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<h1><b>Torture, and the Strategic Helplessness of the American
Psychological
Association</b></h1><font size=3>
<a href="http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/18251" eudora="autourl">
http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/18251<br><br>
</a>July 24, 2008 By <b>Stephen Soldz</b> <br>
and <b>Brad Olson<br>
</b>and <b>Steven Reisner<br>
</b>and <b>Jean Maria Arrigo<br>
</b>and <b>Bryant Welch<br><br>
</b>Source: Coalition for an Ethical Psychology<br><br>
<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Jane Mayer's new book, <i>The Dark
Side</i>, has refocused attention on psychologists' participation in Bush
administration torture and detainee abuse. In one chapter Mayer provides
previously undisclosed details about psychologists James Mitchell and
Bruce Jessen's role in the CIA's brutal, "enhanced
interrogation" techniques. These techniques apparently drew heavily
on the theory of "learned helplessness" developed by former
American Psychological Association President Martin Seligman. (Seligman's
work involved tormenting dogs with electrical shocks until they became
totally unable or unwilling to extract themselves from the painful
situation. Hence the phrase "learned helplessness.") <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Mayer reports and Seligman has
confirmed that, in 2002, Seligman gave a three-hour lecture to the Navy
SERE school in San Diego. SERE is the military's Survival, Evasion,
Resistance, Escape program, which attempts to inoculate pilots, special
forces, and other potential high-value captives against torture, should
they be captured by a power that does not respect the Geneva Conventions.
For reasons that are not clear, Seligman reportedly was not invited to
the presentation by the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency (JPRA) that runs
this program, but directly by the Central Intelligence Agency itself.
<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>In responding to reports of his
lecture to SERE psychologist, Dr. Seligman has confirmed the presence of
both Mitchell and Jessen at his lecture. He also apparently asked his
hosts if the lecture would be used for designing interrogation
techniques. Seligman reports that they refused to answer his inquiry on
the grounds of military security. Despite the reply, Seligman concluded
that his presentation was intended solely to help SERE psychologists
protect US troops. He also states unequivocally that he is personally
opposed to torture.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>The American Psychological Association
(APA), the organization of which Seligman was president in 1999, echoed
Dr. Seligman's statement in a press release. The release denied
allegations that Dr. Seligman knowingly contributed to the design of
torture techniques. The APA, in its recent statements, neither denied nor
addressed any of the other reports suggesting that the work of
psychologists - including that of Seligman, Jessen, and
Mitchell<a name="i"></a> - was used to torture detainees. The only
comment APA made about Jessen and Mitchell was that because they are not
APA members they are not within the purview of the APA's ethics
committee.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>What we do now know, from a report
issued by the Defense Department's
<a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/abuse.pdf">Office of the
Inspector General</a> (OIG) and from
<a href="http://levin.senate.gov/newsroom/supporting/2008/Documents.SASC.061708.pdf">
documents</a> released during
<a href="http://armed-services.senate.gov/e_witnesslist.cfm?id=3413">
recent hearings</a> by the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC), is
that these SERE techniques, designed to ameliorate the effects of
torture, were "reverse engineered," transformed from ensuring
the safety of our own soldiers, to orchestrating the abuse of detainees
in Guantánamo, Afghanistan and Iraq. These documents reveal, further,
that certain SERE psychologists shifted roles from supervising protective
SERE programs to overseeing SERE-inspired abusive interrogations. Several
reporters have named Mitchell and Jessen (former SERE psychologists under
contract) as responsible for this "reverse-engineering" that
was used at secret CIA "black sites". The Senate Armed Senate
Committee reported that other psychologists played a role in the
"reverse-engineering" of SERE techniques for the Department of
Defense at Guantánamo Bay and in Iraq. Senator Carl Levin, in his
<a href="http://levin.senate.gov/newsroom/release.cfm?id=299242">
introductory comments</a> to the hearings stated:<br>
"a... senior CIA lawyer, Jonathan Fredman, who was chief counsel to
the CIA's CounterTerrorism Center, went to [Guantanamo] attended a
meeting of GTMO staff and discussed a memo proposing the use of
aggressive interrogation techniques. <b>That memo had been drafted by a
psychologist and psychiatrist</b> from [Guantanamo] who, a couple of
weeks earlier, had attended the training given at Fort Bragg by
instructors from the JPRA SERE school...While the memo remains
classified, minutes from the meeting where it was discussed are not.
