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<h1><font size=4><b>Popular power in Latin America -- Inventing in order
to not make errors</b></font></h1><font size=3>July 12th 2009, by Marta
Harnecker <br><br>
</font><h3><b>I. Introduction</b></h3><font size=3>1. Eighteen years have
passed since April 1991, when I had the privilege of being invited to the
VIII Gallega Week of Philosophy [in Spain], organised every year by the
Aula Castelao de Filosofía. It was a difficult time for left forces
inLatin America and the world. It was less than two years after the
Berlin Wll had collapsed-which meant the beginning of the disintegration
of socialism in Eastern Europe-and the Soviet Union was falling into the
abyss, which ended with its disappearance at the end of that year.
Deprived of its necessary rearguard, the Sandinista revolution in
Nicaragua was defeated in the February 1990 elections, and the guerrilla
movements of Central Americawere forced to demobilise. <br><br>
2. It was a difficult situation for the Latin American left-which had
learnt much during the previous decade. If anyone of you had listened to
my speech back then, you will remember that I referred to the errors of
the left in the 1960s and 1970s, and the lessons learnt during the 1980s.
<br><br>
3. I want to mention here only two factors which enormously influenced
the maturation of the left: the pedagogical vision of Brazilian Paulo
Freire, who gave impetus to a significant movement of popular education
in a number of our countries, that clashed with the classical concept of
the left parties of that era who tended to consider themselves the
bearers of the truth; and feminist ideas that placed an emphasis on
respect for differences and rejection of authoritarianism. <br><br>
4. Today the situation is very different, and that's what I want to refer
to in this talk. <br><br>
</font><h1><b>II. Latin America today<br><br>
<br>
</b></h1><h2><b>Latin America -- pioneer in the rejection of
neoliberalism</b></h2><font size=3>5. Latin America was the first region
where neoliberal policies were imposed. Chile, my country, served as a
testing ground before the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
applied them in the United Kingdom. But it was also the first region in
the world where a process of rejection of these policies emerged; a
rejection of policies which had only served to increase poverty, deepen
social inequalities, destroy the environment and weaken the working class
and popular movements in general. <br><br>
6. It was here that the first revolutionary wave occurred after the fall
of socialism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. After more than two
decades of suffering, a new hope began to emerge. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>The emergence of left governments</b></h4><font size=3>7.
We saw the emergence of left governments, more or less committed to the
struggle of the people. Let's recall that in 1998, when Chavez triumphed
in Venezuela, this country was a solitary island in the middle of a sea
of neoliberalism across the whole continent. But, soon after, in 2000,
Ricardo Lagos triumphed in Chile; in 2002, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva in
Brazil; in 2003, Nestor Kirchner in Argentina; in 2005, Tabare Vazquez in
Uruguay; in 2006, Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Evo Morales in Bolivia,
Rafael Correa in Ecuador, Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua and Cristina
Fernandez in Argentina; in 2008, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay; and recently,
in March 2009, Mauricio Funes in El Salvador. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Candidates from left parties</b></h4><font size=3>8. For
the first time in the history of Latin America-and with the crisis of the
neoliberal model as a backdrop - candidates from left parties were able
to win elections by raising the anti-neoliberal flag in the greater part
of the countries of the region. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Popular movements: the great protagonists<br><br>
<br>
</b></h2><h4><b>Emerge out of the crisis of the legitimacy of
neoliberalism</b></h4><font size=3>9. It wasn't the political parties
that were in the vanguard of the fight against neoliberalism, but on the
contrary, it was the popular movements. These movements emerged out of
the framework of the crisis of legitimacy of the neoliberal model and its
political institutions, and originated from the dynamics present in their
community or local organisation. <br><br>
10. They were very pluralistic movements, where components of liberation
theology, revolutionary nationalism, Marxism, indigenism and anarchism
coexisted. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Old and new social movements</b></h4><font size=3>11. In
this resistance struggle, together with the old movements, especially the
peasants and indigenous movements, new social movements arose, such as
those in Bolivia fighting against the privatisation of water (the water
war) and for the recuperation of control over gas (the gas war); the
<i>piqueteros</i> in Argentina, made up of small business owners,
workers, unemployed, professionals, pensioners, etc.; indebted Mexican
farmers; Chilean high-school students, referred to as "the
penguins"; ecological movements; the movement of impoverished
workers; the movements against neoliberal globalisation. The middle
classes also appeared on the political scene: health workers in El
Salvador, the <i>caceroleros</i> (saucepan protesters) in Argentina,
among others. <br><br>
12. The traditional workers' movement, hit hard by the application of
neoliberal economic measures, didn't appear, except in rare exceptions,
on the front line of the political scene. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>From mere resistance to questioning
power</b></h4><font size=3>13. These movements initially rejected
politics and politicians, but as they advanced in the process of
struggle, they shifted from an apolitical approach of mere resistance to
neoliberalism, to an increasing political approach of questioning the
established power, reaching the point, in cases such as those of the MAS
(Movimiento Al Socialismo) in Bolivia and Pachakutic in Ecuador, of
building their own political instruments. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Neoliberalism consolidated and neoliberalism on the path to
consolidation</b></h4><font size=3>14. With the exception of Chile, where
the neoliberal counterrevolution triumphed completely, installing legal
reforms in the country that justified neoliberal politics, and where the
privatisation drive destroyed a large part of the industrial sector that
had been previously nationalised by Allende, in all the other countries,
this system was unable to fully consolidate itself, thanks to the
resistance of the people. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Two paths: refoundation of neoliberalism or advance towards
an alternative project</b></h4><font size=3>15. Faced with this crisis of
the neoliberal model, today sharpened by the world capitalist economic
crisis, there are only two paths: or the refoundation of neoliberalism or
the advancement towards an alternative project, based not on the logic of
profit but on a humanist and solidarity-based logic that enables a
process of economic development in our region that favours the great
national majorities, and not the elites. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Correlation of forces in Latin
America</b></h4><font size=3>16. Latin America is going through a new
phase; a new correlation of forces. The situation that existed in 1998,
when Chavez won, has radically changed. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>It is possible to limit foreign
interference</b></h5><font size=3>17. A new factor of the last ten years
(1998-2008) is the formation of a correlation of forces in Latin America,
that -as Valter Pomar<a name="_ftnref1"></a><sup>[1]</sup> [1]
says-allows limits to be placed on foreign interference, helps avoid coup
d'etats (against Chavez and Evo Morales, for example) and foreign
invasions and makes policies of economic blockade unviable, such as those
that played an important role in the right-wing strategy against the
government of Allende in Chile, and which continue to affect Cuba.
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>US cannot achieve its objectives</b></h5><font size=3>18.
