entry in drug
investigations
as in other cases. In some instances, the use of violent tactics
and equipment
caused property damage, injury, and/or death.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Reform must be systemic; the problems of
overly
aggressive policing are cultural and cannot be solved by merely
identifying a
few “bad apples” or dismissing the problem as a few isolated
incidents.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">To begin to solve the problem of overly
militarized policing,
reform must happen at all levels of government that have
contributed to this
trend.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">The federal government should take the
lead by reining in
the programs that create incentives for local police to engage
in excessively militarized
tactics, especially in drug cases. The federal government holds
the purse strings,
and easing the flow of federal funds and military-grade
equipment into states
and localities would have a significant impact on the overuse of
hyper-aggressive tactics and military-grade tools in local
communities.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Additionally, state legislatures and
municipalities
should impose meaningful restraints on the use of SWAT. SWAT
deployments should
be limited to the kinds of scenarios for which these aggressive
measures were originally
intended: barricade, hostage, and active shooter situations.
Rather than allow
a SWAT deployment in any case that is deemed (for whatever
reason the officers determine)
to be “high risk,” the better practice would be for law
enforcement agencies to
have in place clear standards limiting SWAT deployments to
scenarios that are truly
“high risk.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">SWAT teams should never be deployed based
solely on probable
cause to believe drugs are present, even if they have a warrant
to search a
home. In addition, SWAT teams should not equate the suspected
presence of drugs
with a threat of violence. SWAT deployment for warrant service
is appropriate
only if the police can demonstrate, before deployment, that
ordinary law
enforcement officers cannot safely execute a warrant without
facing an imminent
threat of serious bodily harm. In making these determinations,
it is important
to take into consideration the fact that use of a SWAT team can
escalate rather
than ameliorate potential violence; law enforcement should take
appropriate precautions
to avoid the use of SWAT whenever possible. In addition, all
SWAT deployments,
regardless of the underlying purpose, should be proportional—not
all situations
call for a SWAT deployment consisting of 20 heavily armed
officers in an APC,
and partial deployments should be encouraged when appropriate. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Local police departments should develop
their own internal
policies calling for appropriate restraints on the use of SWAT
and should avoid
all training programs that encourage a “warrior” mindset.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Finally, the public has a right to know
how law
enforcement agencies are policing its communities and spending
its tax dollars.
The militarization of American policing has occurred with almost
no oversight,
and it is time to shine a bright light on the policies,
practices, and weaponry
that have turned too many of our neighborhoods into war zones.<o:p></o:p></p>
<br>
</p>
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