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<h2><b>50 years after Lumumba: The burden of history<br>
</b></h2><h3><b>Iterations of assassinations in Africa<br><br>
</b></h3><h4><b>Horace Campbell<br>
2011-01-20, Issue
<a href="http://www.pambazuka.org/en/issue/513">513<br>
</a><a href="http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/70252">
http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/70252</a></b></h4><font size=3>
It wasn’t just Patrice Lumumba his assassins wanted to kill, it was the
genuine self-determination, dreams and aspirations of African people,
writes Horace Campbell, reflecting on the murder of the DRC’s (Democratic
Republic of Congo) first prime minister on 17 January 1961.<br><br>
In the experiences of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and of
Africa, the iterations of assassinations were meant to kill the genuine
self-determination of the African peoples. Of these crimes, the murder
and cover up of the assassination of Patrice Lumumba continues to
reverberate across Africa, crying out for a break from the recursive
patterns of genocidal politics and economics. Patrice Lumumba was the
first democratically elected prime minister of the Congo. The DRC won its
independence in June 1960, but the wishes of the Belgian colonialists
were that the conditions after independence should not be different from
that of the colonial era. In the Congo, Belgium – a small divided society
in Europe – had worked to get a seat at the table of imperial overlords.
In the eyes of the Belgians, the crime of Patrice Lumumba was that he
refuted the speech of the King of Belgium at the independence celebration
in June 1960. Lumumba refused to accept the representation of the Belgian
mission as one of civilising and modernising the Congolese peoples.
Lumumba was removed from office less than two months after independence.
He was placed under house arrest; he escaped but recaptured, beaten,
tortured and eventually eliminated. This pattern of murder, torture and
destruction continues today, 50 years after the assassination of Patrice
Lumumba.<br><br>
From the time of the assassination of Lumumba, almost every African
leader who sought to chart a course for genuine independence was
assassinated, whether it was Eduardo Mondlane, Amilcar Cabral, Herbert
Chitepo, Samora Machel, Thomas Sankara, Felix Moumie, Chris Hani or Steve
Biko. Violence against leaders was accompanied by the intimidation and
assassination of journalists, students, opposition leaders and any social
force that challenged oppression of Africans and the plunder of their
resources. This nested loop of genocidal thinking, genocidal economics
and genocidal politics has generated 11 wars in the Congo since 1960, and
all of these wars have had implications for almost all the regions of
Africa in relation to genocide, militarism, dictatorship, economic
plunder and patriarchal models of liberation. <br><br>
The task of reconstruction and the recovery of the dignity of the Congo
and of Africa is a challenge that requires a decisive and revolutionary
break with the ideas, organisations and the modes of political and
economic practices that dehumanises Africans. The youth of Africa are
everywhere calling for an elaboration of their humanity, and are
challenging the devaluation of life. From Tunisia and Egypt in the North
to South Africa and Zimbabwe in the South, the youths are seeking new
organisations and ideas that can break from the centuries of oppression.
The celebration of Lumumba should be accompanied by the spirit of healing
and reconstruction and calls on the peoples of Africa to draw from the
determination of Patrice Lumumba to continue the struggles for
emancipation and unity. <br><br>
PATRICE LUMUMBA AND THE BURDEN OF HISTORY<br><br>
Despite the history of European plunder, looting and savagery in the
Congo from the period of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the present,
the intellectual culture of the West represents the peoples of the Congo
and Africa as uncivilised, open to atavistic violence and awaiting
modernisation projects from Europeans. In November, I attended a session
of the African Studies Association meeting in San Francisco, USA, where
there were some young scholars making a presentation on Eastern Congo. In
the main, the quality of the work was so shallow and devoid of historical
context that one Congolese scholar in the back of the room asked if the
presenters were aware that there were Congolese scholars who have been
doing scholarly work on reconstruction and peace in the Congo. This
question is very pertinent in the present moment in so far as many of the
scholars and researchers from Turkey, India, Brazil, China, Korea,
Vietnam and Japan turn to the work of European and US conservative
scholars to orient their ‘humanitarian’ projects in Africa. Jacques
Depelchin, Nzongola Ntalaja and countless others have documented the
horrors of the forced labour, brutality and the genocide of over ten
million Africans by the Belgians but their brand of scholarship and
activist intervention was marginalised by the dominant Western
intellectual institutions. <br><br>
The documentation of Western atrocities in the Congo has also been
brought to a wider audience by the writer Adam Hochschild, whose book,
‘King Leopold’s Ghost’, has reached a wider community than that which was
accessible to African researchers and scholars. Hochschild built upon the
work of Mark Twain in bringing to a larger audience the plunder and