Although the correlation of forces continue to be immensely favourable to
the imperialist project, there exist other signs that the US government
does not have absolute domination over the region, such as the
overwhelming failure of the war in Iraq and its incapacity to impose the
Free Trade Agreement in Latin America (FTAA). We also know that it has
had to limit itself to bilateral trade agreements with only some
countries. Moreover, despite its immense control over the media, left
candidates willing to oppose US policy have triumphed throughout the
entire region. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Greater independence of political
processes</b></h5><font size=3>19. The existence of this more favourable
correlation of forces in the Latin American subcontinent creates
"better conditions for each national process to follow its own
course." A sign of this new correlation of forces are the meetings
of Latin American and Caribbean heads of state without the presence of
the United States and with the presence of heroic Cuba, marginalised up
until only a few months ago. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Neoliberalism loses legitimacy in Latin
America</b></h5><font size=3>20. Furthermore, although we cannot say that
the neoliberal model has been surpassed, we can at least say that there
are very few who are willing to defend it nowadays, because it has lost
legitimacy by demonstrating its incapacity to resolve the principal
problems of our peoples. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Structural contradictions of capitalism are more
visible.</b></h5><font size=3>21. Additionally, it is difficult to deny
that structural contradictions exist in the current stage of capitalist
development: every day we can see more clearly that the agriculture
industry is unsustainable, that energy use based on petroleum is being
rapidly exhausted, that natural resources are finite, and that despite
the international hegemony of capital, it does not have a national
development project, and this affects its hegemony at the local level.
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Discrediting of bourgeois liberal
democracy</b></h5><font size=3>22. Moreover, in our countries, there
exists a crisis of the model of bourgeois democracy; the people no longer
have confidence in this form of government. This political system has not
been able to resolve the serious problems of our peoples. Every day, the
people are less and less willing to accept the enormous gap between
voters and the elected. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Latinobarómetro poll</b></h4><font size=3>23. According to
Latinobarómetro - a poll carried out in our countries - the level of
satisfaction with democracy inLatin America in 1998, at the time when
Hugo Chavez won, was only 37% on average, and even less in
Venezuela(35%). In some of our countries, there were people who yearn for
the dictatorships of the past because there was more order, more
efficiency back then. Up until 2007, the average level in Latin America
has remained at 37%, while in comparison, the level for Venezuela
increased to 59%. In these 9 years, Venezuela had converted itself into
the country in Latin America with the second highest degree of
satisfaction with democracy, according to this measure. <br><br>
24. There also exists a crisis of traditional political parties. People
have developed a huge scepticism towards politics and politicians.
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Advance in the level of consciousness of our
people</b></h5><font size=3>25. This situation opens up a more favourable
perspective for the working class and for the popular movements more
generally. There is a change in the level of consciousness of the people,
which has happened very rapidly. <br><br>
26. The successive electoral victories of candidates who have put forward
anti-neoliberal programs have signified a political victory for our
peoples. This has put on the table a debate over alternatives to
neoliberalism. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Increased military presence in the
region</b></h2><font size=3>27. While more countries aim to break the
umbilical cord that ties them to the United States, the Pentagon is
making more effort to strengthen its military presence in the
subcontinent. <br><br>
28. One expression of this is the multilateral military exercises that
are carrying out each year with the objective of training troops in the
region. <br><br>
29. Moreover, they are increasing their endeavours to create US military
bases in our countries. Overall, there are already 14 military bases
which threaten Latin America and the Caribbean. The most well-known are:
the <b>Tres Esquinas</b> base, in Colombia, where a further two exist;
<b>Iquitos</b>, in Peru; <b>Manta,</b> in Ecuador; <b>Palmerola, </b>in
Honduras; <b>Comalapa,</b> in El Salvador; <b>Reina Beatriz,</b> in the
island of Aruba; <b>Liberia,</b> in Costa Rica. Nevertheless, each day
there is more resistance to these military installations, as is the case
with the peoples of Brazil andArgentina against the <b>Alcantara</b> base
in Brazil; and to prevent the Southern Command installing a base in
Misiones, in the so-called <b>Triple Frontier</b>, the point where
Argentina touches with Paraguay and Brazil. We also shouldn't forget the
heroic and successful fight of the Puerto Rican people against the US
base on the island of <b>Vieques</b>. <br><br>
30. The plan for economic and political domination, which takes as its
point of departure the military supremacy of the United States, is also
directed at watching over and controlling the dynamic of the popular
movements of the region, trying to prevent the emergence of national
forces which confront the policies of domination and vassalage. Their
intelligence networks are expanding throughout our countries. <br><br>
31. That is why, when Hugo Chavez demands that the United States respect
our sovereignty, he is not inventing a problem, he is making known a
reality, and he is not alone in this fight; he is interpreting a very
deep sentiment, that is generalised among our people. Will Obama be
capable of understanding this? And if he does manage to understand it,
will he have a sufficient correlation of forces to allow him to apply a
policy of respect for the sovereignty of our countries? History will tell
us. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Left governments<br><br>
<br>
</b></h2><h4><b>Three common characteristics of these
governments</b></h4><font size=3>32. We said at the start that the
greater part of Latin American countries are today governed by presidents
democratically elected and supported by left forces. These governments,
in spite of being very different from one another, have at least three
common programmatic points: the fight for<b> social equality, political
democracy and national sovereignty.</b> <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Electoral triumphs, but less capacity to
manoeuvre</b></h4><font size=3>33. But before analysing these governments
and seeing their potentials, I would like as to stop for a moment and
look at the limits that apply today to those that attain the presidency
of republics in our region. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>The media supremacy of the
opposition</b></h5><font size=3>34. "Today, more than ever, we must
confront not only the apparatus of political coercion of the dominant
classes but also its hegemony over important popular sectors, its
cultural hegemony over society, the ideological subordination of the
dominated classes [...]" <a name="_ftnref2"></a><sup>[2]</sup> [2]
<br><br>
35. The influence of the media is such that it has achieved a situation
where broad popular sectors accept without qualms the capitalist hegemony
of the process. Repression is less necessary than previously for the
reproduction of the system. That is why the statement by Noam Chomsky is
so valid, when he maintains that propaganda is as necessary to bourgeois
democracy as repression was to the totalitarian
state.<a name="_ftnref3"></a><sup>[3]</sup> [3] <br><br>
36. The same author has said that the reactionary forces of the world
always accept the democratic game as long as they can "domesticate
the anxious herd," controlling the media in order to "fabricate
consensus". The imperialist power and right-wing forces know this
all too well. In all our countries, the weapons of media bombardment in
the hands of the opposition are immensely more powerful than those which
our governments count on. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Restricted democracies: big decisions made outside of
parliaments</b></h5><font size=3>37. But this is not all, let's recall
that democratic regimes that emerged after periods of dictatorship in the
Southern Cone of America, and which later expanded throughout our entire
subcontinent, are what some writers have called "restricted" or
"guided democracies". <br><br>
38. While the voting population has increased enormously in our countries
over the last decades, and it is becoming harder each day to carry out
fraudulent elections, paradoxically this has not resulted in a broadening
out of the democratic system, because the greater part of the important
decisions are not adopted by parliaments but rather by entities that
escape its control: the large international financial agencies (IMF,
World Bank), autonomous central banks, huge transnational corporations
and national security organisations. Today, it would appear that the
dominant groups are more willing to tolerate the victory of left
candidates, because each day they have less real possibilities of
modifying the ruling order. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Consumerism: the credit card
person</b></h5><font size=3>39. Another element favouring
"governability" is consumerism. The culture transmitted by the
mass media is not a culture of solidarity but a culture which promotes
consumerism. People are not content to live in accordance with their
income, but rather live in debt and because of this they need to maintain
a stable job - something which each day becomes scarcer - in order to be
able to cover their economic commitments. <br><br>
40. At the level of the masses, they have succeeded in converting the
superfluous into a necessity and by doing so and promoting the purchasing
of goods on credit. They have created, as Tomas Moulian calls it, a new
mechanism of domestication.<a name="_ftnref4"></a><sup>[4]</sup> [4]
<br><br>
41. This massive indebtedness not only serves to maintain or broaden the
internal market but also operates as a device for social
integration,<a name="_ftnref5"></a><sup>[5]</sup> [5] like an invisible
chain. It is necessary to ensure your job and achieve goals that allow
you to move up the professional ladder in order to achieve new
opportunities for consumption: buy your own house, car, and, more
recently, sound equipment, the latest model television. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Characteristics and correlation of forces<br><br>
<br>
</b></h4><h5><b>Different classifications</b></h5><font size=3>42. These
governments referred to as being "from the left" are very
different from one another, and for this reason there is an abundance of
classifications. Some analysts divide the governments of Latin America
into three blocs: governments which promote free trade such as Colombia,
Mexico and the majority of Central American governments; social
democratic governments which aim to balance liberalism with social
policies such as Chile, Brazil and Uruguay, referred to by ex-Mexican
Foreign Minister Jorge Castañeda as the "good left"; and
anti-imperialist governments, that adopt measures of social and economic
protectionism in the face of the US, such as Venezuela, Bolivia and
Ecuador, what Castaneda describes as the "bad left." The US
intellectual James Petras considers these latter governments to be part
of the pragmatic left, in contrast to the sole example of the radical
left, which is the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia).
