<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
<big><big><font><font size="-1">
<div class="entry-date"><big><big>Weekend Edition December 7-9, 2012<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/07/wrecking-gaza/">http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/07/wrecking-gaza/</a><br>
<br>
</big></big>
<div style="float: right;"><big><big> </big></big>
<div style="float: left;"><big><big><a
href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/07/wrecking-gaza/print"
target="one"><img src="cid:part1.02020608.07090606@freedomarchives.org"></a></big></big></div>
<big><big></big></big></div>
</div>
<div class="subheadlinestyle"><big><big>Civilian Infrastructure
Targeted by Israeli Military</big></big></div>
<big><big> </big></big>
<h1 class="article-title"><big><big>Wrecking Gaza</big></big></h1>
<big><big> </big></big>
<div class="mainauthorstyle"><big><big>by JAMES MARC LEAS and THERESA
McDERMOTT</big></big></div>
<big><big> </big></big>
<div class="main-text"><big><big> </big></big>
<p><big><big>The Israeli Defense Force (IDF) claims <a
href="http://www.idf.il/1283-17570-en/Dover.aspx"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.idf.il']);">vast
military gains</a> from its targeting of hundreds of sites in Gaza,
including substantial civilian property, during “Operation Pillar of
Cloud,” the intensive 8-day bombing the IDF initiated on November 14,
2012. But Palestinian witnesses deny that fighters were present or that
rockets had been or were being launched from many of the sites the IDF
bombed. Palestinian witnesses also deny the claims of any other
military advantage to Israel from the attacks. They say the intent of
Israeli political and military leaders was to do exactly what Israeli
forces actually did: destroy civilian property and punish and
traumatize the civilian population of Gaza.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Writing in the Jerusalem Post last March, <a
href="http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=261274"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.jpost.com']);">Yaakov
Katz reported the IDF desire</a> “to do some periodic ‘maintenance
work’ in Gaza and to mow the lawn, so to speak, with regard to
terrorism, with the main goal of boosting its deterrence.” Thus, the
IDF graphically admitted the political goal that requires periodic
attacks, destroying Palestinian civilian property, and killing
Palestinian civilians.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Evidence was collected by members of a US and UK
delegation who were in Gaza from November 27 to December 3. Members
viewed destruction throughout the Gaza Strip and interviewed
Palestinian witnesses. They found substantial evidence of violation of
international humanitarian law with regard to attacks on civilians and
civilian property.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>An independent and impartial investigation and prosecution
is needed to establish the guilt or innocence of those responsible. The
prosecutor of the <a href="http://www2.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www2.icc-cpi.int']);">International
Criminal Court (ICC)</a> or, if that approach is blocked, another <a
href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/unchart.htm"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.yale.edu']);">tribunal
established by the General Assembly under Article 22 of the UN Charter</a>,
may initiate such an investigation. If the investigation shows evidence
of violations, the perpetrators should be prosecuted–including those
Israeli political and military leaders who ordered the violations.
