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<h2><b>Wangari Maathai: Reclaiming the Earth<br><br>
</b></h2><h4><b>Horace Campbell<br>
2011-09-29, Issue
<a href="http://www.pambazuka.org/en/issue/550">550<br>
</a><a href="http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/76724">
http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/76724</a></b></h4><font size=3>
The best tribute we can pay to this great woman of Africa is to continue
to organise so that we can gain higher levels of spiritual awareness and
build the shared values for peace and social justice across the planet,'
writes Horace Campbell.<br><br>
</font><font size=4><b>‘In the process of helping the earth to heal, we
help ourselves’ – Wangari Maathai<br><br>
</b></font><font size=3>The implantation of British rule was brutal
across the continent, particularly in Kenya. Out of this brutality has
emerged a society that is continuously seeking to repair itself and
repair Africa. This is the promise and numerous Africans have stepped
forward to keep this promise. Kenyans have used many forms of struggle to
organise for a new society: Legal, political, intellectual, moral,
environmental, economic and spiritual. It is in this process of repair
that Kenya has continued to be one of the firm bases for Pan-Africanism
and African renewal and for new healthy humans. <br><br>
This week, the material world lost one such Kenyan who has made her mark
on the world, Wangari Maathai. She joined the ancestors but left her
imprint along with those Kenyans who made the promise that Africa will be
free and the environment will be reconstructed by thinking human beings.
Wangari Maathai built a movement to reclaim the earth. She wrote, she
campaigned and she toiled within the ranks of those who wanted a united
and democratic Africa (in the ranks of the Economic, Social and Cultural
Council of the African Union (ECOSOCC). She struggled for over 40 years,
developing new strategies of mobilisation to reclaim nature from the
current destructive forms of production and consumption. Although her
contribution to numerous movements in Africa will be celebrated, she is
now known as one of the foremost internationalist and environmentalist of
the Green Belt Movement of Kenya. As an African feminist who broke
through the barriers imposed by the hierarchies in neocolonial Kenya, she
had to be principled to survive the storms of chauvinism, regionalism,
masculinity and repression. Yet, in the society where she made such a
sterling contribution, her transition has refocused attention on the
central link between health and gender. It is a reinforcement of the
reality that a society cannot be free at the social and political level
without the facilities for health care for all. <br><br>
NYERI DISTRICT AND THE PROMISE <br><br>
Wangari Maathai was born on 1 April 1940 in Nyeri district of Kenya. This
is a District in the Central Province of that East African society that
saw its share of cruelty, repression and barbarism of British
colonialism. It was from this district where many of the top leaders of
the Kenya Land and Freedom Army emerged. Dedan Kimathi, who is now a
national hero, was born in this district and is the most well-known of
those sons and daughters of Central Province of Kenya. Kimathi fought
against the British and his courage and bravery informed the stories of
African independence beyond the borders of Kenya. It was a district that
saw its share of freedom fighters and Home Guards. (The Home Guards were
those Kenyans who collaborated with the colonial overlords). Wangari
Maathai grew up as a teenager in the midst of this ferment and was
herself chosen to serve the interests of those who wanted to forever
dominate Africa. She refused. While accessing western education she never
turned her back on the intellectual and spiritual resources of the
village community. In fact, when she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
2004, in her acceptance speech, she acknowledged the fact that a lot of
what she had learnt about environmental protection came from her
childhood experiences in the village community of Nyeri in rural
Kenya<br><br>
In this tussle between Home Guards and those with their eyes on freedom,
Britain deployed numerous tools to maintain the exploitation of the
peoples. The establishment of the British Gulag was accompanied by an
intensified effort to train a cadre of Kenyans who were supposed to be
‘modern’ and opposed to the ‘atavistic and barbaric’ forces who were
called Mau Mau. Frank Kitson, the British military expert who refined the
weaponising of anthropology developed tools of counter-insurgency in
Kenya that have been refined and used in other parts of the imperial
military world. A component of this low intensity campaign was the
educational system that was to teach the superiority of western
civilisation and groom new allies who were ‘responsible Africans.’ These
were the Africans taken to boarding schools so that the stories of the
freedom fighters would not pollute their minds and inspire their hopes.
Wangari Maathai, like so many promising Kenyans of that era was trained
to turn her back on the people of Nyeri district and the struggle for
freedom in Africa.<br><br>
British propaganda had mobilised the resources of the Anglo-American
media to promote the ‘modernised’ types. Through the colonial
institutions of socialisation and political mobilisation –churches,
mosques, schools, social clubs, etc – the British imperialists worked
hard to suppress the national liberation movement while putting in place
an intricate hierarchy based on race, gender, ethnicity and regionalism.