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Taking into account the correlation of
forces</b></h5><font size=3>43. We believe that it is necessary to be
careful when classifying left governments in the region. In order to be
able to judge them by what they do, we have to be very clear about what
they cannot do, not because of lack of willpower but because of objective
limitations. For that, we must take as our starting point a correct
analysis of the correlation of forces-internally and internationally-in
which they are immersed, something which the most radical left sectors
often overlook, demanding the adoption of more drastic measures on the
part of these governments, and often using the Venezuelan government as
an example, which counts on immensely favourable economic conditions;
ones that probably no other revolutionary process has had. Only by
analysing the correlation of forces can we tell what these governments
can and cannot do. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Correlation of forces: Chavez and
Lula</b></h5><font size=3>44. Let's think, for example, about the
government of Luis Inacio da Silva, better known as Lula, in Brazil.
Although the candidate of the Workers' Party in Brazil won the 2002
presidential elections with more electoral support than even that of
Chavez in 1998, one must not forget that these results were the product
of a broad policy of alliances, which was necessary to win in the ballot
boxes, and even more necessary to be able to govern the country. We
should remember that his party was and remains a minority in both houses
of the legislative power and that, although the party controlled and
continues controlling an important number of mayors and a significant
number of state governors, it is a minority in this terrain at the
national level. To that, we must add that Brazil depends to a large
extent on international finance capital, which Venezuela, with its
enormous oil income, doesn't. Moreover, Lula does not count on the
massive support of the armed forces which Chavez has, and who defines his
political process as a peaceful, but armed process. That is why we agree
with the statement of Valter Pomar, who heads the international affairs
department of the Workers' Party, when he says that "there does not
exist a correlation of forces, institutional mechanisms and an economic
situation" that could allow the Brazilian government "to
operate in a manner similar to the Venezuelan
government"<a name="_ftnref6"></a><sup>[6]</sup> [6] although he
recognises that the government of Lula could do more than it is currently
doing. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>How to overcome these limitations<br><br>
<br>
</b></h4><h5><b>New integration of the region</b></h5><font size=3>45. To
overcome these limitations, we must make more relevant each day the ideas
of Bolivar in regards to the necessity of the unification of our
countries. Isolated, we will achieve very little, united we will make
them respect us and find economic, political and cultural solutions that
each day make us less dependent on the world power blocs. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Constituent assemblies</b></h5><font size=3>46.
Furthermore, faced with this situation of restricted democracy, it is
fundamental that we strive to modify the inherited rules of the game,
convoking constituent assemblies to elaborate new constitutions, as the
governments of Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia have done. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Changing the correlation of forces<br><br>
<br>
</b></h2><h4><b>The art of politics</b></h4><font size=3>47. Here I want
to remind us of the concept of politics that I put forward in my book
"The left on the threshold of the 21st century: making possible the
impossible." There, I stated that the art of politics is to make
possible the impossible, not through sheer volunteerism but by engaging
in the construction of our own forces, that is, changing the correlation
of forces in order to allow us to make possible in the future, what
appears to be impossible today. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Constructing a social force</b></h4><font size=3>48. For
that, we must abandon the idea that to construct a political force we
must concentrate on winning spaces in institutions. On the contrary, to
construct political force, we must construct a social force. <br><br>
49. Therefore, our governments ought to be very clear that they need to
construct a social force and carry out national and international
policies that allow them to change the current correlations of forces in
order for them to make possible tomorrow what appears impossible today.
<br><br>
</font><h4><b>Governments in dispute</b></h4><font size=3>50. Our
governments are governments in dispute, between forces that really want a
transformation of this society and those that believe there is no
alternative but to subordinate ourselves to the demands of international
finance capital. These leaders have to understand that their future will
depend to a large extent on the capacity that the popular movements have
to organise, grow and transform themselves into a decisive pressure force
that can tip the scales in favour of the progressive forces. Only in this
way can the stated programmatic commitment be implemented. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Our people should be frontline
actors</b></h4><font size=3>51. Left or progressive Latin American
leaders need to understand - as I think the presidents of Venezuela and
Bolivia have understood very well - that they need an organised,
politicised people who apply pressure in order to make the process
advance and are capable of fighting the errors and deviations that keep
on arising along the way. They have to understand that our people must be
front line actors, and not limited to the second line. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>A great platform that can cohere all
forces</b></h5><font size=3>52. One way to achieve the creation of a
favourable correlation of forces is by elaborating a program of struggle
or a platform of accumulation for the period, that fills the role of an
instrument that can cohere together all the social and political sectors
of the country that are willing to go beyond the capitalist, neoliberal
model. A platform of this type will allow the deployment of a whole
number of new alliances that can help create a huge social bloc of
support for the government, and isolate the recalcitrant opposition.
<br><br>
53. We must try to create spaces for the coming together or convergence
of all these sectors, preserving the uniqueness of each social or
political actor, that allows them to take up common tasks that strengthen
the fight for the consolidation of the alternative society that we want
to construct. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>A political instrument suitable for the new
challenges</b></h2><font size=3>54. I think that in order to achieve our
objectives it is also fundamental to change the political culture we have
inherited and create or reconstruct a political instrument suited to the
society that we want to build and that allows us to respond to the
challenges that confront us in this new century. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Origins of the errors: the Kautsky
thesis</b></h4><font size=3>55. I recalled at the beginning of this
conference that in my intervention in 1991, I had referred to the errors
of the left from the ‘60s and ‘70s and the lessons learnt in the ‘80s.
