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<font size=4><b>The Arab revolutions: A year after<br>
</b></font>Samir Amin<br><br>
2012-03-14, Issue 576<br>
<a href="http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/80745" eudora="autourl">
http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/80745<br><br>
</a>WHY THE SO-CALLED ARAB SPRING?<br><br>
The uprising of Arab peoples in 2011 (Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrein and Yemen,
later Syria) was not unexpected, at least by many Arab leftist activists,
if not by the Western powers.<br><br>
During the Bandung and Non-Alignment period (1955-1970) Arab countries
were in the forefront of the struggles of the peoples, nations and states
of the South for a better future and a less unequal global system.
Algeria’s FLN and Boumedienne, Nasser’s Egypt, the Baas regimes in Iraq
and Syria and the South Yemen Republic shared common characteristics.
These were not ‘democratic’ regimes according to the Western criteria
(they were ‘one-party’ systems), nor even according to our criteria,
which implies positive empowerment of the peoples. But they were
nevertheless legitimate in the eyes of their peoples, for their actual
achievements: mass education, health and other public services,
industrialisation and guarantees for employment and social upward
mobility associated with independent initiatives and anti-imperialist
postures. Therefore they were continuously fiercely fought by the Western
powers, in particular through repeated Israeli aggressions.<br><br>
These regimes achieved whatever they could in that frame within a short
period, say 20 years, and then thereafter ran out of steam as a result of
their internal limits and contradictions. This, coinciding with the
breakdown of the Soviet power, facilitated the imperialist ‘neo-liberal’
offensive. The ruling circles, in order to remain in office, have chosen
to retreat and submit to the demands of neo-liberal globalisation. The
result was a fast degradation of the social conditions and all that had
been achieved in the era of the national popular state to the benefit of
the popular and middle classes was lost in a few years; poverty and mass
unemployment have become the normal result of the neo liberal policies
pursued. That created the objective conditions for the revolts. It is
curious to note that some of the most vocal supporters of the ‘democratic
revolutions’ calling the West to their rescue are some of the former
leaders who supported with enthusiasm the neo-liberal alignment!<br><br>
The revolts were therefore not unexpected and many indicators suggested
it, such as the Egyptian mass strikes of 2007/8, the growing resistance
of small peasants to the accelerated process of their expropriation by
the rich peasants, the protest of new middle classes organisations (such
as ‘Kefaya’), etc.<br><br>
I have attempted to give a picture of the components of both ‘the
movement’ and of the reactionary ‘anti revolutionary’ bloc (the
leadership of the Army and the Moslem Brotherhood) supported by the
Western powers operating in Egypt, in particular in my book published in
Arabic in may 2011 (Thawra Misr), in French in September (Le monde arabe
dans la longue durée, le printemps arabe?) and coming soon at Fahamu
Books under the title of ‘The peoples’ Spring, the Future of the Arab
revolutions’.<br><br>
I also refer here to other similar processes in Bahrain, which were
savagely crushed by the army of Saudi Arabia (without the least protest
of the West!), and in Yemen (where al Qaeda was ‘introduced’ in order to
neutralise the ‘menace’ coming from the progressive forces, particularly
strong in the South).<br><br>
This chapter was concluded with the elections in Tunisia and
Egypt.<br><br>
TRIUMPH OF POLITICAL ISLAM IN TUNISIAN AND EGYPTIAN ELECTIONS<br><br>
The elections in Tunisia (October 2011) opened the way to crystallisation
of the right-wing block that includes Al-Nahda-Renaissance Party
(Brotherhood) and personalities who ‘claim’ to be now ‘bourguibists’
(followers of Bourguiba, the first Tunisian president), after their
following of the Ben Ali regime. This coalition relies on the majority of
the council charged with producing the new constitution.<br><br>
This new regime is likely to achieve some democratic improvements
(respect for pluralism and freedom of opinion and stop the worst types of
police repression) along with regression in key social issues (women’s
rights, secular education, and the state), in the context of ensuring the
maintenance of the status quo in the area of economic
development.<br><br>
It is worth keeping in mind that the revolutionary movement in Tunisia
has not challenged the dependent pattern of development of the era of Ben
Ali, but considered it as ‘sound’ in itself, and accepted the narrative
of the World Bank! And it was merely satisfied in directing its criticism
at the repressive police state, and the imposition of ‘royalties’ to all
economic activities which were grabbed by members of the family of the
president. And the general public (with the exception of isolated
left-wing) did not comprehend that this style of dependent development is
the cause of the deterioration of social conditions, which prepared the
conditions for the uprising of the masses. The new ruling coalition will
not modify the pattern of development created by the first Tunisian
president — Bourguiba— but rather will infuse it with increased doses to
solidify the alleged Islamic particularism.<br><br>
The president of the new regime in Tunisia, Marzouki, happens to be a
former Left activist who suffered real repression by Ben Ali, but who
seems not to have understood what is actually economic ‘liberalism’.
