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<font size=3><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=4><b>What does increased Palestinian
political repression say about the prospects for peace?<br><br>
</b></font><font face="Verdana" size=2><i>Palestine Center Brief No. 207
(1 September 2010)<br>
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<a href="http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/15162/pid/2254" eudora="autourl">
http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/15162/pid/2254<br>
<br>
</a></i><font size=3><b>Policy Brief<br><br>
By Yousef Munayyer <br><br>
</b></font><font face="Verdana" size=2>In the late 1980s, Robert Putnam’s
argument about multi-level games in international bargaining kicked off a
rich debate over domestic constraints. The thesis, in essence, is that
interlocutors in bargaining may chose to lend extra power to political
opponents to argue that domestic constraints tie their hands and prevent
them from making concessions beyond a certain, often minimal, limit.
<br><br>
This is not unlike what Binyamin Netanyahu did when he was elected
Israeli prime minister in 2009, shortly after the inauguration of
President Barack Obama. As President Bush left office, it was clear that
the field day Israel enjoyed as it violently repressed the second
Palestinian uprising and increased settlements at a pace unrivaled since
the Menachem Begin era was over. Obama was largely suspected to be much
more critical of Israels expansionist policies. So when elections came to
pass in Israel and the leading Kadima party failed to put together a
government, Netanyahu joined his Likud party in a coalition that
staunchly favored expansionism and retaining the West Bank and Gaza.
Netanyahu would argue that even temporarily halting the illegal
construction of settlements would jeopardize his coalition, and that
political suicide is an unreasonable request, even from the United
States. Questions about core issues like Jerusalem could not even be
muttered. <br><br>
But if Netanyahu can claim his hands are tied by demanding appreciation
for his domestic political position, how has Mahmoud Abbas played his
cards? Of course, the inclusion of the main opposition party, Hamas, into
the Palestinian Authority (PA) was a costly proposition for Abbas. The
reaction of the Western world (which provides the majority of the PA
budget) and Israel (which collects tax dollars on the PAs behalf) after
Hamas electoral victory in 2006, sent a clear message to Abbas: failure
to play by the rules established by the West and Israel would mean life
under siege. Abbas had only to look back at his predecessor, Arafat, who
was besieged in his compound in Ramallah, or Hamas today, who are
besieged in the Gaza Strip, if he chose anything other than the path of
least resistance. <br><br>
So the appearance of tied hands, which was never an option for Abbas,
gave way to the clenched fists of repression. With a right-wing Israeli
government and an American administration that failed to get Netanyahu to
fulfill a basic obligation, Abbas is now about to enter direct
negotiations in spite of the adamant objections of the Palestinian
public. <br><br>
Unsurprisingly, every Palestinian party, save Abbas’ Fateh party (with a
few individuals excluded), has rejected the call for direct negotiations
with the Israeli government under the current conditions. In the last few
weeks there have been noticeable upticks in politically repressive
activity. <br><br>
Scores of Hamas affiliates have been detained or arrested, and a
significant increase in these arrests was evident in the last two months,
particularly the last two weeks. Yesterday, after a directive reminiscent
of the famed closing scene in "Casablanca", scores, if not
hundreds of Hamas affiliates - the usual suspects – were detained
following an attack that left four settlers dead. <br><br>
Leftist opposition parties like the Popular and Democratic Fronts for the
Liberation of Palestine (PFLP and DFLP), the Peoples party, the National
Initiative and also prominent independents, organized a conference in
Ramallah, the administrative center of the PA, last week in protest of
engaging in the new announced direct talks with the Israelis. The
conference was disrupted by hundreds of plain clothes members of the
security apparatus. The organizers, who were alarmed by the repression of
dissent, organized a press conference at a nearby television station,
Al-Watan. Amira Hass, covering the happenings in <i>Haaretz</i> wrote
thugs "grabbed cameras, beat the Watan photographer and prevented
people from being interviewed (for example, by pushing photos of Abbas
between the interviewee's and the camera)". <br><br>
Since then, PA leaders have responded by saying they had no connection to
the crackdown and that an investigation would be launched into how it
happened. Earlier this month, another independent news station was raided
in Nablus and shut down. Likewise, the higher-ups claim to have had no
knowledge of this and promised to initiate an investigation. <br><br>
This type of activity is not new. Numerous Palestinian protests in the
West Bank were broken up during the attacks on Gaza in 2008-2009, and the
same was true after the debacle over failing to further the Goldstone
Report. <br><br>
So if lending political opponents limited leverage to create the
appearance of tied hands is allowing Netanyahu to stand firmer to his
demands, Abbas is in the inverse position. By cracking down on political
opponents who reject further concessions to the Israelis (an effort
supported and aided by the U.S. and Israel), Abbas is only affirming to
the Israelis, Americans and Palestinians what all have long suspected:
that his government is in no position to sign a binding and lasting
agreement on behalf of Palestinian stakeholders. As Netanyahu used his
domestic prerogatives to strengthen his position, Abbas enters
negotiations in devastatingly weak position and the Israelis will be able
to exploit to extract more concession from the Palestinian negotiating
partner. The most recent evidence of this is Abbas' willingness to enter
direct negotiations and caving to the Israeli whim that they can build
settlements and talk peace at the same time after stating numerous times
that he would do no such thing. <br><br>
Put into the perspective of history, dwindling legitimacy is a continuing
trend. The Oslo Accords divorced the Palestinian leadership from much of
the Palestinian diaspora, leaving the Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO) -- which turned inward into the PA -- representing only four
million out of twelve million Palestinians (or roughly 25 percent). While
some might not think it necessary that the Palestinian negotiating
partner represent Palestinians living outside of the West Bank and Gaza,
it is clear that such representation is vital when issues such as the
question of refugees is so intimately tied to the resolution of this
conflict. This makes diaspora Palestinians stakeholders in the outcome.
<br><br>
But the PAs representation of even the 25 percent of Palestinians living
in the West Bank and Gaza has been called into question in recent years,
given the election of Hamas and the inter-Palestinian divide. The
political repression of Hamas is evidence of that, and today, with the
continued repression of independents and other non-Fateh party members,
Abbas may be able to lay claim to representing 40 percent of the 25
percent of all Palestinians, or about 13 percent of all the stakeholders
in the dispute. <br><br>
Continued episodes of political repression at the behest of Israel’s
reputation, be it during the war in Gaza, the Goldstone debacle or most
recently in the lead up to direct negotiations, only underscores the
fundamental disparity in the position of the two negotiating partners and
suggests that Palestinian domestic political disarray is likely to
continue. When push comes to shove, Israel can easily manipulate this
situation to claim their weak negotiating partner is unable to guarantee
a lasting agreement and Israel would therefore only offer the
Palestinians a figment of a state, lacking all sovereignty, while
retaining security control over borders and airspace conditions
unacceptable to Palestinians. <br><br>
Only a unified and representative Palestinian partner can extract the
minimum necessary concessions from Israel for a viable end of conflict
resolution, and currently, as the security apparatus continues to crack
down on domestic Palestinian dissent, Israel watches keenly knowing that
no such Palestinian partner is on the horizon. <br><br>
<b>Yousef Munayyer</b> is Executive Director of the Palestine Center.
This policy brief may be used without permission but with proper
attribution to the Center. <br><br>
The views in this brief are those of the author and do not necessarily
reflect those of The Jerusalem Fund.<br><br>
<br>
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