All of this was collected and systematised in my book: "The left on
the threshold of the 21st century: Making possible the impossible,"
written in 1999. Here I want to once again take up the theme of the
errors and develop some ideas of what the political instrument should be
like in order to face the challenges of the coming century. <br><br>
56. Some years later-in 2006-I arrived at the conclusion that these
errors and deviations originated from the Leninist thesis, taken from
Kautsky, regarding the necessity of importing theory (Marxism) into the
workers' movement, in order for them to obtain class
consciousness.<a name="_ftnref7"></a><sup>[7]</sup> [7]<sup> </sup>But
who owns the theory, who is the bearer of the truth? Is it the party or
the party intellectuals? What is the principal function of the party? To
train up cadre, introduce theory, and hold cadre schools. This is where
the deviation of the enlightened vanguard, of the party that leads, of
the social movement as the transmission belt for the party, come from.
<br><br>
</font><h4><b>Political instrument and revolutionary
practice</b></h4><font size=3>57. What is missing from this picture?
Revolutionary practice. This vision doesn't take into account the role
that Marx attributes to social practice in the formation of working class
consciousness. <br><br>
58. The German thinker maintains that "it is only through experience
that the masses move from the economic to the political, through the
simultaneous modification of circumstances and themselves. The process of
consciousness-raising is rooted in revolutionary practice. And it is
through this that the class in itself is transformed into a class for
itself."<a name="_ftnref8"></a><sup>[8]</sup> [8] <br><br>
59. For her part, Rosa Luxemburg speaks of "the living political
school, by the fight and in the
fight."<a name="_ftnref9"></a><sup>[9]</sup> [9]<sup> </sup>You
cannot learn everything from pamphlets, it is necessary to carry out a
process of learning through practice. <br><br>
60. The struggle not only contributes "to clarify the minds of the
workers, their way of seeing the world, but it also transforms them
internally, it creates in them the sensation that united, with other
workers, they can transform themselves into a force that can go on to
obtain victories against the bosses, and can go on conquering other
things. In the struggle they acquire self-esteem, they feel more and more
capable of achieving their objectives; they transform themselves more and
more into the subjects of the process in which they are
inserted."<a name="_ftnref10"></a><sup>[10]</sup> [10] <br><br>
61. If we take as our starting point the thesis that revolutionary
practice is essential for the emancipation of the workers, and for the
popular movement in general, the political instrument that we construct
has to be consistent with this thesis and we have to change our form of
conceiving of politics. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Characteristics of a political instrument thinking from the
practical point of view<br><br>
<br>
</b></h4><h5><b>Taking advantage or creating situations that allow us to
learn through experience</b></h5><font size=3>62. Instead of putting
emphasis on introducing theory into the workers' movement, in worrying
especially about theoretical formation, we ought to be very creative in
taking advantage of or creating situations that allow people to learn
through practice. We have to be very attentive to the different forms of
expression of social discontent with regards to the current oppressive
system and to the initiatives and forms of struggle that are generated
from this;promoting spaces of convergence between all the social sectors
and popular initiatives who feel affected by the present situation and
trying to discover, together with the social movement, the spaces and
forms of confrontation which will allow this movement to being to
understand that in order to overcome the bad things, it is essential to
unite and build a social force capable of confronting the current system
of domination. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Great respect for the popular
movement</b></h4><font size=3>63. "If we think that the practical
experience of struggle is fundamental for raising popular consciousness,
our political instrument has to express a great respect for the popular
movement. It has to contribute to its autonomous development, leaving
behind all attempts at manipulation. It has to be based on the idea that
political cadres are not the only ones who have ideas and proposals, and
that, on the contrary, the popular movement has much to offer, because in
its daily practice of struggle, it learns lessons, discovers ways
forwards, finds answers, invents methods, that can be very
enriching."<a name="_ftnref11"></a><sup>[11]</sup> [11] <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Not military cadres but popular
educators</b></h4><font size=3>64. The political instrument cannot be
made up of cadres with a military mentality, accustomed to the method of
"obey and command," nor by populist demagogues who think that
it is a matter of leading a gaggle of sheep. "Political cadres,
fundamentally, have to be popular educators, capable of harnessing all
the wisdom that exists within the people-both that which comes from its
cultural traditions and the struggle, as well as that acquired in the
daily struggle to survive-through the fusion of this popular wisdom with
the more global knowledge that the political organisation can
contribute."<a name="_ftnref12"></a><sup>[12]</sup> [12] <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Criteria for judging the performance of left
governments</b></h2><font size=3><a name="_Toc169367418"></a>65. If we
take into account the considerations expressed previously, rather than
classifying the Latin American governments as has been done, what we
ought to do is try to judge their performance in accordance with certain
criteria, always taking into account the correlation of forces under
which they must operate. We should not look so much at the rhythm with
which they advance towards the objective which they have proposed for
themselves; the important thing is to determine the direction in which
the process is headed, given that the rhythm will depend, to a great
extent, on how they overcome the obstacles which they find in their path.
<br>
<br>
66. I think that if we analyse the attitude these governments have on
issues such as those that we will highlight soon, we might be able to
make a more objective judgement of where these governments are heading.
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude to neoliberalism and capitalism in
general</b></h5><font size=3>67. What is their attitude towards
neoliberalism and, more generally, capitalism? <br><br>
68. Do they unmask the logic of capital, do they attack it ideologically,
using the state to weaken it? <br><br>
69. Do they diminish the gap between the richest and the poorest people;
are they giving this last group more access to education and health?
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude towards the inherited
institutions</b></h5><font size=3>70. Do they undertake constituent
processes to change the rules of the institutional game, knowing that the
inherited neoliberal state apparatus is a strong obstacle in advancing
towards the construction of a different society? <br><br>
71. Do they make an effort to increase electoral enrolment, taking into
account that the poorest sectors are generally not on the electoral roll?
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude towards economic and human
development</b></h5><font size=3>72. Do they propose themselves the task
of satisfying human needs above that of capital growth? <br><br>
73. Do they understand that human development can not be achieved with a
purely paternalistic state that resolves problems by transforming people
into beggars, but rather that this can only be achieved through practice
and therefore encourage the creation of spaces where people can play an
active role? <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude to national sovereignty</b></h5><font size=3>74.
Do they reject foreign military intervention: military bases, humiliating
treaties....? <br><br>
75. Do they recuperate sovereignty over natural resources? <br><br>
76. Do they advance in finding resolutions to the problem of the media
hegemony, which until now has been in the hands of conservative forces?
<br><br>
77. Do they foster the recuperation of national cultural traditions?
<br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude towards the role of women</b></h5><font size=3>78.