Those minutes ... clearly show that the focus of the discussion was
aggressive techniques for use against detainees."<br>
The psychologist referred to in Levin's opening remarks was APA member,
Maj. John Leso, whose recommendations at that meeting included
"sleep deprivation, withholding food, isolation, loss of time...[to]
foster dependence and compliance". Also reported in the hearings was
that psychologist Col. Morgan Banks had
<a href="http://www.senate.gov/%7Earmed_services/statemnt/2008/June/Baumgartner%2006-17-08.pdf">
provided training</a> in abusive SERE techniques to Guantánamo
interrogators. Col. Banks, while not an APA member, was appointed to the
APA's
<a href="http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/apa_faq_coalition_comments_v12c.pdf">
Psychological Ethics and National Security</a> (PENS) task force on
interrogations. APA has yet to comment upon the startling revelations of
psychologist complicity from these committee hearings.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>According to Mayer in <i>The Dark
Side</i>, and other reporters over the past three years, in the weeks
following Seligman's lecture, Mitchell made liberal use of the
"learned helplessness" paradigm in the harsh tactics he
designed to interrogate prisoners held by the CIA. One prisoner was
repeatedly locked in a fetal position; in a cage too tiny for him to do
anything, other than to lie still in a fetal position. The cage was
evidently designed not only to restrict movement, but also to make
breathing difficult. In periods where the detainee was outside of the
cage, the torture mechanism always remained in plain view so the detainee
was constantly aware of his pending return to the device. <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Another detainee was suspended on his
toes with his wrists manacled above his head. This detainee, however, had
a prosthesis that agents removed so that he either balanced on one foot
for hours on end or hung suspended from his wrists.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Most detainees were subjected to long
periods of isolation, often in total darkness, and often while naked.
Human contact in these periods was minimized. In one case, the only human
contact for a detainee occurred from a single daily visit when a masked
man would show up to state, "You know what I want," and then
disappear. <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Based on these media reports and
government documents, it seems likely that Dr. Seligman's work on
"learned helplessness" was used to aid the development of these
torture techniques following his presentation at the SERE school.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>APA's response to the Seligman matter
is perplexing. If Dr. Seligman's report is accurate, and he was kept from
knowing how the CIA would be using his material because he did not have
security clearance, Seligman was evidently duped. At a minimum, one would
hope the APA would be concerned enough about this deception to sound a
cautionary alarm against psychologists' naive engagement with government
programs potentially involved in interrogation abuses.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>Instead, the APA has put extraordinary
effort into maintaining and expanding opportunities for psychologists to
serve US intelligence and security institutions. As the APA's
<a href="http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/nstcreport.html"><i>Science Policy
Insider News</a> (SPIN) proudly announced in January 2005, "Since
9/11 psychologists have searched for opportunities to contribute to the
nation's counter terrorism and homeland security agenda." <br>
</i></font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>These efforts included cosponsoring a
<a href="http://www.apa.org/ppo/spin/703.html">conference with the
CIA</a> to investigate the efficacy of enhanced interrogation techniques,
including the use of drugs and sensory bombardment. Among the reported
organizers of that conference was APA member Kirk Hubbard, Chief of the
Research & Analysis Branch, Operational Assessment Division of the
CIA. Hubbard recruited the "operational expertise" for that
conference. Among the attendees to this "by-invitation-only"
conference were Mitchell and Jessen. (Hubbard also helped organize the
event at which Seligman spoke and to which Mitchell and Jessen were
invited.) <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>In addition, the APA co-sponsored a
conference with the FBI during which it was suggested that therapists
report to law-enforcement officials information obtained during therapy
sessions regarding "national security risk." And just this past
June, APA's efforts included
<a href="http://www.apa.org/ppo/spin/608.html">lobbying for the
retention</a> of "invaluable behavioral science programs within
DoD's Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA) as it reorganizes and
loses personnel strength." <a name="OLE_LINK3"></a>For those who are
not familiar with this issue, the CIFA program was closed down because of
numerous scandals, including: misuse of national security letters to
<a href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-01-16-tkc-CIFA_x.htm">
gain access</a> to private citizen's financial information without
warrants, the resignation of a Congressman accused of accepting bribes in
exchange for CIFA contracts, and, according to the
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/washington/02intel.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=cifa&st=cse&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">
<i>New York Times</a></i>, the collection of a wide-reaching domestic
"database that included information about antiwar protests planned
at churches, schools and Quaker meeting halls." The CIFA psychology
directorate, although a top secret operation, was known for its
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/18/AR2005121801006_pf.html">
risk assessments</a> of Guantánamo detainees, including feeding questions
to interrogators.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>The issues of psychologist involvement