By the time of the explosion of the war for independence in Kenya, the
United States security planners had moved in to support the British
project of maintaining external control over Africa with Kenya as its
beachhead. The US government organised an airlift of students from Kenya
to the United States and Wangari Maathai was a beneficiary of this
airlift. But she did not internalise the ideas of western consumerism and
worship of the god of capital. She used the opportunity to educate
herself and became the first woman PhD in Veterinary medicine in East
Africa and the first professor in that field of study in Kenya.<br><br>
LABELLED A ‘CRAZY WOMAN’<br><br>
Yet Wangari Maathai was not carried away by her professorship. Her
training and education was used to strengthen the organisational
capabilities of women in Kenya and she became the national chairperson of
the National Council of Women of Kenya. During the period of the
dictatorship in Kenya she had to develop the political skills to work
with women in a way where the autonomy of the organisation could be
maintained. For her work among women and because she refused to be cowed
by men and by the state, she was labelled a ‘crazy’ woman. She became
well known because of her work among grassroots women in Kenya in
building the Green Belt Movement. The idea of a grassroots environmental
movement in Kenya gave birth to one component of a larger global project
that is now called the environmental justice movement.<br><br>
THE GREENBELT MOVEMENT AND RECLAIMING THE EARTH<br><br>
Working tirelessly, nationally, across Africa and internationally,
Wangari Maathai pierced through the manipulation of self-help schemes
that were actually being used by politicians to enrich themselves and to
oppress the people. The idea of Harambee (African self-reliance) had been
co-opted by the ruling elite in Kenya to disorganise and divide the poor,
especially the Kikuyu peasantry who had fought in the independence
struggle but who were being manipulated by the capitalists among the
Kikuyu. These capitalists mobilised ethnic chauvinism to divide Kenyans.
Because of the work of women such as Wangari Maathai, the ethnic
chauvinists mobilised young and unemployed males in order to act as a
force to demobilise the working class in Nairobi and the Kenyan
heartland. This force of manipulated young Kikuyus is sometimes called
Mungiki. In 2008 we saw the fruits of this demobilisation when organised
violence reinforced the theft of democracy. The ethnic chauvinists
(called tribalists) who controlled the levers of banks and new
speculative capital in Eastern Africa were called hyenas; these hyenas
wanted to deny Kenyans the promise that this space should be a beacon for
decency and justice.<br><br>
Wangari Maathai and decent women in Kenya worked hard to rise above this
manipulation in order to keep the promise of dignity and freedom. The
Green Belt Movement was a broad based movement, which had as its core
mission a project to reclaim the earth. More than 40 years ago, it was
clear that the forms of economic engagement in Africa was destroying the
earth and speeding desertification across the continent. Today we can see
the evidence of this environmental degradation with the reality that the
impact of global warming will decimate millions across Africa. We know
that Africa leads the world in forest fires and that forests, which cover
20 per cent of Africa, are disappearing faster in Africa than on any
other continent. Wangari Maathai grasped these realities decades ago and
in 1977 in an effort to save the forests and the planet earth worked with
other grassroots women to plant millions of trees to save the earth and
to reclaim spaces of hope. The Green Belt Movement has planted close to
50 million trees and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) now
recognise this tree planting effort as a central aspect of the struggle
to repair the earth.<br><br>
CONTINUOUSLY REFINING ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS<br><br>
Wangari Maathai organised a self-help project to empower women, establish
self-confidence among them and to stand up to oppressors. Because of the
intensity of the oppression in Kenya, she had to devise novel forms of
organising for social justice. But social justice could not follow a
straight path based on good leaders such as Maathai. She was tested over
many years by incarceration, banishment, grounding and other forms of
intimidation. She did not bow. She has also recorded that tenacity in her
own words in the book, ‘Unbowed’. Many of us heard about the heroic
struggles to keep spaces of community solidarity open in Kenya. Uhuru
Park in Nairobi and Jevanjeee Gardens are two such public spaces where
she made her contribution, by ensuring that people had access to these
spaces. Other grassroots movements in Kenya now benefit from these green
spaces and one such Kenyan movement, Bunge la Mwananchi, is challenged to
keep the promise of Kenya and to learn from Wangari Maathai that the
leadership role of women cannot be based on tokenism. Kenya is the
capital of the NGOisation of social movements in Africa and progressive
forces have to devise new ways every day to navigate through the traps of
cooptation and corruption of the ideas of social power of the
poor.<br><br>
LESSONS<br><br>
Wangari Maathai has left many lessons for grassroots organisation on how
to navigate the snakepit of NGO politics. When imperial power recognised
the work of Wangari Maathai, the United Nations Environment Program,
(UNEP) sought to tap into her experiences as an organiser. Yet, the
United Nations operatives in Kenya could not see that environmental
justice could not come from simply working with donor agencies.