murder of the colonial enterprise. In his day, Malcolm X challenged
mainstream historians and linked the history of genocide in the
pan-African world to the murder of Lumumba and the search for
self-determination by the peoples of the Congo. <br><br>
Scholars trained in African studies centres of the West could not write
clearly about the iterations of assassinations because of the ways in
which the academy had been polluted by the modernising discourse that was
supposed to depoliticise Africans. Malcolm X challenged US scholars to
detail the massacres in the Congo. In a well-publicised exchange at
Brooklyn College on 24 November 1964, the professors told Malcolm X that
he was an alarmist and that Leopold civilised the Africans in a
humanitarian campaign. It was in this intellectual climate that Newt
Gingrich, the former speaker of the US House of Representatives was
reared. Gingrich wrote his doctoral thesis at Tulane University on the
civilising role of the Belgians in the Congo. In some academic centres,
such as the African Studies Center at the University of Wisconsin
Madison, there were specialists on politics in the Congo. The students of
these professors have dominated the US bureaucracy and academia for the
past 40 years, reproducing modernisation theories and the failings of the
‘tribal’ African. <br><br>
Malcolm X himself was assassinated in February 1965 when he articulated a
clear understanding of the linkages between racism and oppression in the
United States and massacres and murders in Africa. His famous dictum,
‘You cannot understand what is going on in Mississippi if you do not
understand what is going on in the Congo’ is as true today as it was when
he uttered these words. The current military crisis in the DRC
(especially in the Eastern regions) brings out the need for activists to
grasp the burden of history in order to understand the present and chart
a new course for the future.<br><br>
These utterances by Malcolm X were part of his work as a mobiliser and
truth teller. Malcolm X met with Abdurrahman Babu and Che Guevara in 1964
after the Johnson administration supported mercenaries to abort the
second independence struggle in the Congo. Their meeting had agreed on a
strategy to move beyond political mobilising to put in place a plan for
liberation in the Congo and in the Americas. Four months after this
historic meeting between three great freedom fighters, Malcolm X was
gunned down in Harlem and the CIA hunted down and murdered Che Guevara.
(See details in the book by Karl Evanzz, ‘The Judas Factor: The Plot to
Kill Malcolm X’). Professor Manning Marable is also working on a new book
that exposes the conspiracy to murder and cover up.<br><br>
The iterations of assassinations had taken their own roller coaster ride
so that not even the president of the United States was immune to this
mindset of killing and murder. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in
November 1963 by the forces of the military industrial complex and the
intelligence agencies that continue to promote death tendencies all over
the world. James Douglass, in his book, ‘JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He
Died and Why It Matters’, has documented in extensive detail how the
cover-up of the assassination has been even more elaborate and meticulous
than the actual assassination. This same cover-up continues in the cases
of Martin Luther King Jr and hundreds of freedom fighters whose lives
have been snuffed out at an early age. <br><br>
COLLUSION BETWEEN INTELLECTUALS IN USA AND WESTERN EUROPE <br><br>
Since the murder of Lumumba, mainstream intellectual work inside Europe
and North America has covered up and distorted the conditions under which
Lumumba was assassinated. Former officials of the United Nations have
written a number of books on the influence of the United States over the
decision making processes in international bodies dealing with the Congo
at this time. The record has been established by various authorities on
the manipulation of the major international institutions in order to
cover up murder. The United States manipulated the United Nations on the
question of the Congo so that Patrice Lumumba and Kwame Nkrumah who had
called for UN intervention against European mercenaries found that the UN
was working to support the same mercenaries and their employers in
Belgium, France, and the United States. When Dag Hammarskjöld, the
secretary general of the UN, woke up to this manipulation, he himself was
assassinated. Many UN operatives who were appalled by the callous
behaviour of the US and the CIA have written about the sordid tale of
Moose Tshombe (puppet leader of Katanga) and the secession in Katanga.
Kwame Nkrumah wrote ‘The Challenge of the Congo’ to underline the
centrality of this challenge for the unification and liberation of
Africa. <br><br>
Richard Mahoney who wrote the book, ‘JFK: Ordeal in Africa’ had studied
the tremendous energies invested in the control of the Congo in the
period when the US was implicated in the murder of Patrice Lumumba.
Mahoney termed the whole thrust of the policy a story of stupidity. This
study, the product of a doctoral dissertation at John Hopkins University,
detailed how the Congo became the centrepiece of US African policy in the
1960s. Mahoney made the argument that the US foreign policy was confused
in purpose and contradictory in execution. But he did not challenge the
fundamental realist and androcentric assumptions of graduate training.