Curiously, this man organised in Tunis in February 2012 a ‘conference’ on
Syria, which supported indirectly an eventual Western intervention in
this country.<br><br>
In Egypt, the results were followed by Islamist victory on a larger
scale. What can be expected from the achievements of political Islam and
its deep-rootedness in the public and the rise of the echo of the slogan
‘Islamisation of society’, hence its electoral victories? The answer
requires a return to uncover the reasons for this success.<br><br>
Anyway the success of the Islamist parties, in Egypt at least, is
certainly not the end of the story. The ‘legitimacy’ of the elected
parliament, which the Western powers consider as exclusive, is questioned
and counterbalanced by the no less legitimacy of the continuation of the
struggles for social progress and authentic democratisation of politics
and social life.<br><br>
Yet the obstacles for the radicalisation of the struggles remain great,
as long as the major components of the movement have not reached the
required level of awareness with respect to the destructive effects of
continuing along a liberal political economy, and the alignment on a US
guided globalisation. But progress is to be noticed in the growing of
that consciousness.<br><br>
<br>
SUCCESS OF POLITICAL ISLAMIC PARTIES<br><br>
I argued previously that the de-politicisation of the society due to the
modus operandi of the Nasserist regime is behind these achievements. Note
that Nasserism was not the only system that took this approach. Rather,
most populist nationalist regimes of the first wave of awakening in the
South had a similar approach in the management of politics. Note also
that the actually existing socialist regimes have also taken this
approach, at least after the revolutionary phase, that was democratic in
nature, when they solidified their rule.<br><br>
So, the common denominator is the abolition of democratic praxis. And I
do not mean here to equalise between democracy and multiparty elections
management. Rather, the practice of democracy in the proper sense of the
word, i.e. respect for the plurality of political views and political
schemes and to respect its organising. Because politicisation assumes
democracy and democracy does not exist only if those who differ in
opinion with the authority enjoy freedom of expression. But, the
obliteration of the right to organise around different political views
and projects eliminates the politicisation, which is ultimately caused
the subsequent disaster.<br><br>
This disaster has manifested itself in the return to the bygone archaic
views (religious or otherwise), and this was also reflected in the
acceptance of the project of the ‘consumer society’ based on
solidification of the so-called trend of ‘individualism’, a trend which
spread not only among the middle class that is benefiting from such a
pattern of development, but also among the poor masses who call for
participation in what appear to be a minima welfare — even though with
its maximum simplicity — in the absence of credible real alternative.
Therefore one must consider this as a legitimate demand from the popular
classes.<br><br>
The de-politicisation in Islamic societies took a prevailing form that
was manifested in the apparent or superficial ‘return’ to ‘Islam’.