Environmental justice will only come from a change in the system. We saw
this clearly at the Copenhagen Summit in 2009. Wangari Maathai was very
present at this meeting where the environmental justice forces from the
South came to the understanding that the question of climate change was
not one of finances, but one that involved system change.<br><br>
From all corners of the world this call for system change is inspiring
initiatives to educate and mobilise the grassroots. Whether it is in the
Niger Delta of West Africa, in rural China, in Europe or Latin America
there is a worldwide movement to reclaim the earth. In Latin America, the
indigenous movement has recognised this need for system change and it is
from Bolivia where we have been signalled that there will be new first
laws granting all nature equal rights to humans. From Bolivia we have
heard of The Law of Mother Earth, which was agreed on at an international
meeting of April 2010. This Law of Mother Earth redefines Bolivia’s rich
mineral deposits as ‘blessings’ and is expected to lead to radical new
conservation and social measures to reduce pollution and control
industry. In the African philosophy of Ubuntu, humans and nature share
the biosphere and our ancestors taught us to respect nature and eschew
the idea of domination over nature. <br><br>
SYSTEM CHANGE AND SPIRITUAL RENEWAL<br><br>
Slowly, the promise of those who are fighting for a new earth is gaining
ground, and in her passing, Wangari Maathai has again shone the light on
the need to save Africa and to save the forests. Those who believe that
this is an overnight project falter quickly. This was the experience of
the Pan African Green belt movement. Working from the inspiration of
Wangari Maathai and other Kenyan women, there had been an attempt to
develop the Pan African Greenbelt movement in 1986. Those who placed
themselves at the leadership of this exercise did not realise that
planting trees and watching them grow require a new kind of political
engagement. The Pan African Climate Justice Alliance is a new kind of Pan
Africanism and the aspiring forces from this formation will do well to
read very carefully the words of Wangari Maathai. She has left her
writings for us to consider. From Bolivia, those who are struggling for
the rights of Mother Earth have outlined the same rights that Wangari
Maathai articulated in the African context. The declaration of the
Bolivians on the rights of Mother Earth outlined the following rights:
The right to life and to exist; the right to continue vital cycles and
processes free from human alteration; the right to pure water and clean
air; the right to balance; the right not to be polluted; and the right to
not have cellular structure modified or genetically altered. This
declaration was reminder that the struggles that Wangari Maathai engaged
in Kenya was part of a worldwide struggle.<br><br>
Imperial planners, ever adept at cooptation, are now planning to co-opt
the ideas of this movement that is growing in all corners of the world.
After nearly a decade of promoting ‘sustainable development’ the World
Bank has suddenly become an environmental movement with its new mantra
being ‘Green growth.’ The thinkers within the bank cannot see the
contradiction between the terms 'green' and 'growth'.<br><br>
CANCEROUS ENVIRONMENT<br><br>
Wangari Maathai had pierced through these contradictions and came to the
understanding that spiritual renewal is central to environmental justice.
In her book,
‘<a href="http://www.powells.com/partner/23116/biblio/9780307591142">
Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the
World</a>’, she wrote:<br><br>
‘Through my experiences and observations, I have come to believe that the
physical destruction of the earth extends to us, too. If we live in an
environment that's woundedwhere the water is polluted, the air is filled
with soot and fumes, the food is contaminated with heavy metals and
plastic residues, or the soil is practically dustit hurts us, chipping
away at our health and creating injuries at a physical, psychological,
and spiritual level. In degrading the environment, therefore, we degrade
ourselves.’<br><br>
Many of us did not know how wounded Wangari had been by the cancerous
conditions that degrade all of us. Her struggles with ovarian cancer
should be another prod for those who connect all forms of struggle to
understand that health, life, environment and peace are all
interconnected. She was a living example of this interconnection. When
Wangari Maathai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, there were
those who did not understand the interconnections between, peace, the
environment and health but now Wangari Maathai has reminded us of that
link. She wrote simply that, ‘In the process of helping the earth to
heal, we help ourselves.’<br><br>
Wangari Maathai kept her promise to the people of Kenya and of Africa.
Those who are still in the material world have a beacon to follow in
keeping the promise of Nyeri district, Dedan Kimathi and Wangari Maathai.
Kenya remains in the news because of the intensity of the freedom
struggle that continues in that corner of Africa. Whether it is the
ongoing case of reparative justice relating to the British Gulag that is
winding through the British courts and intellectual system, the legal
questions of criminal violence that is before the International Criminal
Court, the day to day democratic struggles or the massive drought and
famine in East Africa, we understand that Kenya is at the centre of the
struggle for a new world. As one young Kenyan student said to me, Wangari
Maathai showed young women in Kenya that they can achieve leadership
roles by dedicating themselves to struggle. This student stated clearly
that Wangari Maathai showed that in the struggle, women did not have to
take a back seat to men.<br><br>
The best tribute we can pay to this great woman of Africa is to continue
to organise so that we can gain higher levels of spiritual awareness and
build the shared values for peace and social justice across the
planet.<br><br>
BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS<br><br>
* Horace Campbell is professor of African-American studies and political
science at Syracuse University. He is the author of ‘Barack Obama and
21st Century Politics: A Revolutionary Moment in the USA’. See
<a href="http://www.horacecampbell.net">www.horacecampbell.net</a>.<br>
<br>
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