Otherwise their immunity is likely to allow further violations.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Not waiting for the ICC to initiate its investigation, the
<a href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.pchrgaza.org']);">Palestine
Center for Human Rights</a> is calling for establishment of a
commission composed of prominent attorneys and jurists to conduct a
thorough fact-finding investigation in the coming weeks and issue a
report on its findings.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>International humanitarian law </strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>International humanitarian law (IHL) establishes rules for
armed conflict and military occupation with the purpose of minimizing
civilian suffering and casualties.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>These rules apply to a country engaged in an occupation of
territory not its own. They apply to states and non-states alike. Thus,
the rules apply to both Israeli and Palestinian military forces in
territory occupied by Israel, including the Gaza Strip. Although Israel
withdrew its illegal settlers from Gaza in 2005, Israeli military
forces retain control over the territory, including its airspace and
its land and sea borders. The Israeli military conducts periodic
military operations with drones and F-16s and conducts military
incursions on a regular basis. Israeli naval forces regularly intercept
and shoot at Palestinian fishermen. Israeli forces along the border
regularly shoot at farmers attempting to work their land in Gaza along
the border with Israel.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>As occupying power, the rules provide Israel with an
obligation to protect Palestinian civilians and Palestinian civilian
property. While the Israel government may use police power to preserve
order and protect its own population, its right to use military force
in occupied territory is restricted, as described in an <a
href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8799/no-israel-does-not-have-the-right-to-self-defense-"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.jadaliyya.com']);">article
by Noura Erakat</a>, “No, Israel Does Not Have the Right to
Self-Defense In International Law Against Occupied Palestinian
Territory.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The rules protect not just civilians but also civilian
property and other civilian infrastructure. Under the rules, a civilian
building or other civilian property might conceivably be a legitimate
military target–but only if it is being used for a military purpose and
no other method is possible. Each such facility must be assumed to be
civilian object–and therefore off limits as a military target–unless
and until evidence is shown that the building is actually being used
for a military purpose and that the attack is a military necessity.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>For example, the <a
href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/full/195"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.icrc.org']);">Hague
Convention IV</a> of 1907 regarding the Laws and Customs of War on Land
provides in Article 23, “it is especially forbidden . . .(g) To destroy
or seize the enemy’s property, unless such destruction or seizure be
imperatively demanded by the necessities of war.” Article 25 provides,
“ The attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of towns, villages,
dwellings, or buildings which are undefended is prohibited.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>In its <a
href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=5a&case=131&code=mwp&p3=4"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.icj-cij.org']);">advisory
opinion on the wall</a>, the International Court of Justice found that
the <a href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/full/380"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.icrc.org']);">Fourth
Geneva Convention</a> was applicable to occupied Palestinian territory.
The convention provides in Article 53: “Any destruction by the
Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or
collectively to private persons, or to the State, or to other public
authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited,
except where such destruction is rendered absolutely necessary by
military operations.” Although Israeli withdrew its illegal settlers in
2005, Gaza is still considered under the control of Israel and remains
occupied territory.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Even if evidence is found that a building is being used
for a military purpose and the attack is the only way to accomplish the
military objective, an attack on the building is still unlawful if the
injuries to civilians or damage to civilian infrastructure is expected
to be disproportionate to the anticipated military advantage from the
attack. The principle is part of customary law that applies to all
nations. <a href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/470?OpenDocument"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.icrc.org']);">Protocol
I of the Geneva Convention</a> defines this requirement:</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<blockquote>
<p><big><big>“With respect to attacks, the following precautions
shall be taken: (a) those who plan or decide upon an attack shall: . .
. (iii) refrain from deciding to launch any attack which may be
expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to
civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which
would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military
advantage anticipated.”</big></big></p>
</blockquote>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Ownership or use of a building by a government or by a
semi-governmental authority that is engaged in military combat is not
sufficient to legitimize an attack. The criteria of actual military
use, necessity, and proportionality must be met before any attack on
the building can be launched. Otherwise the attack violates
International Humanitarian Law.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>Government buildings were closed and evacuated</strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Government authorities in Gaza <a
href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324735104578118783342993080.html"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://online.wsj.com']);">ordered
all government buildings</a>, including ministries, <a
href="http://m.npr.org/news/World/165186079"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://m.npr.org']);">police
stations, schools</a>, and other facilities, closed and evacuated as
Israeli military actions escalated around the time an Israeli rocket
extra-judicially executed the leader of the military wing of the Hamas
movement, Ahmed al Ja’bari and his bodyguard on November 14. The
closure of government facilities extended even to prisoners locked up
in a jail at one police station in Gaza City visited by one of the
authors–the prisoners were all released and told to return when the
Israeli attacks ended and a real cease fire was in place.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Police stations and government ministries and offices are
not inherently legitimate military targets. Police and most government
officials are civilians, regardless of their political views, religious
affiliation, or party affiliation. If a police station or a government
building is not being used for military purposes, an attack on the
police station or ministry is a violation of international humanitarian
law.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Furthermore, collective punishment of civilians and
reprisals against civilians and civilian property are both forbidden by
international humanitarian law. The Fourth Geneva Convention provides
in Article 33: “No protected person may be punished for an offence he
or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise
all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited. . .
Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Thus, the civilian population may not be punished by loss
of a building or other civilian infrastructure because of the acts of
certain resistance fighters. The attack on the building can only be
justified if the attack is to accomplish a present and necessary
military objective and the military advantage from the attack outweighs
damage to civilians and civilian property.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>Israeli Defence Force explains its attack on
Government Buildings</strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The <a href="http://www.idf.il/1283-17607-EN/Dover.aspx"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.idf.il']);">Israeli
Defense Force web site</a> provides a day-by-day and hour-by-hour
report of actions it undertook in Gaza from November 14 to 21. The site
reports on November 17 at 8:55am that “as part of the IDF targeting of
government buildings, [Prime Minister] Ismail Haniya’s headquarters,
the Hamas Ministry of Interior, and the Hamas police compound, were
targeted.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The IDF website recorded a statement issued by the IDF’s
spokesperson, Brig. Gen. Yoav (Poly) Mordecai on November 17 at 9:10am,
who said, “the IDF struck buildings belonging to the Hamas government.
Ismail Haniyeh’s headquarters, which serve as the headquarters for the
Hamas government, was destroyed in a strike. Additionally, the Hamas’
police headquarters and the homeland security headquarters in Gaza City
were also targeted.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>On November 21 at 7:14am the IDF website reported that
“The targets included the Ministry of Internal Security – which served
as one of the main command and control centers for the Hamas terror
organization.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Our observation in Gaza confirms that the Israeli military
attacked and completely destroyed the Ministry of Interior, the Prime
Minister’s government building, and several police stations. We also
observed severe damage to the Ministry of Health, located near the
Ministry of Interior. The damage to the Ministry of Health was not
mentioned by the IDF website.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The Interior Ministry was converted to rubble, with
craters about 15 feet deep and about 40 feet across in several places
from the bombs dropped. In addition to the Health Ministry, buildings
across streets on two sides, including one housing a travel agency and
a bank, had all facing windows destroyed among other severe damage. The
Israeli bombs also killed or wounded civilians in the neighborhood.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The building housing the Prime Minister’s office was also
converted to rubble. Adjacent residences were severely damaged.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Palestinian witnesses we interviewed denied that either
the Interior Ministry or Prime Minister Haniyeh’s office was being used
in any way at all, as all government buildings, including both of
these, had been closed and evacuated. If true that the buildings were
closed, evacuated, and not being used in anticipation of Israeli
strikes, the reasons given for the attacks on the IDF web site do not
fully explain how the buildings could have been used for military
purposes during the time Israel was conducting its military operations.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>The IDF explains its attacks on residential housing</strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The IDF website also mentions Israeli air force attacks
that destroyed or damaged residential housing. On November 17 at 7:10pm
it reports that GOC Southern Command Maj. Gen. Tal Russo addressed the
media stating, “Most of the weaponry of the terror organizations is
stored in residential houses, from which they launch the missiles and
the rockets against Israel.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Similarly, on November 19 at 7:10am the IDF website
reports, “The IDF targeted buildings owned by senior terrorist
operatives, used as command posts and weapon storage facilities.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>On November 20 at 6:40 am, the website reports, “We also
struck the house of several senior officers within the terror
organizations, of the rank of company commander and battalion
commander.”</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Delegation members visited with Wallid Al Nasassra, a
neighbor of one of the 55 houses destroyed by IDF bombs during
Operation Pillar of Cloud. An F-16 rocket targeted a home 200 yards
away in which his brother, Teewfiq Mamduh Id Abid, Teewfiq’s wife,
Amani Ibrm Qader, and 10 of Teewfiq’s children were living. Two of the
children were killed in this attack and 7 children were injured. Only
one of the children escaped uninjured. The witness’s brother and his
wife were both severely injured. The Al Nasassra area is between Rafah
and Khan Younis, on land evacuated by Israeli settlers in 2005. Wallid
Al Nasassra denied that rockets were stored in the demolished home or
that the owners were in any way associated with fighters. Nor, he said,
were any of the neighboring homes used for storing rockets. He also
said that neighbors would not permit fighters to be in the vicinity of
their homes. Israeli forces have so far released no evidence supporting
their assertion of rocket storage at this or other residences they
destroyed.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Similarly, the attack on the houses of several senior
officers would only be legitimate if military activity was being
conducted in the houses, the attack on the houses was the only way to
accomplish the military goal, and if the military advantage from the
attack was not outweighed by damage to civilians and civilian property.