Consequently, the discourse of the mosque along with the discourse of
authority became the only allowed ones in Nasser’s period, and more so
during the periods of Sadat and Mubarak. This discourse was then used to
stop the emergence of an alternative based on the entrenching of a
socialist aspiration. Then this ‘religious’ discourse was encouraged by
Sadat and Mubarak to accompany and cope with the deteriorating living
conditions resulting from the subjugation of Egypt to the requirements of
imperialist globalisation. This is why I argued that political Islam did
not belong to the opposition block, as claimed by the Muslim Brotherhood,
but was an organic part of the power structure.<br><br>
The success of political Islam requires further clarification regarding
the relationship between the success of imperialist globalisation on the
one hand and the rise of Brotherhood slogans on the other hand.<br><br>
The deterioration that accompanied this globalisation produced
proliferation in the activities of the informal sector in economic and
social life, which represents the most important sources of income for
the majority of people in Egypt (statistics say 60 percent). The
Brotherhood’s organisations have real ability to work in these
circumstances, so that the success of the Brotherhood in these areas in
turn has produced more inflation in these activities and thus ensured its
reproduction on a larger scale. The political culture offered by the
Brotherhood is known for its great simplicity. As this culture is content
with only conferring Islamic ‘legitimacy’ to the principle of private
property and the ‘free’ market relations, without considering the nature
of the activities concerned, which are rudimentary (‘Bazaar’) activities
that are unable to push forward the national economy and lead to its
development.<br><br>
Furthermore, the provision of funds widely by the Gulf states has allowed
for the boom of such activities as these states have been pumping in the
required funds in the form of small loans or grants. This is in addition
to charity work (clinics, etc.) that has accompanied this inflated
sector, thanks to the support of Gulf states. The Gulf states do not
intend to contribute to the development of productive capacity in
Egyptian economy (building factories…etc.), but only the development of
this form of ‘lumpen development’, since reviving Egypt as a developing
state would end the domination of the Gulf states ( that are based on the
acceptance of the slogan of Islamization of the society), the dominance
of the United States (which assumes Egypt as a comprador state infected
with worsening poverty), and the domination of Israel (which assumes the
impotence of Egypt in the face of Zionist expansion).<br><br>
This axis between an authority that hides behind the ‘Islamic’ slogans
and at the same time succumbs to the prevailing imperialist capitalism
and the consequent impoverishment of the people is not specific only to
Egypt. It is a common feature of most Arabic and Islamic societies. This
axis is at work in Iran, where Khumainism insured the dominance of the
‘Bazaar economy’ from the beginning. It is also the cause for catastrophe
in Somalia, which is a state that was removed from the list of states of
the modern contemporary world.<br><br>
What then can we expect from the likelihood of political Islam’s rule in
Egypt (and in other countries)?<br><br>
There is a prevailing media discourse, that is extremely naïve, that
contends that ‘the victory of political Islam became inevitable because
Islamic self-identity dominates the reality of our societies, and it is a
reality that some had rejected, and thus this reality imposed itself on
them.’<br><br>
However, this argument completely ignores another reality, namely, that
the de-politicisation process was deliberate, and without which no
political Islam would have been able to impose itself on these societies.