The role of the CIA and elements of the State Department in building
alternatives to Patrice Lumumba leading to the massive support for
Mobutism has been the subject of numerous studies. One of these
explicitly entitled, ‘America’s Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire’
covers the whole military, economic and intelligence apparatus that was
provided to enable Mobutu to rule in a tyrannical manner over the peoples
of the Congo. President Clinton, in clear reference to the linkages
between the US government and Mobutu, apologised to the people of Africa
in Kampala, Uganda in March 1998 by declaring that during the Cold War,
the US was blinded by its confrontation with the Soviet Union and hence
supported elements such as Mobutu. How can the activists ensure that
these apologies of the leader of the USA are not simple political
gimmickry? Up to the present, there needs to be a clearer exposure of the
US establishment and these assassinations. The attempt to poison Patrice
Lumumba exposed the mindset of biological warfare that was to be later
experimented in Africa. One scholar also opened the reality that it was
in the Congo that the US first experimented with extraordinary rendition.
<br><br>
Neither the speech of the-then President Clinton nor policy formulations
from the current National Security apparatus link the present policies of
transnational corporations to the kind of policies that connived to
perpetrate the elimination of Lumumba. The linkages between the
bureaucracy and the University in the Cold War produced a generation of
scholars who were steeped in the realist paradigms and went between the
foundations, the universities, the Pentagon, the think tanks and the
National Security Council. It was like a revolving door where they quoted
each other, supported each other and provided a barrier to truth. From
time to time, the production of Area Handbooks provided a basis for the
assembling of the ideas sanctioned by scholars. These scholars
participated in an elaborate exercise to provide political legitimacy for
the US foreign policies in Africa. Henry Kissinger best symbolised these
realists who could be termed organic scholars of the bourgeoisie. Many of
his protégés staffed the African Bureau in the State Department and have
left an indelible mark on the conceptualisation of war and politics in
Africa. Noam Chomsky has written of the callousness and dehumanisation of
the officials who have overseen murder and violence in the name of
strategic minerals and strategic interests. He noted that,
‘Self-righteousness comes naturally to those who are able to achieve
their will by force. They may also rest confident that the doctrinal
system will properly efface and sanitise the past, at least among the
educated sectors who are its agents and, arguably, its most naïve
victims.’<br><br>
LET THE NEW SCHOLARSHIP ON TRUTH THRIVE AND GROW<br><br>
There is now a spate of books on the role of the CIA and the obsession of
the US government with the so-called communist threat. What many of these
books did not make clear was the level of coordination between the US and
Belgians in the plot to eliminate Lumumba. The book that broke the mould
and painstakingly outlined the plot in the clearest terms was that of
Ludo De Witte, ‘The Assassination of Lumumba’. De Witte spent several
years doing archival work and interviewing those involved in the
assassination. It was after this book was published that the government
of Belgium was forced to open up a parliamentary inquiry into the
assassination. This parliamentary inquiry heard testimonies from a wide
cross section of operatives in the Belgian state. <br><br>
In February 2002, the government of Belgium accepted moral responsibility
for the assassination of Lumumba. The Belgian Foreign Minister declared
in February 2002 that, ‘[i]n light of criteria applicable today, certain
members of the government at the time and certain Belgian actors of that
period carry an irrefutable responsibility for the events that led to the
death of Patrice Lumumba.’ (quoted from Thomas Turner, ‘Crimes of the
West in Democratic Congo: Reflections on Belgian Acceptance of “Moral
Responsibility” for the Death of Lumumba’, in ‘Genocide, War Crimes and
The West’).<br><br>
The declaration by the government of Belgium came after 40 years of
research and writing on the assassination. The cables from Washington and
the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in organising the plot
are now well known. In 1975 Senator Frank Church carried out
investigations on the ‘Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign
Leaders,’ published in Senate Report 94-465, 94th Congress 1975.