Nothing in the IDF report indicated whether the houses of the senior
officers contained women and children and whether the senior officers
who supposedly were the targets were at home during the attacks.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>The IDF explains its attacks on a football stadium
</strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The IDF website quotes IDF Spokesperson Brig. Gen. Yoav
(Poly) Mordechai on November 19 at 1:40pm stating: “we attacked a
stadium in Gaza City after receiving verified information of a launch
from within the stadium, again showing the terrorists’ continued use of
civilian centers.” On November 19, @IDFSpokesperson posted <a
href="file://localhost/IDFSpokesperson/status/270578093431853059">this
message on Twitter</a>: “3 days ago, Palestinian terrorists used a
stadium to fire rockets to Tel Aviv & Jerusalem. We targeted site
this morn.” The post included a map with X marking two spots within the
stadium from which the IDF says rockets were fired 3 days earlier.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>However, a Palestinian witness at the site denied that any
rockets were launched. Large craters are found adjacent the goals at
both ends of the football field as if the F-16 pilot was aiming for
scoring goals with his bombs rather than quenching rocket fire. Bombs
also hit seating areas of the stadium. No fighters were reported hit by
any of the Israeli bombs striking the stadium. The IDF so far has not
released evidence supporting their assertion of rocket firing from the
stadium. Israeli forces did not explain how they could wait 3 days to
attack the site while still claiming that bombing the stadium provided
military advantage and remained a military necessity. The necessity
argument is further diminished by the lack of IDF explanation as to how
cratering the field in two places, rendering it unusable for football,
would prevent, rather than encourage, its future use as a site for
launching rockets, if indeed the IDF actually has evidence to prove it
ever was a launch site.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>The IDF explains its attacks on a financial
institution </strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The IDF website reports on November 20 at 6:40 am, “A
financial institution used by Hamas to fuel its terror activity was
targeted in the northern Gaza Strip.” At 9:30 that morning Brig. Gen.
Mordecai said, “During the night we attacked and hit one hundred
targets, including a financial center controlled by Hamas.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>While the financial institution may have been engaged in
financial activity that the IDF objected to, the IDF justified its
attack exclusively based on its financial activity rather than based on
any military activity taking place at the financial institution.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The IDF position that a financial institution is a
legitimate military target if engaged in financing an organization
considered to be an enemy is likely to concern Israelis who may wonder
whether their own financial institutions may now become legitimate
military targets if they have financial transactions with the Israeli
government, settlers, or other occupation authorities. The Israeli
justification may also surprise large numbers of Americans who believe
that the World Trade Center in New York–which housed financial
institutions–was not a legitimate military target.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>In the case of the financial institution, the IDF
statement that it attacked this civilian property because of its
financial activity appears to be an admission of a plan or policy to
attack civilian property without regard to the requirements of military
objective and military necessity.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>In a report on November 17, <a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20374282"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.bbc.co.uk']);">the
BBC reported</a>, “The army told the BBC it wanted to hit hundreds more
[targets] and that it was legitimate to target anything connected with
Hamas.” Thus, Israeli military officials further admitted plan or
policy to base its targeting outside the requirements of international
humanitarian law.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>According to the Palestine Center for Human Rights weekly
report for November 14-21, the Israeli Occupation Forces carried out
1350 air strikes in which 1400 missiles were launched during the 8-day
assault on Gaza: 55 houses were completely destroyed and hundreds of
houses sustained damage. 2 mosques were completely destroyed and 34
others were damaged. 8 government establishments, 13 security offices
and police stations, and 2 bridges connecting the central Gaza strip
with the north were destroyed. 6 media offices, 6 health institutions,
28 educational institutions, and 22 civil and charity associations were
targeted. And dozens of agricultural lands sustained big damage.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>PCHR states that 168 Palestinians, including 100 civilians
were killed by the Israeli military. Among the civilians killed were 35
children, 14 women, and 2 journalists. 1288 Palestinians were wounded
including 1261 civilians. Among the civilians wounded were 466
children, 219 women, and 10 journalists.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>While in Gaza, the authors visited sites including the
government Interior Ministry and the adjacent Health Ministry, the
office of the prime minister, a police station, a soccer stadium, a
sports facility, and the Islamic bank. Palestinian sources maintain
that no fighters were present and no rockets were fired from any of
these places and thus they were not legitimate military targets.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><strong>The IDF site does not explain its attacks on a
sports facility </strong></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>An F-16 dropped bombs on a building in Gaza City that
housed the AlJazeera Club and the Islamic Bank. Housed on the second
floor of a four story building, the Al Jazeera Club is a sports
facility for athletes, girls and boys, and disabled people of all ages.