Furthermore, this discourse argues that ‘there is no risk from this
political Islam’s victory because it is temporary, for the authority
emerging from it is doomed to fail and thus the public opinion will
depart from it’. This is as if the brotherhoods are those who accept
implementation of the principles of democracy if it worked against their
interests!<br><br>
However, the regime in Washington adopts, apparently, this discourse, as
well as the public opinion there, which is manufactured by the media. And
there is an ensemble of Egyptian and Arab intellectuals who also became
convinced by this discourse, apparently, perhaps opportunistically, or
because of lack of clarity in thought.<br><br>
But this is a mistake. Let it be known that political Islam, in the
supposition of taking over the governments/rule, will continue to impose
itself if not ‘forever’, at least for a long time (50 years? And let us
look at the case of Iran for example). During this phase of ‘transition’
other nations will continue their march of development, and so we will
find ourselves eventually in the bottom of the list. So I don't see the
Brotherhood as an ‘Islamic party’ primarily, but it is first a
reactionary party, and if it managed to take the government, this will
represent the best security for the imperialist system.<br><br>
A WORD ABOUT THE SALAFISM (SALAFIYYA)<br><br>
Salafism came to complement an obscurantist advocacy by Rashid Reda and
the Brotherhood. It openly rejects the idea of ‘liberty’ (and therefore
democracy) as it contradicts, in their view, the nature of the human
being, as he/she is created as a slave (note the word) to serve his
creator-master, like a slave required to serve his/her master. Of course,
this doctrine does not explain how we come to know the concrete demands
of this master-creator in the modern world. Does he accept or reject the
increase in wages for example? This opens the way for a ‘religious
Iranian-style rule (wilayat al-faqih),’ and through the dictatorship of
the clerics who declared themselves ‘scientists/ulemah,’ who monopolize
this knowledge!<br><br>
<br>
The Salafis are the enemies of modernity, as modernity is grounded on the
right to human creativity in dealing with earthly matters and questions
concerning human society. And creativity requires freedom and free
critical thought, which is rejected by the Salafis. What then about
Salafi leaders who say that they ‘belong to the modern world’ because
they teach their students how to use the computer and ‘business
management’ (this by resorting to the mediocre kind of American pamphlets
distributed by USAID)? These statements are not only a real farce, but
the real master here is the prevailing capitalist imperialism that is in
need for ‘servants’ who practice this ‘art’ and not more. The famous
British Mr. Dunlop, ‘the expert’ on education during the days of British
occupation of Egypt, had realised that perfectly and made it a blueprint
that was implemented in schools!<br><br>
Modernity begins when overcoming these limitations and accepting the
principle of freedom, which is conditional for developing the capacity of
the nation to be able to belong to the modern world in the actual and
active sense.<br><br>
Moslem Brotherhood and Salafis operate in conjunction, with a division of
tasks. The Moslem Brotherhood needed a ‘certificate’ of democracy, which
Obama gave them, and to that effect had to ‘separate’ from the
‘extremists’, the Salafis.<br><br>
ARE THERE CONDITIONS THAT ALLOW FOR A DEMOCRATIC REFORM IN
ALGERIA?<br><br>
Egypt and Algeria are the two Arab countries which have occupied a
prominent and leading position during the first wave of ‘awakening of the
South’ in the era of Bandung and Non-Aligned Movement. They achieved a
successful progress in their building of a state/nation entity that
deserves to be considered ‘post-colonial’, accompanied by noticeable
progressive economic and social achievements, despite its limitations,
which planted hopes for its continuation on the road to liberation. But
that process was halted in the two countries, and both moved back to the
status of countries and societies ruled by the dominant
imperialism.<br><br>
The Algerian pattern seems to have enjoyed superior consistency to that
of Egypt, which was reflected in its ability to limit the subsequent
erosion, so that the Algerian ruling class is still divided between a
patriotic wing and a comprador one. In some cases, these two
contradictory characters are shared in the same one person that belongs
to the ruling class. This is unlike the situation in Egypt where the
ruling class, during Sadat and Mubarak rule, completely abandoned any
nationalist inclination altogether.<br><br>
There are two reasons that explain this difference.<br><br>
The war of liberation in Algeria bred naturally a radical trend
ideologically and socially. Unlike Egypt, where on one hand Nasserism
came after the liberation wave of the revolution starting as of 1919,
which went through periods of expansion and retreat, before the seeds of
its radicalisation were rooted after World War II. Then came the coup
1952 in an ambiguous character that stopped the development of the
radicalisation of the liberation movement. This was followed by the
Nasserist coup of 1954, which amended this rightwing trend, but that
amendment adopted an elitist approach that excluded the popular classes
from actively being involved in contributing to it.<br><br>
On the other hand, we must take into account the devastating effects that
independent Algeria inherited from the pattern of French settler
colonialism, where the Algerian ‘traditional’ society had disintegrated
so that the new society of independent Algeria has become endowed with a
pervasive plebeian nature. Thus the demand ‘for equality’ became a
distinguishing feature of the behavior and aptitudes of citizens, a
degree unparalleled in all other Arabic countries. This is also in
contrast to the history of Egypt as the ruling classes, since the time of
Muhammad Ali Pasha, had stirred the evolution of society and the Egyptian
project of revival. And the Egyptian project remained under aristocratic
leadership calling for modernisation, so that it gradually became a
project of an ‘aristocratic bourgeois.’<br><br>
And these two differences have created different conditions in the
challenge posed by the rise of political Islam. As Hocine Bellaloufi
explained, in his book (Democracy in Algeria: Reform or Revolution, under
print) that political Islam in Algeria revealed early on its ugly face,
and then came to failure and defeat. But this did not signify that
political Islam has become something of the past and unable to recover.