<br><br>
Despite the record of the Church Committee and this parliamentary inquiry
in Belgium, the reality is that the information on the conspiracy to
murder Lumumba is not widely circulated. Belgian and European scholars
continue to represent their work in the Congo as that of civilising
Africans. More significant, has been the fact that this killing and the
subsequent traditions left by Mobutu has poisoned the political culture
and political life of the society. Mobutu’s government carried out extra
judicial killings and murdered students and trade union leaders for
thirty years. In 1990 there was an attempt to develop the basis for a
national Palaver in a Sovereign National Conference. Neither the
Congolese political careerists nor the imperial supporters in Washington,
Brussels and Paris wanted the truth to come out. The genocidal wars in
the Central Africa region and the deaths of over five million since the
removal of Mobutu attest to the fact that once the politics of impunity
are embedded in a society it takes generations to heal. <br><br>
When Mobutu was overthrown in 1997 there were many discussions on the
need for the US to open the files on the Congo. Lawrence Devlin, the
ageing head of the CIA in Kinshasa at the time of the assassination of
Lumumba turned up at one of the seminars. What was implicit in his
presence was that there should be no revelation on the role of the USA in
the crimes of Mobutu and that the ranks should be held. At the end of
1999, it was officially confirmed by a story in the Washington Post that
President Eisenhower had given a direct order for the elimination of
Patrice Lumumba in the Congo in 1960. This revelation confirmed what had
been public knowledge for forty years, that President Eisenhower had
given direct instructions to Allen Dulles, then director of the CIA for
the assassination of Lumumba. Now in the aftermath of the Cold War, there
are demands for opening the files so that there can be a new beginning
for the societies that were destroyed.<br><br>
In order to distort the real truth behind the assassination, before his
death, Devlin wrote his own book, ‘Chief of Station’. Devlin’s book
reproduced what had become the defining element of the US foreign policy,
a lame attempt to rekindle the Cold War distortions that Lumumba was a
communist and that the USA was acting to prevent the spread of communism
in Africa. This brand of intellectual work was reinforced by section of
the US bureaucracy that ingratiated itself with Mobutism and the circus
of ‘humanitarian’ actors and actresses who have descended on the Congo
and Eastern Africa. This circus has been underwritten by the massive
investment of the World Bank to perpetuate a ‘conflict resolution’
paradigm in Africa, to obfuscate the iterations of assassinations.
Throughout the misrule and oppression by Mobutu, the World Bank and the
IMF were partners in the oppression. After Mobutu was removed, the Bank
sought to link violence and warfare in the DRC to ‘primary commodity
production’. The intellectuals of the World Bank joined in the discourse
with reports on the Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their
Implications for Policy. After decades of foreign aid, foreign investment
and economic reforms, the Development Research Group of the World Bank
noted in their publication ‘Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their
Implications for Policy’: ‘[A]s of 1995 the country with the highest risk
of civil conflict according to our analysis was Zaire, with a three in
four chance of conflict within the ensuing five years.’ What was most
revealing from the analysis of the World Bank on the relationship between
primary commodity extraction and warfare was the extent to which
questions of democratic participation on the one hand and the global
armaments culture on the other are excluded from the policy alternatives
offered for peace. Paul Collier, then the director of the research group
of the World Bank argued that:<br><br>
‘…the most powerful risk factor is that countries which have a
substantial share of their income (GDP) coming from the export of primary
commodities are radically more at risk of conflict…. Thus, without
primary commodity exports, ordinary countries are pretty safe from
internal conflict, while when such exports are substantial the society is
highly dangerous. Primary commodities are thus a major part of the
conflict story.’<br><br>
Collier graduated from this World Bank research position to establish
himself as an intellectual entrepreneur and high priest of the enterprise
of studying Africa. He pontificates on warfare and violence from the
safety and comfort of Oxford, where he suggests military interventions
and coups as solutions for democratic governance in Africa. William Reno,
Christopher Clapham and many others have turned the study of war-lordism
into an academic industry without linking the plunder, mass rape and
warren that support these military entrepreneurs. The conflict paradigm
without historical reference to the experiences of the Belgian mining
companies and the role of foreign corporations under Mobutu is
represented with the full authority of the name of the World Bank to
argue that countries ‘with Congo like geography’ and reliance on primary
exports are prone to ‘Civil Conflict.’ <br><br>
What was also missing was clarity on the differences between the wars of
plunder of elements such as Foday Sankoy’s and Charles Taylor’s and the
righteous struggles for liberation that had been initiated by Patrice
Lumumba. In the World Bank model there is no room for the explanation of
the struggles for African dignity. Without this kind of interrogation of
the role of the World Bank, the West can continue to think of the World
Bank as an institution that can formulate development plans for the
reconstruction of the DRC for a new era.<br><br>
HEALING AND RECONSTRUCTION IN A NEW ERA<br><br>
In the experience of the Congo and Central Africa, there continues to be