Do they respect and stimulate an active role for women? <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude towards discrimination of all
types</b></h5><font size=3>79. Do they advance towards the elimination of
all discrimination (sex, ethnicity, religion, etc)? <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude towards the means of
production</b></h5><font size=3>80. Do they continue to advance further
in the direct of social property over the means of production and
increasing active worker participation in the work place? <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Attitude to popular activism</b></h5><font size=3>81. Do
they mobilise the workers and people in general in order to carry out
certain measures and increase their abilities and power? <br><br>
82. Do they understand the necessity of an organised, politicised people,
capable of bringing pressure to bear in order to weaken the inherited
state apparatus and in this way drive forward the process of
transformations being proposed? <br><br>
83. Do they understand that our people must be front line actors and not
relegated to the second line? <br><br>
84. Do they listen to and give voice to the people? Do they understand
that they can rely on them to fight the errors and deviations that come
up along the way? <br><br>
85. Do they give them resources and call on them to exercise social
control over the process? <br><br>
86. In summary, are they contributing to the creation of a popular
subject that is increasingly playing a more protagonistic role and
assuming the responsibilities of government? <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Advancing from the state towards the communist
horizon</b></h2><font size=3>87. I believe that these ideas have been
enriched by the reflections on this issue made by Alvaro Garcia Linera,
the vice president of Bolivia. He asked, how can we advance towards what
he calls the "communist horizon, taking the state as our starting
point"<a name="_ftnref13"></a><sup>[13]</sup> [13] if the cultural
and economic conditions that serve as a basis for this advancement do not
exist. He replies that there are three ways of doing so: 1) stimulating
the autonomous organisation of society; 2) broadening out the working
class base and the autonomy of the working class movement; and 3)
harnessing forms of communitarian economy. The Bolivian politician
insists that all this must be done without trying to control the
movements and popular organisations from the state, because "nobody
can replace a society in
motion."<a name="_ftnref14"></a><sup>[14]</sup> [14] <br><br>
</font><h1><b>III. Venezuela and socialism of the 21st
century</b></h1><font size=3>88. Have there been advanced made towards
this horizon visualised by the Bolivian Vice President? We think that
important steps have been made, especially in Venezuela. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>A different socialism</b></h2><font size=3>89. While Alvaro
Garcia Linera speaks of the communist horizon, Hugo Chavez talks of
socialism of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. <br><br>
90. In his speech at the closing ceremony of the World Social Forum, in
February 2005, in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the Venezuelan president publicly
outlined for the first time<a name="_ftnref15"></a><sup>[15]</sup>
[15]<sup> </sup>that his project was to go beyond capitalism and build
socialism, although he immediately clarified that he was not trying
"to revert to state capitalism" because if this occurred, it
would fall "into the same perversion as the Soviet Union."
<br><br>
91. The Bolivarian leader is very clear on the fact that we must
differentiate between the socialism which he is proposing and Soviet
socialism. He criticises the "stalinist deviation" of the party
that "ended up being an anti-democratic party..[...] The slogan
"All power to the soviets!" ended by transforming itself in
reality into "All power to the party!" This explains why at the
time of the fall of the Soviet Union, the workers did not come out onto
the streets to defend it."<a name="_ftnref16"></a><sup>[16]</sup>
[16] <br><br>
92. 92. The term "socialism of the 21st century" was coined in
the search to differentiate it from the errors and deviations of
so-called real socialism of the 20th century in the Soviet Union and the
countries of Eastern Europe. It highlights as fundamental elements of
this socialism: "economic transformation," "participatory
and protagonistic democracy in politics" and "the socialist
ethic. The love, solidarity, equality among men, women, among everybody
[...]"<a name="_ftnref17"></a><sup>[17]</sup> [17] <br><br>
93. For Chavez, socialism has to be an essentially democratic regime,
adapted to each national reality. <br><br>
94. It is a matter of creating a new system of production and
consumption, a system that has to be constructed from the popular bases,
"with the participation of the communities, through communal
organisations, cooperatives, self-management and other such
methods...", "a communal system of production and
consumption." <br><br>
95. The Bolivarian leader insists on the active participation of the
people, but this is nothing new, this is part of the origins of the
Bolivarian process itself. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>The Bolivarian constitution and popular
participation</b></h4><font size=3>96. The constitution approved by the
Constituent Assembly in 1999, already put an emphasis on popular
participation in public affairs, and it was stressed that this
protagonism was the guarantee to full development, as much for the
individual as for the collective. Although there are various articles in
the Constitution that refer to this theme, probably the most complete is
Article 62, which highlights the form in which this development will be
achieved. There it says that the "participation of the people in
forming, carrying out and controlling the management of public affairs is
the necessary way of achieving the involvement to ensure their complete
development, both individual and collective," highlighting the fact
that it is "the obligation of the state and duty of society to
facilitate the generation of the conditions most favorable for this to be
practiced."<a name="_ftnref18"></a><sup>[18]</sup> [18]
<i>Moreover</i>, Article 70 highlights other forms that allow the people
to develop "their capacities and skills": "self
management, cooperatives of all types, democratic planning, participatory
budgets at all levels of society." <br><br>
97. In the area of local territorial participation there has been an
insistence on carrying out a participatory diagnosis, participatory
budget and social auditing. Initially, the legal figure of the Local
Council of Public Planning (CLPP) were created at the municipal level,
with institutional representation (mayors, councillors and members of the
parish committees<a name="_ftnref19"></a><sup>[19]</sup> [19]) and
community representatives to carry out these tasks. It is important to
note that the representation of the communities had more weight than the
institution (51% versus 49%), reflecting a clear political will to
stimulate the protagonism of the communities. <br><br>
98. But this would have remained mere words if suitable spaces had not
been created for the participatory processes. For this reason, his
initiative to create communal councils and later, his proposal to create
workers councils, and student and peasant councils, to go on and form a
truly popular power, is so important. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Communal
councils</b></h2><font size=3><a name="_Toc234208973"></a>99. One of the
most revolutionary ideas of the Bolivarian government was the push to
create communal councils, a form of autonomous
organisation<a name="_Toc234208973"></a> from the grassroots of society.
<br><br>
</font><h4><b>Forerunners to the community councils<br><br>
<br>
</b></h4><h5><b>The platoons</b></h5><font size=3>100. This initiative
has its forerunner the organisational form that enabled Chavez's
electoral triumph in the 2004 referendum, when the opposition questioned
his hold on the presidency. At that time, the Bolivarian leader, who did
not have a political party capable of fulfilling the demands of the
process, and knowing that it was necessary to win with a wide margin so
that nobody could doubt the results, invented a formula of popular
organisation that allowed the commitment of all ordinary citizens who
sympathised with him to participate as activists in the electoral process
aimed at winning the greatest possible number of votes against the
proposal raised by the sectors of the political opposition. <br><br>
101. In this way, the idea emerged of creating small nuclei of
sympathisers across the length and breadth of the country. Units were
formed by groups of 10 people, and each one of them had as their task to
work with 10 more people, carrying out house-to-house visits, to try and
convince those families of the necessity of defeating the opposition
referendum. <br><br>
102. Therefore, each platoon was responsible for working with 100 voters.
If an electoral area had for example, 2000 voters, then 20 battalions had
to be formed, that is, it was necessary to organise 200 patrollers who
divided amongst themselves the work of convincing 2000 voters. Chavez's
idea was that every single family would be visited. <br><br>
103. This original proposal allowed hundreds of thousands of sympathisers
to incorporate themselves into a concrete political task, independent of
the existence or not of a party leadership in the electoral area.