Yet there is a huge difference between Algeria and Egypt from this angle
so that political Islam in Egypt still enjoys ‘legitimacy’ among the
general public. And the alliance between the comprador bourgeois and
political Islam remains representative of the main axis that will ensure
long-term rule of the dependent capitalist economic pattern in
Egypt.<br><br>
From this, we can imagine different developments in the face of
contemporary challenges in both countries, at least in the short term,
because we should not rule out the possibility of controlled reforms in
Algeria. At least that this possibility has a portion of realism, unlike
the situation in Egypt where it is inconceivable to imagine a development
that avoids violent collision between the popular movement and the
cluster of reactionary ‘Islamic/comprador’ alliance.<br><br>
Furthermore, while Egypt and Algeria are the two Arab countries which can
be conceived as candidates in the accession to the group of ‘emerging’
states, they also can come to represent a sad model for failure to climb
to that level. Although the responsibility of the ruling classes in this
failure is crucial, it is not correct to ignore the responsibility of
rest of the society and its intellectuals and activists in the political
movements.<br><br>
With regard to the Arab states in the Maghreb generally, it is claimed
that the Kingdom of Morocco is another positive example of change based
on the achievement of gradual democratic reforms by peaceful means. Let
the reader allow me to make my reservations on the likelihood of
achieving such goal, as such evolution is conditioned by a Royal Decree
that excludes from the start any questioning about the dependent
capitalist pattern that frames it.<br><br>
Furthermore, as long as the Moroccan people remain content with the
principle of the rule of religious-monarchial regime (as the king is
‘Amir Al-mu'minin’), these restricted and limited reforms won't open the
way for the real democracy required.<br><br>
Perhaps this is the reason for the impossibility of Moroccans to
understand the significance of the problem of Western Sahara, as the free
people of Western Sahara are proud of another interpretation of Islam
that does not allow them to kneel except before God, and not before any
human being, even a king.<br><br>
THE SYRIAN DISASTER<br><br>
The Syrian Baathist regime belonged in the past to the cluster of
national popular experiences (though not democratic) in the style of
Nasserism and other experiences in the era of Bandung. And when the
limits of possible real achievements in this framework became apparent,
Hafez el Assad turned to a project that sought to combine the
preservation of nationalist patriotism that is oppositional to
colonialism on the one hand, and on the other hand, to benefit from the
right-conservative concessions reflected in the ‘openness’
(liberalisation) similar to the route taken by Nasser following the
defeat of 1967.<br><br>
The subsequent history of this project became apparent. In Egypt, it led
immediately after the death of Nasser in 1970 to surrender without
reservation to the demands of the reactionary axis consisting of the
United States, the Gulf and Israel.<br><br>
In Syria, this ‘opening’ led to the same results as it happened in other
countries. That is, to serious rapid deterioration of social conditions
for poorer classes and which eroded the legitimacy of the
regime.<br><br>
In the current developments, the Syrian regime has faced protests with
repression and nothing else. The Brotherhood took advantage of the
opportunity to appear as the ‘opposition’. Thus a coherent plan
crystallised under the leadership of imperialism and its allies that
sought not to ‘rid the Syrian people of a dictator,’ but to destroy the
Syrian state, modeled on the United States work in Iraq and
Libya.<br><br>
Here also where the profound relationship of the tripartite interests is
apparent as the goal 1) for the U.S. is the breaking of the
Iran/Syria/Hezbollah alliance, which is an obstacle to U.S. entrenching
of its control over the region, 2) for Israel to have Syria fragmented
into sectarian mini-states, and 3) for the Gulf Arab states, it is the
entrenching of a ‘Sunni’ dictatorship in the Wahabbi style, although this