in "national security" efforts are complex. Although there may
be appropriate and ethically acceptable ways for psychologists to
participate in such activities, even a cursory historical awareness
indicates that such involvement is often ethically problematic. Whether
for good or for ill, the CIA has a long record of tapping academic
scientists as witting and unwitting consultants and researchers, and of
providing protection through cover stories and secrecy. For example, the
1977 Senate investigation of the CIA Behavioral Modification Project
(called MKULTRA) disclosed that the CIA had contracted with researchers
at over 80 universities, hospitals, and other research-based institutions
through a front funding agency. In the Senate hearing, the Director of
Central Intelligence stated: "I believe we all owe a moral
obligation to these researchers and institutions to protect them from any
unjustified embarrassment or damage to their reputations which
revelations of their identities might
bring."<a name="_ednref1"></a><sup>[i]</sup> But these are not just
ploys of the past. Recently, Dr. Belinda Canton, a <i>long-time CIA
intelligence manager and a member of the 2005 President's Commission on
the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of
Mass Destruction</i>, recommended opportunistic use of scientists as an
approach to <i>management of uncertainty</i>: "Identify academics
and scientists who may have insights" and note where
"opportunities exist to exploit scientific
cadre."<a name="_ednref2"></a>[ii] <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>This history, along with the current,
well-documented authorizations for detainee abuse, should have provided
sufficient warning to APA leaders and to individual psychologists about
the moral risks in aiding the national security apparatus, especially
under the present U.S. administration. But the APA has not taken the lead
in helping psychologists confront these dangerous ethical situations. To
the contrary, the APA has been insensitive to the use of psychological
techniques in torture and to the role of psychologists in aiding that
torture. This insensitivity itself has shocked many psychologists here
and abroad.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>In 2006, <i>Time</i> magazine released
the interrogation log of Guantanamo detainee 063, Mohammed al-Qahtani.
This log demonstrated that al-Qahtani had been systematically tortured
for six weeks in late 2002 and 2003. The log also alleged that
psychologist and APA member Maj. John Leso was present at least several
times during these episodes. The APA said nothing about this alleged
participation of an APA member in documented torture. It is at least 23
months since ethics complaints were filed against Dr. Leso and still the
APA has remained silent.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>In May 2007, the Defense Department
declassified the Office of Inspector General report, documenting the role
of SERE psychologists in training military and CIA personnel in
techniques of abuse that "violated the Geneva Conventions." The
APA responded with silence. When we inquired about the APA's reaction, we
were told that the organization needed time to "carefully
study" the report. It has been 14 months, and to date no APA leader
has commented upon the Report. <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>The APA leadership has failed
psychologists and failed the profession of psychology. It has also failed
the country. When ethical guidance was required, the APA put its ethical
authority in the hands of those involved in the questionable practices
that needed investigation. When the evidence became overwhelming that
psychologists helped design, implement, and standardize a U.S. torture
regime, the APA remained silent. When it was reported that the use of
psychological paradigms such as ‘learned helplessness' have guided
psychologists' manipulation of detainee conditions, the APA continues to
ignore or discount these reports. They instead assert that psychologists
presence' at CIA black sites and detention camps "assures
safety." When it became clear that the APA should offer a strong
voice and a clear policy prohibiting psychologists' participation in
operations that systematically violate the Geneva conventions and
international law, the APA leadership raised concern that a
"restraint of trade" lawsuit might be brought against them.
These arguments, of course, do not pass the red face test in any
discerning forum of world opinion. <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3>These are not our values. The APA
leadership has shamed us and our profession with its <i>strategic</i>
helplessness. It is time for the APA to clarify that psychologists may
not ethically support in any way abusive or coercive interrogation
tactics in any settings. It is also time to identify and hold publicly
responsible the individual psychologists who have created the institution
that the APA has now become. It is time to hold these psychologists
accountable for developing the widespread and systematic moral failures
in the organization's current infrastructure. Indeed, if we do not do
this, then we, too, are complicit with torture.<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2> <br><br>
</font><font size=3><br>
</font><div align="center"><font face="Verdana" size=3><b>References<br>
</b></font></div>
<font face="Verdana" size=2> <br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=3><a name="_ednref1"></a>[i] U.S.
Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence and Subcommittee on Health and
Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources. (1977)
<i>Project MKULTRA: the CIA's program of research in behavioral
modification</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Pp. 7,
12-13, 123 & 148-149.<br>
<a name="_edn2"></a>[ii] [Canton, Belinda. (2008). The active management
of uncertainty. <i>International Journal of Intelligence and
Counterintelligence, 21</i> (3): 487-518.]<br><br>
<br><br>
</font><x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
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