<br><br>
104. "Many people, emotionally committed to the process, but until
then inactive, had their first organisational and political experience.
Thousands of anonymous individuals contributed their grain of sand. So
did leaders who were capable of leaving to one side their parochial and
personal projects, in order to work very closely with the grassroots in
achieving a single objective: that the NO would
win."<a name="_ftnref20"></a><sup>[20]</sup> [20] <br><br>
105. Thanks to this tactic, the Venezuelan opposition suffered its third
great defeat in their attempt to put an end to the government of
President Chavez. The NO vote won by about 2 million votes, representing
an enormous support base for the revolutionary process and a factor which
influenced the further advance of the process. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>The search to consolidate the advance made in the level of
organisation</b></h5><font size=3>106. They had to look for a way to not
squander the advance made in popular organisation. In the beginning, they
thought of transforming the electoral platoons into social platoons,
nevertheless, afterwards, they saw the necessity of differentiating
political-electoral organisations from that of citizen participation, and
in that search, the idea of creating communal councils emerged, a
territorial organisation never before seen in Latin America due to its
small scale: between 200-400 families in densely populated urban zones,
between 50-100 families in rural areas, and even fewer number of families
in the isolated zones, fundamentally in the indigenous zones. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Participation in small groups</b></h5><font size=3>107. The
idea was to encourage citizen participation as much as possible in small
groups to facilitate the protagonism of those present, making them feel
comfortable and uninhibited. <br><br>
108. This conclusion was arrived at after much debate and the examination
of successful experiences of community organisation like the urban land
committees (CTU)-some 200 families who are organising to fight for the
registration of ownership of land - and health committees-some 150
families who come together with the objective of supporting doctors in
the most disadvantaged communities. <br><br>
109. Making an approximate calculation, in Venezuela, which has about 26
million inhabitants, there are about 52,000 communities, if we understand
community to mean a group of various families who live in a specific,
geographical space, who know each other and can easily relate, who can
meet without depending on transport and who, of course, share a common
history, use the same public services and share similar problems, both
socio-economic and urban. <br><br>
110. Each one of these communities had to elect a body that would play
the role of a community government. This body was called the communal
council. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Spokesperson</b></h4><font size=3>111. The communal
councils are made by of individuals elected in their respective
communities in citizens' assemblies. Venezuelan militants refuse, with
reason, to use the term representative to describe these individuals
because of the negative connotations that this term has acquired in the
bourgeois representative system. Candidates only approach their
communities during elections, promising "all the gold in the
world," and then, after being elected, are never seen again. That is
why they have looked for a different term: <i>vocero</i> or <i>vocera</i>
(spokesperson), which comes from voice; when these people lose the
confidence of their neighbours, they stop being the voice of the
community and have to and should be recalled. <br><br>
112. Historically, there have been other attempts to create a
non-bourgeois alternative to the system of political representation,
where elected representatives are not detached from their electoral base
and, on the contrary, maintain an intimate link to it. <br><br>
113. This system was put into practice at the time of the Paris Commune
in 1871, during the first years of the Russian revolution, in the Italy
of Antonio Gramsci, in Yugoslavia during the war of national liberation
and afterwards in the period of the socialist revolution. <br><br>
114. Referring to the experience of the Paris Commune, Marx outlined the
following: "The rural communes of each district would administer
their collective affairs through an assembly of delegates in the capital
of the corresponding district and these assemblies would in turn send
deputies to the National Assembly of Delegates in Paris, with the
understanding that all the delegates could be recalled at any moment and
they would find themselves obligated by the ‘mandat imperatif' (imperial
mandate) of their voters."<a name="_ftnref21"></a><sup>[21]</sup>
[21] <br><br>
115. For Marx, the Paris Commune, with its delegate system, had great
significance because he saw in it the germ of a new state that would
replace the bourgeois state, given that it transcended classic political
representation. <br><br>
116. The aim of the delegate system or of spokespersons is to abolish the
classic figure of political representation and ensure a direct relation
between voters and the process of decision-making at all levels.
<br><br>
117. The personal and direct participation of workers and citizens in the
decision-making process concerning social, communal and general affairs
is not only socially impossible, especially if we take into consideration
the size of our huge cities, but it is also very difficult to make a
reality technically. For this reason, the figure of the delegate or
spokesperson has arisen historically, to act as a bridge between their
respective grassroots communities (neighbourhood, workplace and
interested groups or issues-based groups) and the bodies that exercise
government at the different levels. <br><br>
</font><h5><b>Community council: the first stage of the new political
system</b></h5><font size=3>118. In this way, a system of government,
which functions through the assembly of delegates or spokespersons, is
constituted. <br><br>
119. This system, although it only unites an assembly of a selection of
persons and not the masses, can, and should be, a much more democratic
mechanism than the assembly system (mass assemblies). In the latter,
everything is supposedly decided by direct democracy right there in the
meeting; in the first, there are fewer participants but they bring items
already studied to propose and discuss; their participation is much more
reflexive and is much less open to manipulation than in the huge
amorphous mass assemblies. <br><br>
120. This system is not only different from the bourgeois-democratic
system of political representation but it also seeks to ensure that the
workers, the organised people, that is, the majority of people, and not
the elites, are the one who exercise power and participate in the
management of public affairs. <br><br>
121. They are not given a free mandate by voters, as occurs in the
bourgeois system of representation, instead the voters are the ones who
have to furnish guidelines; but neither do they receive an imperative
mandate: their vote cannot be predetermined. They are not a type of
robot, who receives messages and transmits them; instead they are
responsible and creative individuals. <br><br>
122. They have to be active and creative individuals during the process,
both in the formulation of the viewpoints of the voters and in the bonds
they establish with other delegates and in making decisions in the
assemblies. <br><br>
123. They have to be capable of negotiating and conciliating. It is not
uncommon in this process for a spokesperson to be convinced that a
certain public work for another community is much more urgent than the
one their community is asking for: for example, resolving a problem of
contamination produced by waste water instead of painting the school in
their community, and they end up voting for such a project over their
own. However, if they want to continue being a spokesperson, they have to
return to their community and explain and try to convince them of the
reasons why they should prioritise the others demand instead of theirs.
<br><br>
124. If the voters do not feel represented by their spokespersons, or
they are not convinced of the correctness of the situation, they can and
should revoke them, because they have ceased being their voice. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Resources transferred directly to the communal
councils</b></h4><font size=3>125. The other quite particular element of
the Venezuelan process had been the transfer of resources from the
central government directly to the communal councils. Concerned that the
money that the state delivers to the governors and the mayors was not
reaching the communities, President Chavez decided to set up a fund to
deliver money directly to the communities, subject to the organisation of
these into communal councils and their presentation of a project.