It particularly includes facilities to help the disabled and
rehabilitate them physically and socially and to integrate them into
other segments of society. Two members of the Al Jazeera Club
represented Palestine at the London paralympic games. One member won a
Gold medal in javelin at the Asian Paralympic Games in 2010. The Club
is the only sports facility for the disabled in Gaza. The Club is also
one of few places in Gaza that encourages girls and women to
participate in sports. The bombs completely destroyed the entire Club
facility.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>The Islamic Bank, located on the ground floor just below
the Club, was also completely destroyed, leaving a large crater in its
floor. As other banks in Gaza were also targeted, Palestinians think
that destroying the bank was the target of the attack.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Two floors of unfinished new construction were located
above the Club.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>According to PCHR, no fighters were in or near the
building. No rockets were being launched. No activity of any kind was
in the building, as it had been evacuated. The building could therefore
not have been a legitimate military target.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>A building next door was also completely destroyed making
seven families homeless. The IDF has identified no military objective
that outweighs the destruction of the building, the Al Jazeera Club,
the Islamic Bank, and the residential building next door. Thus, the
attack could also be considered disproportionate.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>In the cases investigated, Israel’s destruction of
civilian property appears to have provided no military advantage.
Damage to civilian property was disproportionate and the IDF website
admits that some of the attacks were in reprisal. In all of the cases
reported here, interviewees reported that no Palestinian fighters were
in the property bombed by Israeli forces. Consequently military
necessity does not appear to be available.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Further investigation is needed into the apparent
violations. The International Criminal Court should conduct the
investigation or, if the ICC fails to do so, an International Criminal
Tribunal for Israel should be established by the UN General Assembly as
a ‘subsidiary organ’ under <a
href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/unchart.htm"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www.yale.edu']);">U.N.
Charter Article 22</a> to conduct the investigation. The ICC or the
tribunal should prosecute Israel’s top generals and other military and
political leaders if the investigation confirms the violations.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big>Israel’s “Pillar of Cloud” follows Israel’s “Operation
Cast Lead” by less than four years. Immunity and impunity
continue–despite the findings of the <a
href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/specialsession/9/factfindingmission.htm"
onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://www2.ohchr.org']);">UN
Goldstone Report</a>. If that immunity and impunity is allowed to
continue further violations are inevitable.</big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big>
<p><big><big><em><strong>James Marc Leas</strong> and <strong>Theresa
McDermott</strong> participated in the US and UK emergency delegation
to Gaza November 27 to December 3. James, from S. Burlington Vermont,
is a co-chair of the National Lawyers Guild Free Palestine
Subcommittee. Theresa, from Edinburgh Scotland, participated in two of
the voyages to Gaza with the Free Gaza Movement</em></big></big></p>
<big><big></big></big></div>
</font></font></big></big>
<div class="moz-signature"><big><big>-- <br>
<small><small>Freedom Archives
522 Valencia Street
San Francisco, CA 94110
415 863.9977
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.freedomarchives.org">www.freedomarchives.org</a>
</small></small></big></big></div>
</body>
</html>