a distortion of the actual conditions that generate warfare, rape and
plunder today. One of the outcomes of this distortion is that the US
military can represent itself as a force for peace by the ideas that are
put forward as justifications for the establishment of the US Africa
Command (AFRICOM). The counterinsurgency scholarship that was unleashed
by the Pentagon during the cover up of the assassination of Lumumba is
now being refinanced through the Africa Command Social Science Research
programme. However, this research agenda comes up against the new
energies of organisations and individuals who want to make a break with
the iterations of assassinations. Whether it is the lobbying groups who
are opposed to AFRICOM or the peace and justice campaigners organised as
Friends of the Congo, there are many who are using the anniversary of the
assassination of Patrice Lumumba as a platform for the exposure of the
crimes of US imperialism and Belgian complicity.<br><br>
Lumumba’s assassination is relevant to current global politics and the
struggles for social transformation in Africa. As de Witte quoted from
Fanon who had noted that: ‘If Africa was a revolver and the Congo its
trigger…the assassination of Lumumba and tens of thousands of other
Congolese nationalists, from 1960-1965, was the West’s ultimate attempt
to destroy the continent’s authentic independent development‘ (xxv). De
Witte rightly argued that:<br><br>
‘After his death, the corrupt and dictatorial puppet regimes that popped
up throughout Africa, supported by Western money and weapons, effectively
stifled African nationalism and independence. Attempts to cover-up the
assassination not only dishonor an innocent man, but perpetuate the
violence and slavery of Africa.’<br><br>
It is up to us to actualize the dream of Lumumba for the Congo and for
Africa. In a letter to his wife before his assassination, Patrice Lumumba
wrote:<br>
‘No brutality, mistreatment, or torture has ever forced me to ask for
grace, for I prefer to die with my head high, my faith steadfast, and my
confidence profound in the destiny of my country, rather than to live in
submission and scorn of sacred principles. History will one day have its
say, but it will not be the history that Brussels, Paris, Washington or
the United Nations will teach, but that which they will teach in the
countries emancipated from colonialism and its puppets. Africa will write
its own history, and it will be, to the north and to the south of the
Sahara, a history of glory and dignity.’<br><br>
<br>
The celebrations of the life and work of Patrice Lumumba draw heavily
from his last statements on the need for Africa to make a break and move
in a new direction. We can draw inspiration from the optimism of Lumumba,
stating: <br><br>
‘I write you these words without knowing if they will reach you, when
they will reach you, or if I will still be living when you read them. All
during the length of my fight for the independence of my country, I have
never doubted for a single instant the final triumph of the sacred cause
to which my companions and myself have consecrated our lives. But what we
wish for our country is right to an honorable life, to a spotless
dignity, to an independence without restrictions…<br><br>
‘They have corrupted certain of our fellow countrymen, they have
contributed to distorting the truth and our enemies, that they will rise
up like a single person to say no to a degrading and shameful colonialism
and to reassume their dignity under a pure sun.<br><br>
‘We are not alone. Africa, Asia, and free and liberated people from every
corner of the world will always be found at the side of the Congolese.
They will not abandon the light until the day comes when there are no
more colonizers and their mercenaries in our country. To my children whom
I leave and whom perhaps I will see no more, I wish that they be told
that the future of the Congo is beautiful and that it expects for each
Congolese, to accomplish the sacred task of reconstruction of our
independence and our sovereignty; for without dignity there is no
liberty, without justice there is no dignity, and without independence
there are no free men.’<br><br>
Even in captivity, Lumumba never wavered in his belief that Africa will
be free from the imperial overlords and their puppets. He called on
Africans to stand firm and to work for Africa’s emancipation. Lumumba
ended the letter to his wife with these words:<br><br>
‘[D]o not weep for me, my dear companion. I know that my country, which
suffers so much, will know how to defend its independence and its
liberty. Long live the Congo! Long live Africa!’<br><br>
Patrice Lumuba’s words give courage to the current freedom fighters of
Africa who should not mourn him but organise for the freedom and unity of
the continent. We must also struggle to free Africa from African leaders
who have Africanised the iterations of imperialist tools of oppression
and assassination. Indeed, there must be an intensification of the
struggle to make a break with the iteration of the assassination of
African peoples’ dreams and aspirations. We must work harder for the kind
of Africa Lumumba foresaw when he asserted that Africa will write its own
history of dignity and glory. We must not rest until this dream is
realised. This is the burden that history has placed on us.<br><br>
BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS<br><br>
* Horace Campbell is a teacher and writer. Professor Campbell's website
is <a href="http://www.horacecampbell.net">www.horacecampbell.net</a>.
His latest book is
'<a href="http://www.plutobooks.com/display.asp?K=9780745330068&">
Barack Obama and 21st Century Politics: A Revolutionary Moment in the
USA</a>', published by Pluto Press. <br>
* Please send comments to
<a href="mailto:editor@pambazuka.org">editor@pambazuka.org</a> or comment
online at <a href="http://www.pambazuka.org/">Pambazuka
News</a>.<br><br>
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