Although the measure could have lent itself to economist deviations,
which occurred in some cases, we can not deny that it had a very positive
effects. Firstly, the government gained credibility, people saw that the
promises were being fulfilled; secondly, and most importantly, the people
began to gain confidence in themselves, they felt listened to, they saw
that they could improve their living conditions, and ensure that the
money would last longer, with the active participation of the community
in the development of public works. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Popular power is not limited to the communal
councils</b></h2><font size=3>126. In the beginning, they only spoke of
community councils in Venezuela, that is, of organisations of a
geographical type, but in recent times, some have been putting forward
the proposition that these are only one of the components of popular
power, given that power rests with the organised people, not only in the
places where they live but also in the workplaces, study centres and also
in regards to areas of interest or issues (health, education, gender
etc.) <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Workers' councils</b></h4><font size=3>127. It is
fundamental that the people not only be organised geographically, but
also in workplaces given that the socialist society that we want to
construct, as opposed to previous societies, is essentially a society of
workers, where nobody will live off the work of others, but instead
everyone will contribute in one way or another to creating and
distributing social wealth. <br><br>
128. In order to be heard and participate in the decision-making process
in their workplaces, the workers should organise themselves not only to
defend their most immediate interests in their respective companies, a
fundamental function of the trade unions, but to elevate-as Gramsci
said-their condition of simple wage earner to that of
"producer." <br><br>
129. As wage earners, their aim is to negotiate a better price for the
product that they can sell, which is their labour power. As
"producers", the workers have to be able to have an opinion and
suggest ideas about the way in which society should move forward in a
more efficient and useful manner, the direction of their factory or of
the service where they are working; but not only that, they should be
interested also in discussing and taking initiatives so that the products
or services which they generate respond more to the needs of the people
that they are made for. Therefore, it will be very important that their
voice is heard in discussions about local or national plans relating to
their area of work. <br><br>
130. According to Gramsci, the "worker can only conceive of himself
as a producer if he considers himself an inseparable part of the entire
system of work which is summed up in the manufactured product; only if
they experience the unity of the industrial process that requires the
collaboration of the labourer, the qualified worker, the administrative
employer, the engineer, the technical
director."<a name="_ftnref22"></a><sup>[22]</sup> [22] <br><br>
131. That is why, when we speak of workers' councils we are thinking of
organisations which represent all workers in their workplace: both the
workers that directly labour on the raw material, those who intervene by
facilitating the transport of this material to the machines, looking
after the functioning and maintenance of these, ordering or directing the
processes of production at different levels, that is, all the members of
collective work in each centre, whether or not they are affiliated to the
trade union in that company. The same thing should occur with workers in
a particular service: for example workers' council in the health sector
should incorporate not only doctors but also nurses, laboratory
technicians, administration and maintenance workers, representatives of
clients, among others.<a name="_ftnref23"></a><sup>[23]</sup> [23]
<br><br>
132. But workers councils should not only be organised in production or
service companies, especially if we are dealing with a country like
Venezuela, where there exists a large number of workers who still work in
an artisan fashion such as fishermen, small peasants, tailors, and actual
artisans, or the huge number of self-employed workers or who work in the
informal economy, which exists especially in the more urban zones. All of
them should organize their respective councils. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Thematic councils</b></h4><font size=3>133. Lastly, there
should be what we call thematic councils: that is, those that group
together people with a certain interest or issue of concern. For example,
women's organisations, students, youth, older people, the disabled;
groups defending the environment, against racial discrimination and over
questions of gender; organisations which group people around issues such
as health, education, sports, culture and many others. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>The communes: constructing a new political
system</b></h2><font size=3>134. But this popular power, this system of
participation and popular direct protagonism, cannot be limited to these
experiences on a small scale, instead they have to transcend the
community, the factory, they have to encompass broader levels of local
power, until they reach power on a national scale; the same should occur
in the factory: as well as workers' councils according to workshop or
section, there should be workers' councils organised by company, by
industry, etc. <br><br>
135. These diverse expressions of popular power should allow for the
participation of citizens in all the processes of decision-making in all
communal and general affairs that concern human life in society, and
because of this it is necessary to establish some form of delegation of
power that does not reproduce the limitations and deformations that gave
origins to the classical bourgeoisie political representation system.
<br><br>
</font><h4><b>Direct and indirect democracy through a system of
spokespersons</b></h4><font size=3>136. In summary, it's a matter of
constituting an original political system of popular power or of
self-government that combines direct democracy on the small-scale with an
entire system of assemblies of spokespersons at different levels, which
should be elected, and should orientate and control the different organs
of government. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Towards a definition of the
commune</b></h4><font size=3>137. At the first level, which is above the
communal council in this system, will be what is called the commune, that
is, "a territory in where a variety of communities co-exist, that
share historical-cultural traditions, problems, aspirations and a common
economic vocations, which use the same services, which have the
conditions to be self-sustainable and self-governable and who's
communities are willing to come behind a common project constructed in a
participatory and constantly evaluated manner, suitable to the new
circumstances which are being
created."<a name="_ftnref24"></a><sup>[24]</sup> [24] <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Economic self-sustainability with a socialist
orientation</b></h4><font size=3>138. The commune has to reach the point
of being self-sustainable. It has to achieve sufficient funds of its own
to make it less depend on external resources and it should therefore
carry out productive activities or services in its territories to allow
it to obtain an important part of the resources to satisfy its own
necessities and defray its expenses. <br><br>
139. Each commune should move in the direction of the construction of a
communal system of production and consumption with the participation of
the communities, through the community organisations, cooperatives,
socially-owned businesses with a socialist orientation, processes of fair
trade, and many other innovative forms that point in the direction of the
creation of that new model of production, as an expression of power and
popular control over production. <br><br>
140. Obviously, one of the key structural axes of the commune will be the
units of production or services of communal or state property. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Enterprises of communal social
property</b></h4><font size=3>141. Each commune should aim to set up
companies of communal property that employ labour from the local area and
produce goods and services for enjoyment or communal use: bakery, market,
communal transport company, water distribution company, a plant for
filling liquid gas cylinders, service station, among others. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>A process of participatory planning to formulate a
develpment plan</b></h4><font size=3>142. To carry out these activities
it will be very important to carry out a process of participatory
planning that leads to the formulation of a Development Plan for the
Commune, according to the characteristics, necessities and interests of
that area, to create goods and services through a system of articulation
between the activities of the primary sector, the transformation of these
and other primary materials and the commercialisation of production with
the aim of generating a surplus. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Communal government</b></h4><font size=3>143. Moreover, we
have to advance towards the establishment of communal self-government.
The municipal council should begin to transfer an important part of the
functions of government and the handling of public affairs to the
communes, all of which were previously its
functions.<a name="_ftnref25"></a><sup>[25]</sup> [25] The mayor's office
should preserve in his hands only those functions which due to their more
general or complex character, justify that choice. <br><br>
144. The commune should ensure the material and spiritual conditions to
allow its productive development and the satisfaction of material,
social, cultural and other collective necessities of its inhabitants. For
this, it should work towards and bring together all its forces toward the
functioning of a plan of communal development, elaborated in a
participatory fashion. <br><br>
145. Each commune should form a communal parliament or communal
legislative power, which is a space where the inhabitants of the commune,
who could be referred to as <i>comuneros</i> and <i>comuneras,</i> are
able to make decisions. This parliament would be made up of spokespersons
from the different communal councils, workers councils and thematic
councils situated in the area and willing to participate in the
construction of the commune, and would represent nothing less than the
Assembly of Popular Power of the Commune. <br><br>
146. In the future, the Assembly of Popular Power of the Commune should
establish the government of the commune, forming the apparatus and
organisations which allows for the assumption of the tasks which derive
from the competencies that have been transferred to them. <br><br>
147. This body should elect people to occupy positions in each of the
remaining four state powers recognised by the Bolivarian Constitution:
the executive, judicial, moral and electoral power. These public servants
should be accountable and recallable if it is considered that they do not
fulfil the mandate for which they were elected. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Council for communal planning and technical
room</b></h4><font size=3>148. The commune should count on a council of
communal planning which should promote a process of participatory
planning at the beginning of each period of government to elaborate a
pluri-annual plan of strategic development of the commune, as well as
annual plans. Plans that should be inserted into the strategic
development plan of the nation and the rest of the local plans which, in
turn, should nourish these plans with its proposals and projects.