dictatorship will be established on the massacres and criminal
elimination of Alawis, Druze and Christians. In the face of danger of
this possible fate, the Assad regime remains unable to respond with the
only needed and effective method, which is supposed to exclude the use of
violence and to engage in genuine reforms, as the only acceptable
solution assumes the opening of the way to genuine negotiations, which is
conditional for the strengthening of a democratic front whose components
are present in the ground, despite the effort to mute its voice. Simply
opposing State terrorism to the so called “ Islamic/Salafi” terrorism
leads nowhere.<br><br>
SOME CONCLUSIONS<br><br>
1.The strategy of contemporary imperialism for the region (the ‘great
Middle East’) does not aim at all at establishing some form of
‘democracy’. It aims at destroying the countries and societies through
the support of so-called Islamic regimes which guarantee the continuation
of a ‘lumpen development’ (to use the words of my late friend A G Frank),
i.e. a process of continuous pauperisation. Eventual ‘high rates of
growth’, praised by the World Bank, are meaningless, being based on the
plunder of natural resources, associated with fast growing inequality in
the distribution of income and pauperisation for the majorities.<br><br>
Iraq provides the ‘model’ for the region. The dictatorship of Saddam
Hussein has been replaced by three no less (even more) terror regimes, in
the name of ‘religion’ (Sunna and Shia) and of ethnicity (the Kurds),
associated with the systematic destruction of the infrastructures and
industries, and the planned assassination of tens of thousands of the
elite citizens, in particular engineers and scientists, as well as the
destruction of the education system (which was not bad in the time of
Saddam) to reduce it to the teaching of religion and business!<br><br>
Those are also the targets for Syria.<br><br>
Isn’t it a curiosity that we see now the Emir of Qatar and the King of
Saudi Arabia among the most vocal advocates of ‘democracy’. A
farce.<br><br>
2. Turkey plays an active role, along with the US (never forget that
Turkey is a Nato member) in the implementation of that plan. It has
established in the Hatay province camps for the recruitment and training
of killers (so called ‘Moslems’) who are infiltrated in Syria. Refer here
to the book of Bahar Kimyongur ( Syriana, la conquète continue, Couleur
Livre, Charleroi, 2011).<br><br>
3. The US was ‘surprised’ by the Tunisian and Egyptian popular revolts.
They now plan to ‘preempt’ possible similar movements by initiating armed
revolts of small groups supported by them. This strategy was tested with
success in Libya (now a disintegrated country), and now in Syria. The
reader can refer here to my papers on Libya (Lybia could break up like
Somalia, Pambazuka, 07/09/2011) and Somalia (Is there a solution to the
problems of Somalia?, Pambazuka, 17/02/2011 ).<br><br>
The following target is Iran, under the pretext of its nuclear
development, using to that effect Israel, which is unable to do the job
without the active implication of the US forces. Iran, whatever one may
think of its regime (in fact associating ‘Islam’s rule’ and market
economy!) does constitute an obstacle to the deployment of the US
military control over the region. This country must therefore be
destroyed.<br><br>
4. The final real target of contemporary imperialism is ‘containment and
then after rolling back’ by preemptive war the most dangerous emerging
countries (China first). Add here Russia, which, if it succeeds in
modernising its army, can put an end to the exclusive military power of
the US.<br><br>
That implies the total subordination of all other countries of the South
with a view to ensuring exclusive access to the natural resources of the
whole planet to the benefit of the societies of the triad (US, Europe and
Japan), their plunder and waste. It implies therefore more of lumpen
development, more of pauperisation and more of terrorist regimes.
Contemporary capitalism has nothing else to offer.<br>
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* Samir Amin is director of the Third World Forum. A selection of his
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