<br><br>
</font><h4><b>The communal bank</b></h4><font size=3>149. The commune
should also count on a financial entity or communal bank which receives
all the funds that it administers. <br><br>
150. The national government should guarantee a fund designed for
communes, governed by the principle of equity. The communes more lacking
in resources and historically neglected by the state should receive more
funds than the rest. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Social control over the
government</b></h4><font size=3>151. An efficient, social control should
exist over the functioning of government, facilitating means and
mechanisms which allow organised citizens to judge the quality of the
services provided and have the power to facilitate the sacking of those
officials whose performance has been questioned by a sufficient number of
citizens. <br><br>
</font><h4><b>Transparency: its central
characteristic</b></h4><font size=3>152. The central characteristic of
this communal government should be its transparency: public announcement
of the resources on which it will count on to implement the annual plan,
accountability regarding income and expenditure; public competition to
recruit public servants; public tendering to grant contracts under social
control of the commune; in general, open books regarding all activities;
signs at each construction site informing the cost of the project, the
business or community responsible for the job, the timetable for the
work, etc. <br><br>
</font><h2><b>Decentralisation which strengthens the
state</b></h2><font size=3>153. The process of construction of communes
implies bringing forward a process of decentralisation of competencies
and resources in a way that is planned and within a national development
plan that favours popular activism, which allows the revolutionary
subject to mature, learning through practice and, in doing so,
strengthening instead of weakening the central state. Why does it make it
stronger? Because there will be better local results, greater citizen
satisfaction, better instruments to fight against corruption, and all the
governors and mayors-whether they are with the process or not-will be
subjected to popular control. <br><br>
<br>
<hr>
<a name="_ftn1"></a>[1] [26]. Valter Pomar, <i>La linea del Ecuador</i>,
article on 13 December 2008. Pomar is the head of the International
Department of the Workers' Party in Brazil. <br><br>
[2]. Carlos Ruiz, <i>La centralidad de la política en la acción
revolucionaria</i>, Santiago de Chile, 1998, (unpublished). <br><br>
<a name="_ftn3"></a>[3] [27]. See: Noam Chomsky, <i>El control de los
medios de comunicación, </i>in <b>Cómo nos venden la moto,</b> Ed.
Icaria, Barcelona1996, p.16. The term "fabricating consensus"
is used by Walter Lippman in <b>Public Opinion,</b> Allen and Unwin,
London, 1932, and cited by Chomsky in <i>op. cit</i>. p.10; this author
also has a book titled: <b>Manufacturing Consent</b>. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn4"></a>[4] [28]. T. Moulián, <b>Chile actual, anatomía de un
mito</b>, Ed. Arcis/LOM, Santiago de Chile, 1997, <i>op.cit</i>. p. 105.
<br><br>
<a name="_ftn5"></a>[5] [29]. <i>Op.cit</i>. p. 121. <br><br>
[6]. Valter Pomar, <i>La linea del Ecuador,</i> December 3, 2008.
<br><br>
<a name="_ftn7"></a>[7] [30]. What Kautsky proposed was somewhat
different: that <b>socialist consciousness</b> was something introduced
in the proletarian class struggle from outside and not something that
arose spontaneously out of the struggle [bold inserted by Marta
Harnecker]. As I explain in my book <i>Reconstructing the left</i> there
are three types of consciousness in the working class: spontaneous or
naive consciousness, class consciousness and enlightened class
consciousness or socialist consciousness, which is what Kautsky was
referring. This last one is only reached through a scientific knowledge
of how capitalism functions. <b>(</b>This book was written in 2006, has
various editions and was published by Siglo<b> </b>XXI, México 2008. On
this issue see Part II, Chapter 4. "The theory underlying this
conception of the party" pp.77-88<b>).</b> <br><br>
<a name="_ftn8"></a>[8] [31]. Marx, <i>Misère de la philosophie</i>, Ed.
Sociales, Paris, 1968, pp.177-178. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn9"></a>[9] [32]. <i>Grève de masses, parti, et
syndicats,</i><b> </b>François Maspero, Paris, 1968, p.30. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn10"></a>[10] [33]. M. Harnecker, <i>Reconstructing the
Left,</i> <i>Op.cit</i>. paragraphs 245 and 246, p.83. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn11"></a>[11] [34]. Op.cit. paragraph 354, p.114. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn12"></a>[12] [35]. Op.cit. paragraph 364, p.117. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn13"></a>[13] [36]. I would prefer saying taking the
government as our starting point. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn14"></a>[14] [37]. <i>Op.cit.</i> p.151. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn15"></a>[15] [38]. Despite the fact that in his intervention
in the Teresa Carreno theatre in Caracas, during the Conference of
Intellectuals and Artists in Defence of Humanity, which took place at the
end of November and beginning of December, 2004, he had already raised
the issue. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn16"></a>[16] [39]. Hugo Chávez, <i>El discurso de la
unidad,</i> The<b> </b>Teresa Carreno Cultural Complex, Rios Reyna Room,
December 15, 2006, pp.32-33. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn17"></a>[17] [40]. Op.cit. p.41. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn18"></a>[18] [41].<b> </b>The New Constitution of the
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela<b>, </b><i>Chapter IV: Political rights
and the Popular Referendum, The First Section: political rights</i>.
Official Gazette, 30 December, 1999, Caracas, Venezuela. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn19"></a>[19] [42]. In Venezuela, the municipalities are
divided into parishes. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn20"></a>[20] [43]. Marta Harnecker, <i>Los desafíos post
referendo, </i>25 September 2004, article presented as a report in the
International Meeting; Civilisation or Barbarism, Portugal, 28 September
2004, and published in English in <i>Monthly Review</i>, Volume 56,
number 6, November 2004. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn21"></a>[21] [44] Karl Marx, <i>The Civil War in
France</i><b>, </b>page 71. The text continues in the following way: The
small but important functions which would still remain for a central
government would not be done away with, as it has been said,
intentionally falsifyingthe truth, but would be carried out by
representatives from the Commune, who thanks to this condition, would be
strictly responsible. <br><br>
<a name="_ftn22"></a>[22] [45]. Antonio Gramsci, "Sindicatos y
consejos", in <i>Consejos de fábrica y estado en la clase
obrera,</i> Ed. Roca, México, 1973, p. 37. <br><br>
<i>Translated by <b>Coral Wynter</b> and <b>Federico Fuentes</i></b>
<br><br>
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